成人英语三级语法重点串讲

北京地区英语考试语法重点串讲第六节从句一、定语从句在复合句中起定语作用的从句（每年至少考2题）(一)基本介绍

A.由5个关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that引导的

ThecompanyofficialwhomIthoughtwouldbefiredreceivedaraise.Theinvestigation,whoseresultswillsoonbepublished,wasmadebyJohn.

34.Donottrustsuchmenoftenliketopraiseyoutoyourface.

A.who B.that C.as D.they (C,0404)

B.由3个关系副词when,where,why引导的

1、Thetimewillcomewhenmancanflytoouterspacefreely.54、Iwillneverforgetthetenyears____webothspentinthelittlevillage.A.whenB.duringwhichC.whichD.inwhich(A,2001)65.Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibitionwhichtheysawmanynewproducts.答：C，改为where。定语从句。(0304)26.Ofthose_____hadappliedforthejobs,onlytwowereaccepted.A.personsB.that C.who D.which (C,0304)C.as和but有时可以引导定语从句：as引导的定语从句多和such或some连用Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowadays.像你说的这种人现在很少Ihavethesameproblemasyou(have).34.Donottrustsuchmenoftenliketopraiseyoutoyourface.

A.who B.that C.as D.they (C,0404)

but引导的定语从句，实际意义等于whonot或thatnotThereisnooneofusbutwishestogo.我们没有人不愿意去(二)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(至少各考1道题)

1、限制性定语从句所修饰的词代表一个(些)或一类特定的人或事物,从句与主句间没有逗号，从句不能去掉,否则剩下的部分意义不完整或表意不清,不能说明问题Thesewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnamehere.谁想去请在这里签名ThisistheplacewhereIworkedfor10years.2、非限定定语从句只对所修饰的词作一步的说明，与主句之间用逗号分开，去掉后所剩部分仍能成立，意义完整。ThisnotewasleftbyMary,whowashereamomentago.IamgoingtospendthesummerholidaysinDalian,whereIhavesomerelatives.另外，两种从句表示的意义差别较大Thewinewhich/thatwasinthecellarwasallrained.藏在地窖的酒坏了(部分酒,限)Thewine,whichwasinthecellar,wasallrained.酒藏在地窖里，都坏了(全部酒,非限) Hewillwearnoclothesthatwilldistinguishhimfromhisfellowcolleagues. 他不会穿那种让其他人很容易把他和他同事区分开的衣服 Hewillwearnoclothes,whichwilldistinguishhimfromhisfellowcolleagues. 他将一丝不挂,为让其他人容易把他和他同事分开 IhaveasisterwholivesinTaiwan. 我有一个住在台湾的姐姐 Ihaveasister,wholivesinTaiwan.我有一个姐姐，她住在台湾*使用定语从句需要注意的问题：①which和that都可以指代事物引导定语从句，但如果先行词有限定词all,any,every,(a)few,no,only,some,very或序数词、形容词最高级修饰，其后的关系代词只能用that: Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree. ItisthefirsttimethatIhavemetMary. ThisistheveryfilmthatIwanttosee.very就是…个②关系代词前有介词的情况，主要体现在which和whom这两个关系代词 Thesearethefactsonwhichmyargumentisbased.(base…on把…建立在…基础上)Themantowhomwehandedtheformsoutthattheyhadnotbeenproperlyfilledin. (tohandtosb.把…交给)31.Beforejoiningthearmy,hespentalotoftimeinthevillage_____hebelonged.A.towhichB.whichC.towhereD.atwhich答：A。belongto：属于。因此选towhich。 (2001)55.Thegrass______manyanimalsliveisabundanthere.[A]bywhich[B]withwhich[C]onwhich[D]ofwhich答：C。liveon：靠…生活。选onwhich。 (0304)53.Theseventeenthcenturywasonewhichmanysignificantadvancesweremadeinbothscienceandphilosophy.答：A。改为inwhich。在某个世纪用in (0311)19.ThisisthedictionaryIdependalotwheneverIhaveproblemswithnewwords.

A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.forwhich (C,dependon,0404)

③在②形式上有时介词前还会有形容词最高级、数词、most、all、none等词，用ofwhich Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan答：B。改为：twoofwhich。非限定性定语从句，which在从句中指fiftystates。(2000)46.TheUnitedStatesiscomposedoffiftystates,twoof__areseparatedfromtheothersbylandorwater.[A]them[B]that[C]which[D]those (C,0304)17.Thewriterhaspublishedmanybooks,arewellreceivedbythereaders.

