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学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载初中英语语法复习全功略飞鸿工作室词法:英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。名词(n.)表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词名词的分类:名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,theGreatWall,theSpringFestival,France,theUnitedStates)注意:专有名词的首字母必须大写。(二)名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:一般情况下,在词尾加s。eg.book—books,dog—dogs,pen—pens,boy—boys以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es。eg.beach—beaches,bus—buses,以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es。eg.city—cities,family—families,(注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s。eg.boys,holidays,days)(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:①加eg.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.Zoo—zoos,radio—radios③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg.piano—pianos④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,eg.photo(photograph)—photos⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加eg.zeros/zeroes(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es。eg.wife—wives,leafleaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief--thieves(res读音为[vz]注意:roof的复数为roofs(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母,eg.man—men,woman—women,policeman—policemen,Englishman—Englishmen,Frenchman—Frenchmen,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,child—children,mouse—mice,ox—oxen(公牛)(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。eg.anappletree,fiveappletrees,agirlfriend,twogirlfriends,atwinsister但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。eg.twomenteachers,threewomendoctors②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。eg.aroomOfstudents,twoboxesOfpencils2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,alotof/lotsof,some,any等词修饰。eg,muchmoney,alittlebread表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。eg.abagOfrice,twoglassesOfmilk,fourbottlesOfwater有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。eg:fruit水果—fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物—foods各种食品;fish鱼—fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒—adrink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒;cloth布—,acloth桌布、抹布;sand沙—sands沙滩;tea茶—atea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉—achicken小鸡;orange橘汁—anorange橘子;glass玻璃—aglass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜;paper纸—apaper试卷、论文;wood木头—awood小森林;room余地—aroom房间名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s。eg.Mike’swatch;Women’sDay②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。eg.teachers’office,students’rooms③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s。eg.TomandMike’sroom汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s。eg.Mary’sandJenny’sbikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构eg.amapOfChina,thebeginningOfthisgame,thedoorOftheroom(3)特殊形式①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格eg.theboy’sname=thenameOftheboy(男孩的名字)thedog’slegs=thelegsofthedog(狗的腿)/China’spopulation=thepopulationOfChina(中国的人口)China’scapital=thecapitalofChina(中国的首都)②双重所有格eg.afiendofmymother’s我妈妈的一个朋友apictureofTom’s汤姆的一张图片二、代词(pron)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用相互代词eachother,oneanother指示代词this,that,these,those不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another复合不定代词everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,noone,every-thing,something,anything,nothing疑问代词what,who,whom,which,whose直接代词疑问代词都可作连接代词,引导宾语从句.表语从句等。关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。(二)代词的用法人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。eg.Shegavemearedapple.她给了我一个红苹果:(She作主语,me作动词宾语)Kathyisnearhim.凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语)2,物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。①形容词性物主代词位于名词前:theirschool,hisbackpack②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。