超强托福考试复习资料语法做题笔记

肯德基语法笔记前言托福语法是件体力活，多做几遍真题，熟中就能生巧，再在做题的间隙看看语法书总结总结规律，语法部分基本上就没有多大问题了。但是，对于托友们来说，最稀缺的是时间，托福真题上百套，如果真的做上3遍，恐怕即耗费时间，也未必有效。我个人认为，将9508以后的真题做熟足以。如果精力过剩，可以看看8901---9501的题。当然，要想在语法上挣到足够的分数，做完题后多多总结也是极为必要的，只有不断总结做错的题，才能够将作错的数目逐步降下来，直到做错数为0。肯德基语法笔记就是出于这样的目的一页一页写下来的。肯德基语法笔记是我自己的做题笔记。包括三部分，即9508以前的真题，9508---9910的真题和2000年以来的真题。9508以前的语法点现在基本不考了，所以我只是收集了一些较为基本的语法知识；9508---9910主要纪录的是语法点，现在还很有用；2000年以来的主要是对考题新动向的总结，以及一些较难的新题型。此笔记适合将真题做完一遍之后看，未作完一遍看笔记作用不大；整个笔记两三个小时就可以看完，看2遍足矣，然后再做第二遍真题。至于为什么要将肯德基牵扯进来，并非我对其中的美味情有独钟。我是在职考试，每天上班很忙，根本没有时间复习，即就是偶尔有空，也得偷偷摸摸的，自我感觉很不爽，于是乎，我干脆用上班的空余时间休息。于是乎，也就只剩下下班后的时间了。每天下午6点下班后，我先打印2套语法题出来，然后带着题在小饭馆里边吃拉面边做题，基本上一顿饭吃完，一套语法题也就做完了；然后，我骑上自己的单车再到附近的肯德基买杯咖啡，在人数相对稀少的二楼找个偏僻的位子坐下来，做完剩下来的一套语法题，并对答案，做总结，记笔记，做阅读；晚上11点的时候，肯德基要打烊了，我再回到自己底价租来的简易房里，这时已经听不到喧闹声了，我开始做听力，直到2点半以后；早晨7点30在闹钟声中醒来，开始为生计奔波。周而复始一个多月下来，肯德基的waitresses基本都认识我了，即就是到了打烊的时候，她们也不赶我走，我在一边做题，她们在一边一声不吭地打扫卫生，这幅景象，和谐得就像在天堂里。为了表示谢意，我遂给自己的语法笔记取了现在这个名字。但愿自己的笔记对托友们有些许帮助。也算是献给太傻论坛的一份感谢礼。流浪的单车09/29/03语法规则第一条：单数可数名词不能单独存活，前面必须加冠词例：Iliketheflower或者Ilikeflowers.不能说Ilikeflower.黄金规则一：谓语单一原则：一个句子有且只有一个谓语。双谓语，必有连接词[连词，关系代词、副词]；反过来，如果出现了连词、关系代词、副词，就必须有第二个谓语。主句从句各有一个谓语。黄金规则二：在时间、条件、让步、方式壮语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语构成中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词一块可以省略。例：thebuildingwas……….，whenbuilt…………。Of的用法：of前面一定是名词。Of的后面不一定非要是名词，但一般是名词。简例：n1+of+n2As的后面可以跟一个从句：eg:asgoodassheis托福语法解题圣经：不要怀疑题目出错不要想方设法读懂题目一定要把题目读完：因为最沙蔽的错误可能还在后头副词修饰形容词，放在形容词前副词一般不修饰名词形容词修饰名词放在名词前介词后面必有宾语及物动词后面必须有宾语形容词性的物主代词后面必须有名词：it(them)+of+()必错：--〉their10、关系代词在从句中必定作成分作宾语的关系代词可以省略，作主语的关系代词永远不能省略需要背熟的几个语法点：6个动词可主动可被动:1）主动+双宾:name+n1+n2;2)被动+n：n1+be-ed+n2name,call/appoint,elect,select/considerconsider的3个形式：1）+双宾considersth+sth/assth/tobesth2）considersth+adj3)被动+n:beconsidered+n9701,38.Mostauthoritiesconsiderbothdreamingwhilesleepanddaydreamingtobeformsoffantasy.9608,29.InTheSociologyofScience,nowconsideredaclassic,RobertMertondiscussescultural,economy,andsocialforcesthatcontributedtothedevelopmentofmodernscience9712na,27.Themoderndetectivestoryinwhichadetectivesolvesacrimebydiscoveringandinterpretationevidence,isconsideredtohaveoriginatedwithEdgarAllanPoe's"TheMurdersintheRueMorgue"9805,13.WillaCatherconsideredhernoveloflifeinnineteenth-centuryNebraska,MyAntonia,---(A)washerbestwork(B) herbestwork(C) herbestworkitwas(D) beingherbestwork9801,11Colloquialisms,---ofinformalspokenlanguage,areoftenconsideredinappropriateformoreformalwrittenlanguage.(A)expressionwhicharecharacteristic(B) whichcharacteristicexpressions(C)areexpressionscharacteristic(D)expressionscanbecharacteristic0201,38.Duringthenineteenthcenturythemoleculartheoryofmatterwasdeveloped,whichconsideredallmattertobecomposedoftiny,indivisibleentitycalledmolecules.2.6个状从引导词：when,while,if/although,though,eventhough3.后面跟不定式的6个动词:1）allow,permit/want,require/cause,enable+sb+todo2）如果其后没有名词，只有动词，则+doing3）be+-ed+todosth:heispermittedtogotolearn4.