A.noneofwhomB.allofwhichC.neitherofwhoD.oneofwhich(B,0404)句子或句子的一部分也可以作先行，换句话说，定语从句也可以修饰前面整个一句话或半句话，这种情况下只能出现非限制性定语从句 Someoftheroadswereflooded,whichmadeourjourney,moredifficult. Themeetinghasbeenputoff,whichiswhatwewant. Hesaidhehadnobike,whichwasnottrue.④关系代词后的数和人称要和先行词一致，它的格则取决于它在句子中所充当的成分。45.Thisisoneofthebestbooks_____onthesubject.(2000)A.thathaveeverbeenwritten B.whichhaveeverbeenwrittenC.thathaseverbeenwritten D.whateverhavebeenwritten答：A。因为先行词是复数，而且有形容词的最高级修饰，只能选that。31.Anoldfriendfromabroad,_____Iwasexpectingtostaywith,telephonedmefromtheairport.A.thatB.whomC.whoD.which答：B.whom。关系代词，在定语从句中做with的宾语，指人。(2000)67.WhenshecamebackfromHollywood,shewantedtotelleverybodyaboutallthestarsandexcitingpeoplewhoshehadseen. 答：D。改为whom或直接删除。 (0304)⑤关系代词whose既可指人，有时也可以指物。代物时，相当于ofwhich。近几年这类题出现较多 Idon’twanttorentthehousewhosewindowsarebroken.55.Theexperiment,_____willsoonbeannounced,wasdonebymycolleagues.A.whoseresultsB.theresultsonwhichC.atwhichtheresultsD.ofwhoseresults答：A。定语从句。关系代词whose在从句中做results的定语(2001)二、让步状语从句①由though,although引导 Nogoalswerescoredthoughitwasanexcitinggame.②由eventhough(=evenif)引导 Shewillnotrevealthesecreteventhough(if)sheknows. ③由whether…or…引导(“不管”) Whether(sheis)sickorwell,sheisalwayscheerful. Itistruth,whetheryoubelieveitornot. Healwayslosesinanargumentwhetherheisrightorwrong.④由nomatter+wh词（或how）引导(“不管”)，注意从句中的词序Nomatterwhoyouare,youhavenorighttodosuchathing.Nomatterwhichsidewine,Ishallbeverysatisfied.Nomatterhowmuchsheeats,shenevergetsfat.Nomatterwhatjobyoudo,doitwell.Nomatterwhereyoulive,youmustgetthereontime.⑤由wh词+even引导(“不管”)，注意同第④项句式的区别Whoeveryouare,youhavenorighttodosuchathing.54.Nomatterwhateverhappens,we’redeterminedtodoourbestandmaketheexperimentasuccess. 答：A。改为whathappen，前面已经有nomatter。(0311)⑥由as引导(“仅管”)，通常把被强调的形容词或副词放在句首(或称倒装) Busyasshewas,shemanagedtocometothemeeting.(形容词)44.atHarvard,hebeganagaintowritehisessay.(C,0411)A.Busywasashe B.Busywasashe C.Busyashewas D.Aswashebusy MuchasIwouldliketohelp,Ihaveotherwork.(副词)44.Young_____heis,heknowswhatistherightthingtodo.A.thatB.asC.althoughD.however答：B。as引导的让步状语从句要倒装。(2000)除上述6种结构外，有时while(虽然，尽管)也可以引导定语从句，多放在句首，含有前后对照的意思。 Whilerespectedheisnotliked. WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcoming.29.______Iadmitthatthereareproblems,Idon'tagreethattheycannotbesolved.AWhenB.AsC.WhileD.Since (C,0304)三、主语从句在句中充当主语成分。动名词、不定式、从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数①由连接代词或连接副词引导 Whowillchairthemeetinghasnotyetbeendecided. Whatyouhavesaidisconviction.信服 Whyheleftthecountryisasecret.秘密57.Whenandwherethenewhospitalwillbebuilt_____amystery.(B,2000)A.toremainB.remainsC.remainD.isremaining38._____Isawwastwomencrossingthestreet.A.WhatB.WhomC.WhoD.That答：A。主语从句，what在从句中做主语。(2001)49.Howthefireinthedancinghallstarted_________amystery.(B,2002)A.toremainB.remainsC.remainD.isremaining27.wasonceregardedasimpossiblehasnowbecomeareality.(A,0411)A.What B.That C.Which D.As②由连词that引导 Thatyouneedmorepracticeisquitobvious.→Itisquitobviousthatyouneedmorepractice.常和以下句型： Itisapity(ashame,agoodthing)that… Itisstrange(true,surprising)that…③由whether…or…引导 WhetherJohnwillgo(ornot)remainsaquestion. Whethershelikesthepresentisnotcleartome此句型在口语中多被改为含絮形式主语it开头的句子，而此时可以用法替代whether，但if不能放在句首。Itisnotcleartomeifshelikesthepresent.40._____wasunimportant.A.Whetherheenjoyedourdinnerornot B.NomatterhowheenjoyedourdinnerC.Ifheenjoyedourdinner D.Whatheenjoyedourdinner答案：A。主语从句，意思“他是否喜欢我们的饭不重要。”(2000)四、宾语从句在复合句中充当宾语成分,要特别注意语序①由连接代词或连接副词引导(wh词) Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotnowbefore. Don’tputofftilltomorrowwhatwecandotoday.今天能做的事不要推到明天 Couldyoutellmewherehelives?25.Marynevertellsanyonewhatshedoesfora_____.A.jobB.workC.professionD.living(2000)答：D。living：生计。make(earn)aliving谋生，生计。48.Infacthehaddone______hecoulddotohelpthepoor.[A]what[B]which[C]as[D]allwhich (A,0304)②由连词if或whether引导的名词性从句 Letmeknowwhether(if)youcancomeornot. IaskedJohnwhetherJanewascoming.③由that引导，that可省略 Idon’tthink(that)shecanfinishitallbyherself.五、同位语从句①由that引导。that之前通常是一个抽象名词，也称为先行词 Haveyouheardthenews(that)Marygothurtinacaraccident?44.Thefact_______hedoessoinsoshortperiodoftimechallengesexplanation.[A]why[B]that[C]what[D]which (B,0304)58.Wouldthenews_____hefailedtopasstheexambotheryou?[A]which[B]that[C]ofwhich[D]onwhich (B,0304)24.Itisimportanttorememberthesayingthatisbetterthancure.