egItisn’tmypen.→Mine(=mypen)ismissing.(作主语)Ileftmypenathome.Youcanusehers(=herpen),(作宾语)③"of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。eg.acatofhers她的一条狗,afriendofyours你的一个朋友(3)反身代词①反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。eg.Afewdayslater,ImyselfhadtogotoParis.(作同位语)Sheboughtherselfanewbag.(作动词宾语)He'snotworriedabouthimself.(作介词宾语)②带有反身代词的常用短语。teachoneself自学helponeselfto随便吃些…吧saytooneself自言自语.learn...byoneself自学…enjoyoneself过得愉快leaveonebyoneself把某人单独留下hurtoneself伤了自己dressoneself自己穿衣服cometooneself苏醒过来(4)相互代词①表示相互关系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大。eg.Foryears,thetwosisterslookedafteroneanother(eachother).多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。Weshouldlearnfromeachother.我们应当互相学习。②可以用格表示所有关系:eachother’s,oneanother’s互相的,彼此的eg.Theyarelookingateachother’spictures.他们相互看对方的照片。(5)指示代词①指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人。EgThisisanappletree,andthatisanorangetree.这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树。Thesearemyfriends,andthatismysister.这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐。②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情:eg.Stevehadabadcold.This/Thatwaswhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday·2.不定代词的用法each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法①each"每个/各个”(强调个体),用于两者或两者以上。eg.Twogirlscameandlgaveanappletoeach.来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果。Eachofthemhasanicering.她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。②every"每个/各个”(强调全体),用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。eg.Everydayisimportanttous.每天对我们都很重要。Hehasreadeverybook(allthebooks)Onthesubject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。eg.Herparentsarebothdoctors.她父母都是医生。Bothofthemaredoctors.他俩都是医生。Theybothlikepotatoes.他俩喜欢吃土豆。④all“全体/大家/一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词。eg.That’sallfortoday.今天到此为止。AllofusarefromChina.我们都来自中国。Allthefoodisdelicious.所有的食物都很好吃。⑤either“两者之一”,用于两者(强调个体)。eg.Thetwocoatsarecheap,soyoucanchooseeitherofthem.那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件。⑥neither“两个都不”,用于否定两者。eg.NeitherOfthebooksis/aresointeresting.⑦no(=notany/nota)“没有”可接可数名词单复数,也可接不可数名词。eg.IhavenobrothersOrsisters.我没有兄弟姐妹.Aclockhasnomouth,butitcantalk.⑧none“没有一个人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名{司。eg.NoneOfthemhas/havebeentoJapan.他们都没去过日本。Ilikenoneofthebooks.这些书我全都不喜欢。⑨neither和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。eg.Idon’tknowallofyou.我不完全认识你们。NoteveryoneOfusknowhowtogothere.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。(2)one,ones和noone的用法:one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复;复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;noone表示否定。eg.——Wouldyoupleasepassmethesciencebook?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?一Whichone?哪一本?一Theoneonmyshelf.我书架上的那本。Noonehastraveledfartherthantothemoon.没有人旅行远过月球。(3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法①many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。eg.ManyOfthestudentscomefromEngland.那些学生许多是从英国来的。Thanks,it’stoomuchforme.谢谢,我承受不起。②few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多/很少”(表否定)。eg,Therewerefewpeopleinthestreetlastnight.昨晚街上没什么人。Iamveryworriedthatlhavelittletimetofinishthejob.我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。③afew(+复数名词),alittle(+不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。eg.Icallseeafewcakesandalittlebreadinthefridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意:quiteafew表示“相当多”eg.Therearequiteafewstudentsoverthere.那儿有相当多的学生。④some(+复数名词/不可数名词),any(+复数名词/不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。eg.Therearesomebirdsinthetree.树上有些鸟。Thereissomewaterinthebottle.瓶里有些水。Idon’thaveanybrothersOfsisters.我没有Isthereanyteainthecup?杯子里有茶吗?⑤.some一般用于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中,多用some。