新高考英语一轮复习考点过关练考点03-名词与语法填空（原卷版）

PAGE考点03名词（原卷版）【命题解读】 名词和主谓一致是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：①名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配②名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）③名词的所有格④抽象名词的具体化⑤名词和冠词的搭配 高考关于主谓一致的考查主要集中在一下三个方面：①语法一致②意义一致③就近原则【命题预测】 语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。主谓一致一般会与名词、动词的时态和语态放在一起考查。【名师指导】1.整体把握，注意语境 从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；（3）名词的固定搭配；（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识2.确定考点，注意搭配 语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格，还是考查主谓一致、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。3.多记单词，积累词缀 高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。4.巧用就近原则 当主语是由or,nor,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso连接的并列成分时以及在therebe句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。【重要考向】一、名词的数；二、名词作定语；三、名词所有格；名词的数【典例】【2021全国新高考Ⅰ卷语法填空】Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe______(human)are.【名词的数提分秘籍】名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。1．可数名词的复数(1)可数名词变复数一般都是直接加­s；词尾若是s，x，ch，sh，在词尾加­esdesk→desks；dish→dishesstomach的复数形式是stomachs(2)以”辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，要变y为i再加­esstudy→studies(3)以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为­vesleaf→leaves(4)以字母o结尾的名词，多数加­spiano→pianos(5)单、复数同形sheep；deer(6)单、复数都要加s的名词works(工厂)；means(方法)有一些例外情况：(1)巧记以o结尾加­es的名词：黑人英雄吃西红柿和马铃薯。(即Negro，hero，tomato和potato四个词)(2)巧记以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时直接加­s：海湾(gulf)里的首领(chief)只相信(belief)放在屋顶(roof)保险箱(safe)里的证据(proof)。2．不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如果需要表示量，通常要用“a＋表量的概念的名词＋of＋名词”来表示，其中的表量的概念的名词可以根据需要用复数形式apieceofpaper一张纸；severalpiecesofinformation几条信息。通常情况下，抽象名词和物质名词都是不可数名词，如comfort，luck，rain，energy等。3．一些不可数名词也有复数形式，但词义不同语意语意brains智力times时代manners礼貌hairs几根头发goods货物sands沙滩，沙漠arms武器waters水域，领海snows积雪fruits水果glasses眼镜papers论文；试卷；报纸greens青菜customs海关pains努力woods树林4.抽象名词、物质名词具体化(1)英语中有一类名词在表示泛指意义时，它是一种概念，是不可数名词，但当它们被赋予了具体的含义后，可看作可数名词，一般与不定冠词连用，含有”一个(件、次)……的人或事”。如：beauty(美，美貌)→abeauty(一个美人或一件美物)danger(危险)→adanger(一件危险的事或一个危险的人)failure(失败)→afailure(一件失败的事或一个失败的人)honour(光荣)→anhonour(一个带来荣誉的人或一件带来荣誉的事)must(必须)→amust(一件必要的事或物)worry(担心)→aworry(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人)pity(遗憾)→apity(一件可惜的事)service(服务)→aservice(一个服务机构)smoke(烟)→asmoke(一缕烟)surprise(惊奇)→asurprise(一件令人吃惊的事)pleasure(乐趣)→apleasure(一件有趣的事)experience(经验)→anexperience(一次经历)(2)物质名词在表示构成物体的基本要素时，是不可数名词，但一旦表示具体物品，就变成了可数名词。如：coffee(咖啡)→acoffee(一杯咖啡)sand(沙子)→asand(一片沙滩)iron(铁)→aniron(一个熨斗)water(水)→awater(一片水域)抽象名词有时还可用复数形式。如：comfort(安慰)→comforts(舒适的设施)；joy(乐趣)→joys(乐事)；difficulty(困难)→difficulties(困难，难做的事)。还有的用在某些固定短语中，如：havealook(看一下)；afew，alittle(一些)；allofasudden(突然)；makeastudyof…(对……进行研究)；inahurry(匆忙)等。5．有些可数名词抽象为“某一概念”时，便转化为不可数名词aroom(房间)→room(空间)；aword(话，词)→word(消息)；aspace(空地)→space(宇宙,空间);gotoschool/church/bed/college，etc(去上学/做礼拜/上床睡觉/上大学等)。6．有些词只用作不可数名词Fun,advice,news,information,furniture，equipment，baggage/luggage，bread,homework，housework，juice，weather，progress，practice等。7．常见复合名词的复数looker­on→lookers­on旁观者；passer­by→passers­by过路人；father­in­law→fathers­in­law岳父；comrade­in­arms→comrades­in­arms战友；go­between→go­betweens中间人；grown­up→grown­ups成年人；store­keeper→store­keepers店主；tooth­brush→tooth­brushes牙刷。8．英语中集合名词的”数”有三种情况(1)“形单义复”的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：cattle牛；police警察；people人们(作民族、种族讲时复数为peoples)；youth青年人(youths指青年们)。