A.prevention B.promotion C.permission D.proportion(A,0404)

常见的先行词有：belief,fact,news,saying,doubt,evidence,hope,idea,question,reply,rumour等②同位语从句和关系代词that引导的定语从句的区别 That在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体含义，在从句中不充当任何句子成分。 That在定语从句中是关系代词，在从句中充当一定的成分，多为主语或宾语 Thenewsthatshewasresignherpositionprovedtobeincorrect.(同) ThisisthebookthatIboughtyesterday. (定)第七节倒装句结构 OnlytodaydidIlearnthegoodnews. Onnoaccountmustwegiveup. 任何情况下都不①含有否定词开头的句子多倒装：否定词＋助动词（be动词）+主语。not,only,never,little,few,nowhere,seldom,rarely,hardly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…than,atnotimenotuntil,innotime=bynomeans,undernocircumstances,notonly…but(also)29.Nowhereelseintheworld_____moreattractivescenerythaninSwitzerland.A.youcanfindB.isfoundC.canyoufindD.hasbeenfound答：C。否定词nowhere放在句首，句子倒装(2000)53.NotuntilIremindedhimforthethirdtime_____workingandlookedup.A.thathestoppedB.doeshestoppedC.didhestopD.thathestopped答：C。notuntil放在句首，句子倒装。(2000)55.Nosoonerhadtheygotoffthetrain_____itstartedmoving.A.whenB.thanC.thenD.after答：B。nosooner…..than…(2000)51.Notalways_____theywantto.A.peoplecandowhat B.peoplecannotdowhatC.canpeopledowhat D.can'tpeopledowhat答：C。否定词not放在句首，句子倒装。(2001)55.Notuntilmostofthepeoplehadlefttheairport_________hissisterwasthere.A.thathesawB.hadheseenC.didheseeD.thathehadseen答：C。notuntil放在句首，句子倒装(2002)57.Nosoonerhadtheygotthegoodscoveredup_____itstartedraininghard.A.whenB.thanC.thenD.after (B,2002)答：B。atnotime放在句首，句子要倒装。应改为willChina。(2002)44.Nosoonerhadsheenteredthehousethetelephonerang.A.when B.than C.as D.while (B,0404)