eg:Wouldyoulikesomebeer?你要不要来点啤酒吗?Whydidn’tyoubuysomesweets?(Youshouldhavebought...)你怎么没买点糖果?⑥.any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句eg.Thereisn'tanywaterleft.没有剩下一点水。Ifyouhaveanyquestions,putupyourhands。please.如果有问题,请举手。⑦:some+单数名词表示“某一个”,any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。eg.I'llcatchupwithyousomeday有一天我会赶上你的。Comeanydayyoulike.你哪天来都行。Tomistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。=4\*GB3④one,other,others,theothers,another等的用法1.○●one……theother表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个…另一个”eg.MrSmithhastwodaughters.0neisateacher,theotherisanurse.○○○●○one………another表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另—个”。eg.Idon’twantthisOne,pleasegivemeanother.○●●●one……theothers强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。eg.InOurschoolOneOftheteachersisAmerican,theOthersareChinese.○○○●●●●some……theothers表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。eg.Somestudentsarereading,theothersaredrawingpictures.⑤others=other+名词;theothers=theOther+名词。eg.Somestudentsliketraveling,others(otherstudents)likewatchingTVathome.⑥another表示“再/又”时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词。eg.Hewillbeabletofinishhisworkinanothertwohours.再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。(4)复合不定代词的用法①复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。eg.Someoneisknockingatthedoor.有人在敲门②修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后,即定语后置。eg.ThereissomethingimportantOntoday’snewspaper.今天的报纸有些重要新闻。③复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语:eg.Somethingiswrong.(变为否定句)Somethingisn’twrong.(错误)Nothingiswrong.(正确)④Somebody,someone,something一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句eg.Thereissomethingnewinthepark.公园里有些新的景点。Doyouhaveanythinginterestingtotellus?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?⑤当somebody,someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody,anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。eg.Issomeonecomingthisafternoon?今天下午有客人来吗?Anyonecanmakemistakes.任何人都可能犯错误。3.疑问代词的用法。(1)who/whom谁(指人).①作主语eg.Whowantstogowithhim?②作宾语eg.Who/Whomareyouwaitingfor?(作介词for的宾语)eg.Who/Whomdoyouwanttomeet?(作动词meet的宾语)③作表语eg.Who/Whomarethey?(2)whose谁的①作定语eg.Whosepenisthis?②作表语eg.Whoseisthispen?(3)which哪一个,哪一些①作定语eg.WhichgirlisKathy?②作表语eg.Whichistheboy’sball?(4)what什么①作主主语eg.What’sonthetable?②作宾语eg.Whatareyoudoing?③作表语eg.Whatishe?④作定语eg.Whatclassareyouin?4.关系代词的用法关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另——方面又在从句中充当一个成分。eg·Thisisthemanwhogavemethebook.这就是给我书的那个人。Themoneythat/whichisonthetableismine.桌上的钱是我的。Themoneythat/whichmymothergavemeisonthetable.我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。三、形容词(adj.)表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用四、副词(adv.)表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子形容词的用法及位置形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。Eg.Shehasshorthair.(作定语)Paulistall.(作表语)Wemustkeepourroomclean.(作宾补)2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。eg.Shehassomethingimportanttotellus./There’snothingwronginthesentence.(二)副词的种类、用法及位置副词的种类(1)时间副词①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today,tonight,before,justnow,recently,sOfaf②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,atonce,immediately,atfirst,atlast,finally(2)地点副词①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past(3)方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly(4)程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)little,abit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly(5)疑问副词构成特殊疑问句:how,when,where,why(6)连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why(7)关系副词引导定语从句:when,where,why(8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),firstofall(首先)等。2.副词的用法及位置修饰动词作状语①多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。eg.ThefarmersareworkinghardinthefieldShespeaksEnglishwell.Thenurselooksafterthebabiescarefully.