(2)“形单义单”的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：baggage/luggage行李；clothing衣服；furniture家具；machinery机械；man/mankind人类。(3)有些集合名词作整体看时，当单数用，谓语动词用单数；作其“成员”解时，当复数用，且形式不变，谓语动词用复数。如：family家；government政府；group组；team队；class班级；audience听众。名词作定语【典例】【2021浙江卷6月语法填空】In1844theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir______（marry）ceremonyin1842.【名词作定语提分秘籍】1．名词作定语时，几乎总是用单数形式(即使在意义上是复数)。如：radioprograms电台节目。2．man/woman作定语修饰名词时，随名词的单复数变化一起变化。如：amandoctor一名男大夫；twomendoctors两名男大夫。但girl与boy作定语仍用单数形式，如manyboystudents许多男学生。3．还有少数名词作定语时，形式不变。如：aclothesshop一个服装店；asportsman一位运动员；acustomsofficer一位海关官员；agoodstrain一列货车；asalesmanager一个营销经理；asavingsoffice一个储蓄所。名词所有格【典例】【2021浙江卷语法填空】Itiscalculatedbydividinga______(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared,andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.【名词作定语提分秘籍】英语名词的所有格构成如下：构成情况举例单数名词后加“’s”aboy’sseat，thestudent’sbag以­s结尾的人名只加“’”Charles’home词尾为­s的复数名词后只加“’”thegirls’names，Teachers’Day表示时间、距离、机构、团体、地名以及可拟人化的名词后加“’s”today’snewspaper，anhour’swork，China’sindustry数量词(a，two，some，no...)＋名词＋of＋名词所有格somefriendsofmyfather’s名词＋of＋名词所有格(往往含有感情色彩)thelectureofMr.Yang’s注意：无生命的名词(能拟人化的名词除外)可用of表示所属关系。如：thewindowsoftheclassroom，thetopofthemountain。所修饰的名词为“诊所、住宅或其他处所”时，被修饰的名词常省略。如：atthedoctor’s(clinic)在诊所；tomyuncle’s(house)到我叔叔家；inthemanager’s(office)在经理办公室；atthebarber’s/tailor’s(shop)在理发店/裁缝铺。另外，表示并列的名词“共有某物”时，只在最后一个名词后加“‘s”；如果表示“各自所有”，则在每个名词后加’s。如：LucyandMary’sdesk露西和玛丽共用的课桌；Lucy’sandMary’sdesks露西和玛丽各自的课桌。（2022.1浙江卷语法填空）Whentheanswerwasno,shedeclinedthe

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(develop)ofthelocalareas.（2020·新课标=1\*ROMANI卷语法填空）Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular64(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山),moreso65thefamiliarnearside.（2020·新课标=2\*ROMANII卷语法填空）ChineseNewYearisa61(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】Everybodywears___57___samestyleofclothes.【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014that/whichshowedamerefiveto10【2018·新课标卷II·语法填空】Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover___62___past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.【2018·新课标卷III·语法填空】Unexpectedly,I'mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat____62____topofherlungs.Thatmakesherbabyscream,andthena400-poundmaleappears.【2018·新课标卷III·语法填空】MynameisMireyaMayor.I'ma___66___(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.【2018·浙江卷·语法填空】FewpeopleIknowseemtohavemuchdesireortimetocook.MakingChinese56(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.【2018·浙江卷·语法填空】FResearchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein64(weigh)problems.【2017·新课标卷II·语法填空】Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible61(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.【2017·新课标卷II·语法填空】Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,laying(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover64top.（2022·重庆·一模）Theprojectwascompletedsoquicklybecausetheworkershadbeenarrangedintosevenunitstoundertakedifferent___57___(task)atthesametime.（2022·新疆·布尔津县高级中学一模）Eachperson'shandwritingisuniqueandconveysanindividual's_____10_____(personal)andemotion.（2022·云南·一模）TheopeningoftheChina-LaosRailwaywillthushelpspeedthe___19___(develop)oftheChina-LaosEconomicCorridor,andwillfurtheradvancethebuildingofaChina-Laoscommunitywith_a_sharedfuture.（2022·陕西省榆林中学二模）IntheRepublicofKorea,youngpeoplearegivingupon____27____(marry)andhomeowner-ship.