33.Onlyrecentlytodealwiththeenvironmentalproblems.(C,0411)AsomethinghasdoneBhassomethingdoneChassomethingbeendone Dsomethinghasbeendone②用于neither(行为动词/否定),nor(be动词/否定),so(肯定)开始的简短回应，表示与他人的相同看法。 Idon’tcaremuchforsweets. －NeitherdoI. Iamnotveryfondofthissortoffilms. –NoramI. Ilikeskatingverymuch. －SodoI.还可以说：Ienjoyedtheplayandsodidmywife.③so…that(太…以致于)结构中的so置于句首时，需要部分倒装 Sofunnydidhelookthateveryonestaredathim. Soexcitedwashethathecouldn’tfallasleep.28.SoistheweatherinEnglandthatbylunchtimetherecouldbethunderandlightening.

A.various B.varies C.variable D.variation(C,0404)

④虚拟条件句如果可以省略if，而倒装。（详见虚拟语气一节）情态动词、be、have、否定词第八节主谓一致（数的一致） 单数主语用单数动词，复数主语用复数动词。①两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接，谓语动词原则上用复数。但是如果单数名词前有each,no,every,manya,morethanone等词修饰，此时谓语动词要有单数形式。 Eachsoldierandsailorwasgivenagun. Everyteacherandeverystudentistoattendthemeeting. Manyastudentcomestothefrontandasksmesomequestion.②every还可以和带数字的复数名词连用，此时仍然认为它是一个整体，其谓语动词也用单数形式 Everyfivepeoplesharesacar.表示时间的复数，动词也用单数 Fiveweeksisnotalongperiodoftime.③主语如果是单数，尽管后边跟有aswellas,togetherwith,including,accompaniedby,incompanywith,besides,inadditionto,alongwith等短语，其谓语动词仍用单数形式(不能喧宾夺主)John’sfather,alongwithhisuncles,demandsthathestayinNewYorkforanotherweek.Jane,aswellasAliceandMary,isstudyingnursingattheQueen28.Mr.Smith,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,goingtothepartyhisweekend.A.am B.is C.are D.will (B,0411)④集合名词做主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意义：当主语表示一个不可分割的整体时，谓语用单数；当主语强调集体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数 Thefamilyisthebasicunitofoursociety.(整体) Thefamilyhaveagreedamongthemselvestopayanewhouse. (家庭成员)此类集合名词还有army,audience,committee,crew,group,government,public,staff,team,class等⑤有些名词尽管以s结尾：news,politics,physics,economics,mathematics，但表示是单数的意思(学科)，谓语动词用单数Physicsisadifficultsubject.答：C。改为is。当以news（新闻）是单数，做主语时谓语动词一般用单数形式。(2000) means（方法/手段）的单、复数形式一样，若前有every修饰用单数动词，若前有all修饰用复数动词。 Everymeanshasbeentried,butwithlittlesuccess. Allmeanshavebeentried,butwithlittlesuccess.⑥当句子有两个主语，而它们又是由either…or,neither…nor,…or…,…nor…,notonly…but(also)连接起来的,谓语动词通常和邻近的主语一致,又称“邻近原则” NotonlyyourbutalsoIammistakenonthispoint. NeitherBillnorhisparentsareathome.35.NeitherJohnnorIabletopersuadeRichard’sgrandfathertoattendthewedding.A.am B.are C.aretobe D.is(A,0311)⑦注意thenumberof与anumberof接动词的区别，前者用单数，后者用复数 Anumberoferrorsmadebyhimweresurprising. Thenumberoferrorsmadebyhimwassurprising.⑧在定语从句中，关系代词who,that,which作主语时其谓语动词的人称数要和主句中的先行词一致 不可数名词做主语用单数:information,threequartersof68.Manyofthesociety'swealthiscontrolledbylargecorporationsandgovernmentagencies. 答：A。改为much。(0304)52.Nearlythreequartersofthesurfaceoftheeartharecoveredwithwater,andtherewouldbeevenlesslandifthepolaricecapsweremelted. 答：B。改为is。(0311)52.Peoplecomplainthatthecostofsettingupacompanyaresogreatthatonlytherichcanaffordtorunacompanyinthatcountry.(C.改为is.0411)*注意主从复合句中主、从句主语一致的问题主从复合句中，主句和从句中的主语可以一致，也可以不一致。但主、从句主语不一致时，涉及从句中的助动词其主语不能被省略Walkinginthestreet,thecarandbusesarerunninglikestreams. 答：A。改为Whenwewerewalking。Byreadingthedirectionscarefully,somemistakesintheexamcouldhavebeenavoided. 答：A。改为Ifyou(I)hadread。