②频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。eg.Healwaysgoestoschoolonfoot.Shewasoftenlateforschool.IhaveneverbeentoBeijing·(2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。eg.Hehasaverynicewatch.Theboxistooheavy.(3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。eg.Shepaintsquitewell.Youspeaktoofast..(4)作表语,放在系动词后。eg.Isanybodyin/here?(5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。eg.Isawhimoutjustnow.(6)作定语,放在名词之后。eg.Thereisamanhereonvacation.(7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首。eg.Finally,Ifinishedthework.Perhapshe’swatchingTVathome.(8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。eg.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.(三)形容词和副词的比较等级比较级、最高级的构成(1)单音节和少数双音节词①一般在词尾加er或est:great--greater—greatest,young—younger—youngest,slow→slower→slowest②以e结尾的只加r或st:nice——nicer----nicest,large——larger—largest.③以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i,再加er或est:heavy—heavier—heaviest,easy—easier—>easiest,busy—busier—busiest,funny—funnier—funniest,early—earlier→earliest④以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加er或estbig—bigger—biggest,thin—thinner—>thinnest,fat—>fatter→fattest,ht—>fitter→fittest(2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加(the)most为最高级careful→morecareful—>mostcarefuluseful—>moreuseful—>mostuseful(3)不规则变化的词:good/well→better→bestbad/ill/badly→worse→worstmany/much→more→mostlittle→less→leastold→older/elder→oldest(指年龄大小)/eldest(指长幼顺序)far→farther/further→farthest(指距离)/furthest(指程度)2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法形容词和副词比较级的用法①用于两者比较,表示“比…更…”:“A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B,eg.Iamtwoyearsolderthanmylittlesister.“A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B:eg.Shegetstoschoolearlierthantheotherstudents.②用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“…和…一样”:“A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.eg.Billisasfunnyashisfather.“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”eg.LucyspeaksChineseaswellasLily.③表示甲在某方面不如乙:“A+系动词+notas/so+形容i司原级+as十B”eg.Thesebooksaren’tasinterestingasthose.“A+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS/SO+B”:Shedidn’tsingsowellthenassheusuallydoes.④表示某个范围内的两者相比:“A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)”eg.Pennyisthetallerofthetwogirls.Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。⑤表示“越来越…”:“比较级+and+比较级”eg.Inspringthedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.⑥表示“越…就越…”…;“the+比较级…;the+比较级”eg.Themort:youpracticeusingEnglish,thebetteryou’lllearnit你英语练得越多,就会学得越好。①可以用much,far,even,abit,alittle,alot等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。eg.TomisalittletallerthanMike.Tom比Mike稍高一点;Itisevencoldertodaythanyesterday。今天甚至比昨天更冷⑧在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。eg.TheweatherhereismuchhotterthanthatOfourhometown.这儿比我的老家热得多。Thepantsinthisshoparealotbetterthanthoseinthatshop.(3)形容词和副词最高级的用法:对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可带of/in短浯来说明比较范围:“主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语/in短语”eg.SheistheyoungestOfall.“A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语/in短语”eg.Lindadrawsmostcarefullyinherclass.五、冠词(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明其意义.冠词分为不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,放在名词前、a/3n用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前)。不定冠词(1)不定冠词的用法①泛指—类人或物。eg.Thisisapencilcase.She’Sadoctor.②指不具体的某个人或物。eg.ImetanoldmanOnmywayhome.③用在序数词前,相当于another。eg.There’sathirdboyneartheshop.④表示“每—(个)”,相当于every。eg.Theyhavemusiclessonstwiceaweek.⑤固定搭配。alotof,alot,alittle,afew,aglassOf,sucha/an,haveawordwith,havealook,haveatry,haveaswim,aquarter,halfanhour,threetimesaday,haveatalk,giveatalk,tenYuanakilo(2)不定冠词的位置:①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。eg,abike,anegg②当名词被such,what,many修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。