（2022·河南·模拟预测）Thisgameadoptedwater____50____(conserve)andusedotherrecyclingmaterialstoensuretheecosystemwaswellprotected.（2022·重庆·一模）Measuring246kilometresin___58___(long),thenewNanlongRailwayisamaintransportlinkbetweensouth-eastChinaand___59___(center)China.（2021·诸暨市5月模拟·语法填空·T8）…butifyouconvenientlythrowitout,windandrun-offcarrythewastedownthesewer(污水管)anddirectlytotheocean,affectingthemarinelifeincludingthefish,amainsourceoffoodfor___8___(human).（2021·成都三诊·语法填空·T2）Itseemsthatpeopleinwesterncountriesarebecomingincreasinglyworriedaboutthesideeffectsofdrugs,andareturningtovarious___2___(treatment)suchasyoga,reflexologyandacupuncture(针灸)tocomplement,orsometimesevenreplace,westernmedicine.（2021·成都三诊·语法填空·T7）Imadean___7___(appoint)withtheacupuncturistinmyareaandturnedupathisroomthefollowingmorning.（2021·台州市4月调考·语法填空·T4）Ifwechooselong-lastingclothes,ithelpssolvetwokey______4______(issue)atonce-overconsumptionandthedecliningqualityofmanyclothesinstoresthesedays.（2021•珠海市二模•语法填空•T3）Discoveriesmadeatthesitecandatebacktothe12thand11hcenturiesBC,andmanyofthe____3____(item)arenowondisplayatanon-sitemuseum.（2021•珠海市二模•语法填空•T4）Thesitehasrevolutionizedexperts'understandingofhowcivilizationevolvedinancientChina.Inparticular,____4____(evident)ofauniqueShuculturesuggeststhatthekingdomdevelopedindependentlyofneighboringsocietiesintheYellowRiverValley,whichwastraditionallyconsideredtobethecradleofChinesecivilization.（2021•肇庆市三模•语法填空•T10）Extremeweathereventscanworsenmanyofthesehealth____10_____(threat).（2021•漳州一中新高考模拟•语法填空•T5）Bythetimeofhisdeathhewasthebest-sellingChineseauthor,andover100million___5__(copy)ofhisworkshavebeensoldworldwide.（2021•玉林市一模•语法填空•T9）McKinstryholdsthe____9____(believe)thattheBritisharefunny.（2021•永春县第三次联考•语法填空•T9）OnWeibo,thebreakingnewshasbeensentbyatleasttensofthousandsofusersandreceivedcountless____9____(thumb-up).【辽宁省葫芦岛市2021届高三模拟】Itrunson______(battery)andisprogramedtoreturntowhereitstartedfromwhenitspassengergetsoff.【江苏省如皋市2021届高三调研】Accordingtothestudy,theaccidentsofforeignobjectsinchildrenisgenerallyattributedto______(curious).【江苏省如皋市2021届高三调研】Thisiswhymanytoyscontain______(warn)aboutsmallparts.【江苏省南通市通州区2021届高三质量监测】Asaresult,itprovidesaterrificfull-bodyworkout,improvingcoordination,flexibility,balanceandmuscle______（strong).【江苏省海安高级中学2021届高三五调】KatariaLaughterClubsarepoppingupinresponsetopeople’sneedtohandle______(press).【江苏省常州高级中学2021届高三调研】ThroughWesterncolorandChinesepaintingtechniques,DenghasbeenlookingforacrossingbetweenEasternandWesternart______(style).【湖南省长沙市一中2021届高三三调】Don'tdothisinanobviouswaybecausethisisannoying，butdoitwithouthisawarenessofyour______(intend)．【湖南省长沙市一中2021届高三三调】Occupyhimwith______(activity)andappointments.【湖北省宜昌市2021届高三联考】DespitetheCOVID-19pandemic,Beijing2022reportedthat______(construct)ofcompetitionvenues(场馆)remainedontracktobecompletedbytheendofthisyear.【湖北省宜昌市2021届高三联考】Asglobaltravelrestrictionsarelikelytoremainforthecomingmonths,Beijing2022organizershavedecidedtocancelaseriesoftest______(event).【湖北省孝感高中2021届高三模拟】Manycompetitorsspendbigmoneytogettheir______(hand)ontop-performingbirds.【湖北省孝感高级中学2021届高三调研】Butofallthe______(challenge),makinggoodfriendsmightbethemostimportant.【湖北省孝感高级中学2021届高三调研】Researchersfoundthatthosewithstrong.closebondswiththeirfriendsatagefifteenweremorelikelytobehealthyandhappylater.Importantly,______(popular),definedaslotsofpeoplelikingyougenerallybutnotclosely,wasn'tfoundtohavethesamebenefitasclosefriends.【湖北省武汉外国语学校2021届高三调研】Withalltheevidencehegather