第九节附加疑问句陈述部表示否定意思，疑问部分须用肯定式；反之，则相反。陈述部分和提问部分的前后对应表陈述部分提问部分havetodon'thadtodidn'toughttooughtn't/shouldn’tusedtododidn'tletshall(包括别人)willyou(仅指自己，不包括别人)Don’twill23.Don’tforgettowritetome,? (A,0404)

A.willyou B.didn’tyou C.areyou D.don’tyou

22.Wehadtowaitalongtimetogetourpassports,? (C,0411)A.won’twe B.don’twe C.didn’twe D.shouldn’tyou①当陈述句是一个主从复合句时，通常情况下附加疑问部分应当根据主语的动词形式而定： Hesaidthathedidn’twanttogo,didn’the?53.Younevertoldmeyouhaveseenthefilm,_________?A.hadyouB.didn'tyouC.didyouD.weren'tyou答：C。反意疑问句。(2002)②虽然陈述部分是主从复合句，但如果主句部分是以下一个结构：I’d(would)say,I’llbet,Iguess,Ithink,Isuppose,Ibelieve,Iexpect,Iimagine附加疑问部分要根据从句中的动词形式而定。Isupposeyou’renotserious,areyou?Isupposeyoucouldn’tletmeborrowyourcarthisevening,couldyou?③如果在②句式中的主句部分加上否定词，附句为肯定 Idon’tsupposehecares,doeshe? Idon’tthinkyou’reheardofhimbefore,haveyou?④如果陈述句的主语是somebody,someone,everybody,everyone,nobody,提问部分的人称要用they。 Everybodyknowsthattheearthisround,don’tthey?⑤陈述部分若含有nothing,nobody,seldom,rarely,never,hardly,scarcely等词时，提问部分用肯定式。 NobodyphonedmewhileIwasout,didthey? Shescarcelycaresforanything,doesshe?第十节强调句结构①基本形式Itis（was）+被强调部分+that… Itwasinthatsmallroomthattheyworkedhardanddreamedofbetterdaystocome.66.ItisdrivingontheleftwhatcausesvisitorstoBritainthemosttrouble.答：C。改为that。强调句。(0304)47.Itwasintheprimaryschoolwheremyteacherintroducedmetocomputer.答：C。改为that。强调句。(0311)16.ItisfrommygrandparentsIlearnedalot. (C,0404)