eg.Ittookmehalfanhourtofinishmyhomework.Heleftinsuchahurrythatheforgottoclosethedoor.Whatadangerousjobitis!Manyamanhasgonetothebigcitiesforwork.③当名词前的形容词前有so,how,too等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。Eg.Shewassoniceagirlthatshetooktheblindmantothestation.Howniceafilmthisis!④当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather,very时,不定冠词放在quite,rather之后,very之前。eg.Itisquiteagoodbook.Thatisratherausefultoo1.Thisisaveryinterestingstory2.定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。eg:lhavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.Theboy'snameisMark.Thegirl’snameisPenny.(2)特指某(些)人或物。eg:ThegirlinareddresscomesfromAmerica.(3)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。eg:Myshoesareunderthebed.(4)用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。egTomisthetallerofthetwoboys.(5)用在序数词前。egMondayistheseconddayofaweek.(6)yo用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。cgThemoonmovesroundtheearth.(7)用在某些形容词前,表示—类人或物。therich(富人),thepoor(穷人),thedeaf(聋人),theblind(盲人),thedead(死者),thewounded(伤员)(8)用在姓氏复数前,表示“某某—家人”或“某某夫妇”。eg.TheGreensarehavingdinnerathome.(9)用在乐器前。eg.playthepiano/guitar/violin/drums.(10)用于逢“十”eg.Inthe1970s,ahighwaywasbuilttolinkupthecitywithmyhometown.Ithinkheisinthethirties.(11)用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。theUnitedNations,theGreatWall,theSummerPalace,thePalaceMuseum,intheend,intheday,inthemiddleof,allthetime,intheeast,bytheway,Onthewayto,theOuRiver,theYandangMountain3.不用冠词的情况名词前有指示代词this,that,these,those时不用冠词。eg.Thatgirlismyfriend.名词前有物主代词my,your,hisher,their等时不用冠词。eg.Lucyishersister.名词前有whose,which,SO[1ie,any,each,every等代词时不用冠词。eg.WhichmanisMrGreen?Eachstudenthasabeautifulpicture.(4)复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。eg.Thoseyoungmenareteachers,notstudents.(5)物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。eg.Snowiswhite.(6)抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。eg.Doesshelikemusic?(8)在三餐前不用冠词。eg.havebreakfast/lunch/supper/dinner—haveabigdinner(9)在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。Eg.Tina,Wenzhou,NewYear’sDay,Tuesday,January(10)在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。eg.MyfavoriteisEnglish.(11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。eg.atnoon,atwork,athome,bybus,byair,Onfoot,frommorningtillnight,atnight,gotoschool,gotobed,atlast在有些词组中,用冠词和不用冠词意思有较大区别。inhospital(在住院);inthehospital(在医院)inprison(在坐牢);intheprison(在监狱里)attable(吃饭,用餐);atthetable(在桌旁)gotocollege(上大学);gotothecollege(去那所大学)infrontof(在某个范围之外的前面);inthefrontof(在某个范围之外的前面)takeplace(发生);taketheplace(代替)六、数词(一)基数词在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。基数词的构成(1)1-20:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty(2)21-99先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。23→twenty-three,34→(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;586→fivehundredandeighty-six(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion(美式)或thousand,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。6,260,309→sixmilliontwohundredandsixtythousandthreehundredandnine2.基数词的用法(1)作主语eg.FourOfthemcomefromParis.(2)作宾语eg.一Howmanybookswouldyoulike?一Iwouldliketwo.(3)作表语eg.Sevenminustwoisfive.(4)作定语eg.Therearethreepeopleinmyfamily·(5)作同位语eg.Youtwowillgoswimmingwithus.(6)表具体数字时,hundred,thousand,million用单数。eg.Therearesixhundredstudentsinourgrade.(7)表不确定的数字时,数词用复数。若带名词,再加ofhundredsof(数百,成百上千的),thousandsof(数干,成千上万的),millionsof(数百万)eg,Theyarrivedintwosandthrees.他们三三两两地来了。(8)表示“…十”的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。eg.Heisinhisearlythirties.他有三十来岁(31—34岁):Thistookplacein(9)表示时刻eg.IwatchCCTVNewsatseveno’clockeveryevening.(二)序数词在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。序数词的构成(1)一般在基数词后加theg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth不规则变化one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve--~twelfih以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加thtwenty→twentieth,forty→fortieth,ninety→ninetieth从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。