A.who B.whom C.that D.which

51.ItisinhissparetimewhenRobertteacheshimselfEnglishandJapanese.答：C。改为that。强调句。(0411)另外，强调原因的Itisbecause…that也属于这一类型33.Itisbecausesheisverydevotedtoherstudents_____sheisrespectedbythem.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.who答：A。强调句型。Itis（was）…that/who；who（只能强调人）；that（可强调人和物）因为本句是强调原因。又如：Itistomorrowthattheywillhaveameeting.就在明天他们要开会。（强调时间状语）Itistheywho（that）willhaveameetingtomorrow.就是他们明天要开会。（强调人，可以用who或that）②notuntil加部分倒装结构 Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom. NotuntilyesterdaydidIknowthenews.③Itis/wasnotuntil＋时间状语＋that从句，不倒装，特别注意和第②项的区别 Itwasnotuntilaftermidnightthathefellasleep. Itwasnotuntilbedtimethattheboyeverremembersdoeshishomework.19.Itwasnotmidnightthattheydiscoveredthechildrenwerenotintheirbeds.A.before B.at C.after D.until (D,0311)• 成人英语三级复习指导：高分语法定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指，针对TOEFL应注意以下几点：(1)the和可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或物，如：thefern(蕨类),thewallflower(2)序数词之前必须用the，如：thefirstwoman,thenineteenthcentury但前面有物主代词时除外，如myfirstbaby(3)形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外)，如：thelargestcity,themostadvancedtechnology(4)of连接的名词前多用the,如：thedevelopmentofthewatch,(5)世界上独一无二的东西前应加the,如：theglobe(地球)，theequator(赤道),themoon,thesun在下列情况下，一般不用the：(1)表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前,一般不加，如：DennisChavez(人名)，Alaska(地名)，English(英语),February(二月),America(美国)但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上thetheGreatLakes(美国五大湖)，theChangjiangRiver(长江)(2)无特指的不可数名词前，如：algebra(代数学),advertising，accounting（会计学）(3)表示类别的复数名词前，如：Historiansbelievethat…,Amphibians(两栖动物)hatchfrom…(4)一些固定词组中，如：inhistory,innature,atwork,athome,gotoschool,gotobed,inbed乘车的词组：bytrain(乘火车),bycar(乘汽车),bybicycle(骑脚踏车),bybus(乘公共汽车),byland(由陆路),bysea(由海路),bywater(由水路),byair(通过航空)onfoot(步行)，byplane(乘飞机)，byship(乘船)，打球的词组：playtennis,playbaseball,playbasketball注意：表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可,如：Hewaselected(the)chairmanofthecommittee.不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用,下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词：much,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,awealthof(大量的、丰富的)little/alittle/less/least,apiece/sheet/slice/barof,属不可数名词专用另外一些词(词组)如such,some/any(of),most(of),alotof,lotsof,therestof,plentyof等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。有些形容词本身就具有“比….年长”、“比…..优越”等含义，因此也就没有比较级和最高级。有些形容词本身就具备“最、极”的含义，所以就没有最高级和比较级。如：absolute(绝对的),unique(独一无二的),infinite(无限的),round(圆的),right(对的),correct(正确的),wrong(错误的),perfect(完美的)，这类形容词往往被称为绝对形容词对于most来讲，除了构成某些词最高级外，most的用法有几点需要注意，经常成为改错题的考点：1．当most表示大多数时，之前不加the,并且有两种形式来表示大多数，分别为：most+名词，如：mostpeople,mostIndiantribes；most+of+限定词+名词或代词，如：mostofhispaintings，mostofus,mostofthemodernartists2.most有时意思等同于very,此时most之前用不定冠词，如：amostlovelygirl,amostimpressiveproposal例题：(1)Themostsubstancesexpandinvolumewhentheyareheated.ABCD答案：A应改为：Most解释：most只有在表示形容词最高级作定语时需加定冠词，此句表示“大多数”，没必要加the.AluminumisthemostabundantmetalinthecrustoftheEarth,butthenonmetalsABCoxygenandsiliconaremorestillabundant.D考点：程度副词答案：D应改为：stillmore解释：程度副词still修饰比较级more时，应置于其前几点参考规则：1.多数副词放在修饰的动词之后，若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后，如：Shesingsverywell.Imetyouruncle(动词的宾语)justnow.Imetjustnowyouruncle(错)2.