wenty-first,twohundredandforty-fifth序数词的用法序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。eg.Heisthefirstonetocomehere.序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上"又—",“再一”eg:Hetriedasecondtime.他又试了—次.(3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。1st2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,(4表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。20XX年8月15日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August15th,2005(三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。No.1(1号),No.3bus(3路公共汽车),Room103,Thefirstlesson=LessonTwo(第二课)(四)分数词的表达:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s:eg.1/3-onethird;2/5-twofifths(五)数学运算的表达eg.3+5=8Threeplus/andfiveiseight.9-2=7Nineminustwoisseven.6x5=30Fivetimessixisthirty/sixunutilizedfiveisthirty.8÷2=4Eightdividedbytwoisfour.七、介词表示时间的介词at①接具体时间:eg.atsix,athalfpasttwo,attentotwelve②表示“在…时刻”;eg:atnoon,atmidnight(2)in①表示“在(某段时间段)之间”;eg.inJanuary,inamonth,inspring,in2005②在将来时中,表示“在某段时间之后”eg.Intenyears,IthinkI'llbeareporter.(3)on表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。eg.OnMonday,OnTuesdayafternoon,OnMay4th,OnthemorningofJuly6th(三)固定搭配的介词动词+介词:lookafter,lookat,lookfor,laughat,listento,hearfrom,turnOn,turnoff,waitfor,worryabout,thinkof,spend...On介词十名词:bytrain,onfoot,attheendof,atlast,intheend,introuble,attable,atbreakfast,inhospital,intime,Ontime,Onone’swayto,withpleasure(3)be+形容词+介词:beafraidof,begoodat,begood/badfor,belatefor,beinterestedin,beangry,with,befullof,besorryfor八、连词(conj.用来连接词与词或句与句并列连词(用来连接平行的词、词组或分句)①表并列关系:notonly...butalso,neither...nor,and②表选择关系:or,either...or③表转折关系:but,while④表因果关系:for,so(2)从属连词(用来引导状语从句)①引导时间状语从句:after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,assoonas②引导原因状语从句:because,as,since③引导目的状语从句:sothat,inorderthat④引导结果状语从句:sothat,so…that,such...that⑤引导比较状语从句:than,as…as⑥引导宾语从句:that(陈述句),if,/whether(一般疑问句)九、动词(verb.)动词表示主语的动作或状态动词的种类。(1)及物动词vt,其后接宾语。eg.Shewearsauniform.(2)不及物动词vi,不接宾语。eg:Shecandance.(3)连系动词like-v.接表语。eg.Theyarenurses.Thatsoundsinteresting.Hismotherlooksyoung.Ifyoukeepmilkfortoolong,itgoesbad.(4)助动词aux--V.接动词原形或分词(它无实在意思,只起语法作用)。eg,DOyoulikepandas?HehasgonetoAustralia.Sheislookingatthecat.(5)情态动词mod-v.接动词原形(它不能单独作谓语,有自己的意思,无人称和数的变化)。Eg.Hemustgonow.Youshouldcleantheclassroomafterclass.(6)有些动词既可作及物动词,也可作助动词或不及物动词,be也可作助动词。eg.Idomyhomeworkafterclass.(Vt.)Doasyoulike.(Vi.)Sheisalittlebitquiet.(mod-v.)Sheisswimmingnow.(aux-v.)二)情态动词的用法(一)can,could,may的用法l.can/could(1)表示具有某种能力,意为“能,能够,会”(could表过去)。eg.IcansingEnglishsongs.Lisacan’tspeakJapanese.Shecouldswimwhenshewasfouryearsold.(2)表示许:可、允许,意为“可以”。eg.--CanwewatchTVnow?—No,youcan’t.(3)表示请求某人做某事,意为“能,能够”(用could使晤气更委婉)。Can/Couldyouhelpme,please?(4)表示推测“可能”,多用于否定句和疑问句中。(表肯定推测可用must,might,could等)cg。itcan’tbetrue.这不可能是真的。Wherecanhehavegone?他可能会去哪儿呢?2.may/might(1)表示许可、允许,意为“可以”,比can更正式。Mayluseyourpen?Maylaskyouaquestion?我可以问你—个问题吗?(2)表示推测“可能”,用于肯定句和否定句,不能用于疑问句。Hemaybeathomenow.Shemaynotbetheretoday.今天她可能不在那儿。(二)can与beableto的区别两者都可以用来表示能力。eg.Ican/amabletomendthebike.2.can只有现在时(Can)和过去时(could),而beableto可用于多种时态。eg.Iwillbeabletocomebackinanotherfewmonths.Hehasn’tbeenabletogettherebeforedark.3.can可以表示推测,但beableto不能。eg.Thatcan'tbeGina'sdictionary.那不可能是吉娜的词典。4.can与beableto;不能重复使用eg.他能做好这件事。Hecanbeabletodoiswell.(X)Hecandoitwell.(√)Heisabletodoitwell.(√)(三)must与haveto的区别主客观方面不同。must表“义务”或“强制”,表示主观的必要;在肯定句中must还可表推测,语气要比may肯定多。haveto表“必须”或“不得不”,表示客观的必要。eg.Wemustcleantheroom.(表示我们认为房间太脏了。)Wehavetocleantheroom.(表示没有人替我们打扫房间等客观原因。)Hemustbeathomebeforesupper。(他晚饭前一定在家。)人称和时态不同。must无人称和时态的变化,一律用must十动词原形。haveto后接动词原形,有人称、数和时态的变化,一般现在时的第三人称单数要用hasto,过去时中要用hadto,将来时中要用willhaveto。另外,haveto还可与情态动词和助动词连用。eg:Tommustpracticehisguitareveryday.Thetrainhasleft.We'llhavetowaitforthenexttrain.3.否定式及意义不同。