副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前，如：Thesetwoareonlyslightlydifferent.rightafterthis,verysmoothly当然，副词enough是一个例外，要放在修饰成分的后面，如：Iamnotgoodenoughtodothisjob.(对)Iamnotenoughgoodtodothisjob.(错)3.表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前，be动词之后，如：Heoften/always/rarely/seldom/neverplay(实意动词)tennis.、Heisalwayshereat8’clock.(be动词之后)4.部分副词的位置没有一定的规定，原则上接近被修饰词即可，如：only,even,still,perhaps,etc.第四节容易混淆的词D考点：程度副词答案：D应改为：stillmore解释：程度副词still修饰比较级more时，应置于其前几点参考规则：1.多数副词放在修饰的动词之后，若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后，如：Shesingsverywell.Imetyouruncle(动词的宾语)justnow.Imetjustnowyouruncle(错)2.副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前，如：Thesetwoareonlyslightlydifferent.rightafterthis,verysmoothly当然，副词enough是一个例外，要放在修饰成分的后面，如：Iamnotgoodenoughtodothisjob.(对)Iamnotenoughgoodtodothisjob.(错)3.表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前，be动词之后，如：Heoften/always/rarely/seldom/neverplay(实意动词)tennis.Heisalwayshereat8’clock.(be动词之后)4.部分副词的位置没有一定的规定，原则上接近被修饰词即可，如：only,even,still,perhaps,etc.第四节容易混淆的词hard(努力，副词)－hardly（几乎不，副词）close（接近，形容词）－closely（接近，副词）near（接近，形容词）－nearly（几乎，副词），nearby(adj.邻近的)most（大多数的，形容词）－mostly（主要地，大部分副词）late（迟、晚，形容词）－lately（最近，副词），later(adv.稍后的)high(高的，形容词)－highly(adv.非常，大大的)另外：friendly（友好的），lovely(可爱的、有趣的)，尽管词尾有ly,但是都是形容词作主语：不定式短语可作主语如：Toseeistobelieve(百闻不如一见)Toworkhardshouldbeyourmajorconcern.注意：由于英文不习惯句子主语过长，不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替(详见第十七章)例如上面第二句可以变为：Itshouldbeyourmajorconcerntoworkhard.又如：Itisveryniceofyoutohelpme不定式常接在名词之后作定语，如：somethingtoread,nothingtodo,anythingtodeclare,alottocomplainof,therightpersontotalkto,etc.由上述例子不难看出不定式和被修饰词间有动宾关系，因此不及物动词之后必须加上相搭配的介词（例如上面的complain+of,talk+to）不定式定语还可表示将来的含义，如：intheyearstofollow,themeetingtobeheldinJune独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致如：(With)Hismouthfilledwithwater,hecouldn’tutteraword.(独立主格)对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致:Fillinghismouthwithwater,hecouldn’tutteraword.在TOEFL考试中，经常混淆反身代词的写法，结尾的-self和-selves经常故意写错反身代词的用法可以用来做宾语：Hehurthimselfwhenhefell.可以用来做表语：Heisnotquitehimselftoday.(他今天有些不舒服)反身代词经常放在名词或者代名词的后面来进行强调,表示“亲自”的意思Imyselfdoit.Idoitmyself.Theymadetheresearchthemselves.牢记makepossible的三种形式：1.make+名词+possible；Hisfinancialaidmakesthistrippossible.2.make+possible+名词（名词短语较长时）HisfinancialaidmakespossiblethepoorChinesestudent’senteringoftheworldfamousuniversity.3.makeitpossible(forsb.)todo(见形式宾语部分)Thefather’shardlabormakesitpossibleforthesontoreceivebettereducation.定语从句可分为限定性和非限定性两种，其主要区别为：1.非限定性定语从句中，引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开。2.非限定性定语从句中，引导词一般不用that，在修饰人时用who,whom,whoseHehadthreechildren,allofwhomhadgraduatedfromcollege.在修饰物时用which部分状语从句可以省略，在填空题中时有出现如：Althoughdefeated,hedidnotloseheart.(从句中省略了hewas)IfinFORMedtimely,Iwouldn’thavemissedthemeeting.(从句中省略了Iwere)注意:当现在完成时的时间状语是for+一段时间(已经有…时间了),和since+一个时间点(自从…以来)的时候,句中的谓语不能是非延续性动词(暂短性动词),如不能说:Ihaveborrowedthebookfortendays.(错误:borrow这个动作是发生在图书出纳台上的一次性动作,不能延续,因此不能和for引导的时间状语连用)应改为:Ihavekeptthebookfortendays.这样的暂短性动词还有:buy/sell,break,die,graduate,drop等倒装倒装句就是将正常的陈述语序加以变化，主要作用是强调被提前的部分倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：一、全部倒装谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：Outcamehisguest.Onthehillstoodalittlecottagethatcontainedheapsofhay.Therelivedanelderlyladywhosehusbanddiedlongago.