mustnot=mustn't“决不可/千万不可/务必不要”;don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t+haveto“不必”eg.Wemustn’ttelljokesonhim.我们千万不可与他开玩笑。Wedon’thavetotelljokesonhim.我们不必和他开玩笑。在对MayI…?作否定回答时用No,youmustn’t/can’t.eg.Maylgotothemovies?NO,Youmustn't5.疑问式及回答不同。Must+主语+动词原形+…?Yes,主语+must./NO,主语+needn’t.助动词+主语+haveto+动词原形+…?Yes,主语+助动词./No,主语+助动词+not.eg.Mustlgonow?Yes,youmust./NO,youneedn’tDoesshehavetogotothedoctor?Yes,shedoes./NO,shedoesn’t.中考英语必备名词()1Shewasveryhappy.She________inthemathstest.makesafewmistakeB.madeafewmistakesC.madefewmistakesD.makesfewmistake()2Weneedsomemore____.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.potatoe()3_____are____forcuttingthings.A.Knife/usedB.Knives/usedC.Knife/usingD.Knives/using()4Whatbig____thetigerhas!A.toothB.teethC.toothsD.toothes()5Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree___.A.leafsB.leavesC.leafD.leave()6-Canwehavesome___?-Yes,please.A.bananaB.orangesC.appleD.pear()7Onthetabletherearefive____.A.tomatosB.pieceoftomatoesC.tomatoesD.tomato()8Theygotmuch___fromthosenewbooks..A.ideasB.photosC.informationD.stories()9Hegaveus____onhowtokeepfit.A.someadvicesB.someadviceC.anadviceD.aadvice()10.Whenwesawhisface,weknew___wasbad.A.somenewsB.anewsC.thenewsDnews()11.What___lovelyweatheritis!A./B.theC.anD.a()12-Wouldyoulike___tea?-No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo____.any,bottlesoforangeB.some,bottlesoforangeC.many,bottlesoforangesD.few,bottleoforanges()13.Heishungry.Givehim___toeat.A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreadC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads()14.Itreallytookhim:___todrawthenicehorse.A.sometimesB.hourC.longtimeD.sometime()15.Iwouldliketohave___.A.twoglassesofmilkB.twoglassofmilkIC.twoglassesofmilksD.twoglassofmilks()16.Canyougiveme____?A.ateaB.somecupofteaC.acupteaD.acupoftea|()17.Pleasegiveme___paper.A.oneB.apieceC.aD.apieceof()18.Johnbought___forhimselfyesterday.A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoeC.twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoes()19.-Howmany____haveyougotonyourfarm?-I'vegotfive.A.sheepsB.sheepC.pigD.chicken()20.Some___cametoourschoolforavisitthatday.A.GermansB.GermenC.GermanyD.Germanies21.Inthepicturetherearemany____andtwo.A.sheep;foxesB.sheeps;foxC.sheeps;foxesD.sheep;foxs22.Agroupof______willvisitthemuseumtomorrow.A.HungarianB.AustralianC.JapaneseD.American()23.Thistableismadeof___.A.manyglassB.glassesC.someglassesD.glass()24.-Whatwouldyouliketohaveforlunch,sir?-I'dlike____.!A.chickenB.achickenC.chickensD.thechicken()25.Childrenshouldmake____foroldpeopleinabus.A.roomB.aroomC.roomsD.theroom)26.Tablesaremadeof___.A.woodB.somewoodsC.woodenD.woods()27.Iwonderwhy______aresointerestedinaction(武打片)films.A.peopleB.peoplesC.thepeopleD.thepeoples()28.Ihaveread____oftheyoungwriter.A.worksB.workC.thisworksD.theworks()29.Let'smeetat7:30outsidethegateof___?A.thePeople'sParkB.thePeoples'ParkC.thePeoplePark()30.___Chinesepeopleare___hardworkingpeople.A./;aB.We;theC.The;theD.The;a()31.Howmany______werethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappened?A.policemanB.policesC.policeD.peoples()32.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____.A.setB.oneC.pieceD.pair()33.LastweekIboughtaTV____.A.pair.B.setC.pieceD.block()34.Thereisa________ofwoodleftontheground.A.cupB.pieceC.boxD.pair()35.Therearesixty-seven___inourschool.A.women'steacherB.womenteachersC.womanteachersD.womenteacher()36.Therearefive___inourfactory.A.womandriverB,womendriverC.womandriversD.womendrivers()37.These____weresenttothevillagestohelpthefarmers.A.womendoctorB.womendoctorsC.womandoctorsD.womandoctor()38.Theywritemostoftheir.___inEnglish.A.businessletterB.businesslettersC.businessesD.businessesletters()39.Wecametoa___atlast.andwentin.A.watchshopB.watchesshop,'C.watchingshopD.watchsshop()40.Thisshopsellsapples,bananasandthingslikethese.It'sa___A.foodshopB.bookshop

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