二、部分倒装助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：Neithercouldheseethroughyourplan.SolittledidIknowabouthimthatIwaseasilytakeninbyhiswords.Doesn’therinvitationappealtoyou?第一节否定词提前倒装否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装否定词常用的有：Notonly…(butalso),Notuntil(直到…..才),Nosooner….(than)(一…..就)Never/Rarely/SeldomHardly/Scarcely…(when)Few/LittleNeither/Nor(也不)NwhereAtnotimeUndernocircumstances(决不)Onnoaccount(决不)Innoway其中notonly,nosooner,hardly,scarcely分别和but(also),than,when搭配使用，需注意：后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装，只有否定词之后的部分倒装如：HardlyhadIarrivedhomewhenitbegantorain.Notonlywasheabletoenterthefinalroundofthecontest,buthecameoutfirstaswell.NosoonerhadIgotanychancetospeakthantheclerkslammedthedoorinmyface.Seldomdoeshetravelabout.Undernocircumstancesshouldyoubetrayyourowncountry.此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中，需填入的是倒装部分，只要在句首见到上述的词，就应条件反射的想到用倒装句第二节介词、分词词组提前倒装当句子没有宾语，且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词短语或作表语的分词短语提至句首，引起主谓的全部倒装如：Inthemiddleoftheriverfloatedtheclusterofplantsthatshehadcast.Characteristicofananarchistwasherstrongoppositiontothegovernment,whichshehadblamedforallthesocialinjustices.Lyingonthegrasslandisaprettygirlinherearlytwenties.第三节副词提前倒装副词提至句首引起倒装，可分以下几种情况：1.only+副词(when,before,if,after等)或only+介词状语(由in,under,by,on,after等引导)提前，必须部分倒装如：Onlythendidherealizehowstupidhehadbeen.OnlyafterenteringthestoredidArthurrealizethattherewasdanger.Onlyinthelibrarycansheconcentrateonherstudy.2.often,such,so等副词提前，部分倒装如:Sodiligentlydidheworkthathegothightscoresonthefinalexam.=Heworkedsodiligentlythathegothightscoresonthefinalexam.Suchwashiswishthattheworldwouldstayawayfromwarforever.Oftendidwegoonaholidayinhotsummer.注意，so的另一种倒装是表示“也…”Californiareliesheavilyonincomefromcrops,andsodoesFlorida.加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入，佛罗里达也是这样同理，体会一下neither,nor的倒装Hecan’tdance,neither/norcanI.=Ican’t,either.他不会跳舞，我也不会。3.in,out,down,up,away,off,here,there,over等副词提前，全部倒装如：Offgotthestaggeringgentlemen.HerearethephotosItookattheseaside.第四节疑问倒装疑问句需部分倒装语序，由于经常用到不会成为考试的难点。如：WhatpartdidheplayinHamlet?Doyoupreferteaorcoffee?by可视为被动语态的标志词，by之后的名词短语是句中动作的施动者；在题干中若见到by+名词的结构要优先考虑用被动式如:ThewallispaintedbyTom.ThebookwaswrittenbyMarkTwain.注意1：by之后如果接的是动名词，则表示方式、手段，不能视为被动式的标志，且此时谓语应用主动式，如：Hepassedtheexambycheating.注意2：对于know来讲，一般用beknownto而不用beknowby强调句中it作形式主语可以替代任何被强调的部分基本模式：It+be+强调对象+who/whom/that+句子其余部分如：Itwasonlyyouwhocaredforme.(强调主语)Itishissisterwhom/thatIhavefalleninlovewith.(强调宾语)Itwasunderthetreethatshefoundhermissingpurse.(强调地点状语)ItwaslastweekthatIattendedanartexhibitforthefirsttime.(强状语)ItwasnotuntilhebrokemyfavoritevasethatIflewintorages.(强调状语从句)注意：强调的对象是人时，可用who,whom或that,其余情况一律用that;当强调对象在从句中做主语时用who/that,当强调对象在从句中做宾语时用whom/that.虚拟语气此章内容在TOEFL考点中处于相对次要地位，但在英文中是比较活跃的用法，必须对其有所了解,这样对读题非常有帮助虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义，可大致分为三类一、对现在事实的虚拟基本形式：If+were/did等过去式…,…would/could/should/might+do例如：IfIwereabird,Iwouldflytothemoon.(事实上，I’mnotabird,soIwillnotflytothemoon.)Ifsheknewwhoyouare,shewouldgooutofjoy.二、对过去事实的虚拟基本形式：If+haddone…,…would/could/should/might+havedone例如：Ifshehadbeenwarnedearlier,shewouldn’thavebrokentherules.(事实上：Shewasnotwarnedearlierandshebroketherules.)Ifithadn’trained,thematchwouldhaveseemedmorefascinating.(事实上：Itrainedandthematchwaslessfascinating.)此种虚拟可进行倒装，如：Hadtheletterbee