后面是that引导的名从：I[think,believe,agree,estimate,discover,demonstrate,illustrate,show,state,indicate]+that5.常跟that同谓语的名词：discovery,decision,evidence,observation,statement,opinion,thought,idea,truth,conclusion,news,hope,explation,doubt6.常跟doing的动词avoid,enjoy,mind,keep(on),celebrate,finish,spend,giveupcannothelpdoingsthcannotstanddoingsthhavedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsthhaveahard/difficulttime(in)doingsthbeskillful/skilledat/indoingsth7.make的4种用法：1）makesthimpossible2)makeimpossiblesth[宾语太长]3)makeitimpossibleto/that[形式宾语]4)maken1+n2双宾Before8901:1.most的5种形式：1)mostof+n/ns2)most+n/ns3)themost+adj+n[只此+the]4)most+adj+than比较结构5）themost+adj+介词短语[范围]:形容词名词化2.alike和like,unlikelike介词，nolike;alike表语形容词notalike，alike可做名词的后置定语3.less/much+不可数few/many+可数4.比较级前面的副词：much,alittle,far,no,5.enough的用法：1)enough+n+todo2)adj/adv+enough+todo6.复合介词是否完整：accordingto/inaccordancewith/alongwith/apartfrom/asto/bymeansof/intermsof[根据]inspiteof/owningto/withregardto/forthesakeof/inlinewith/inviewof[由于/考虑到]inadditionto/asaresultof7.1)learn+from+n;2)learn+how/what/when/where从句8901-95051．1)much+n[不可数];many+ns2)much+比较级；very+形容词原型3)much+过分；very+现分2．theAofB+v+o:v与of前的名词A数一致，A是中心词，B修饰A3.三个表示“而不是”的词组，只考搭配，不考意思：otherthan;ratherthan;insteadof4.改错:beyondfarfarbeyond5.动词前有be,后面要么被动-ed，要么进行；看见by,往前查动词；看见-ed,往前找be/been6．中间不加冠词：atbirth,atadult,atfirst,atlastinfuture,innature,inhistory,inadolescence[青年时期]7.只考四种时态：一般现在时[进行时不考]in+过去时间：过去时after+过去时间/事：过去时before+过去时/事：过去完成时hadsince……：现在完成时have,has8．at----time:是固定搭配atonetime,atsometime,9．prove主动表被动：三种形式1）s+provetobe/do2)s+prove+that从句3)s+prove+n短语feedon/upon:以……为食主动表被动：theadultbeefeedsonflower.feed:n.草料v.10.冠词+n+介词：常考1题scholarstendtocite1831asthestartedofunitedstatesabolitionistmovement.startedstart11.比较级than前后助动词严格对应----take---than/do----havesth----than/do,have,has----is----than/is,am,was,were12.self不可以单独使用，herself等13．后面没有比较范围时，形容词最高级相当于形容词，前面不加theSaltlakecity,Utah’scapitalandlargestcity,is[industrial]andbankingcenterindustrialanindustrial,由于中间插入语干扰，单数名词center前少冠词14．Since+从句---〉原因since+时间短语—〉自从，完成时15．Fiveyearsorolder,fiveinchesortaller,依次类推，固定搭配16．Thatarepositive,negative,orboth.固定格式17．nearlyadv几乎不near—〉介词，接近18.四个常被动：bebasedon/belocatedin/beassociatewith/beconcertedin19．ManyofthesciencefictionpublicationsbyRayBradburydisplayadesiretorebelagainstsociety’sdependonmachines.dependdependence.publication:出版物，可数20.花费时间金钱等：1)ittakesb+sometimes+todosth2)ittakesomtimes+forsbtodosth21.年代的固定格式：between1906and1908;throughoutthe1930’s;sincethe1980’s;from1990to/until1993;datingbackto1980;inthelate1880’s，intheearly1880’s22.Paperisstrongundertensioninsteadcrumpleseasilyunderthestressofcompression.经常考:insteadbut;while+n常错，while是连词，应该跟从句或省略的从句[分词]whileduring23.形容词短语后置修饰名词：n1+necessaryfor+n:theactionnecessaryforchewingandswallowingn1+typicalof+n:24.bymeansof,asameansof,intermsof，means[方式]无论在任何时候都用复数25.thearchitectruralisperhapsthemostcomplexofthearts.26.形容词：1）单独修饰名词：名词前2）形容词短语：后置名词后3）5个表语形容词后置修饰名词：afraid,aware,asleep,alone,alikeapersonalone/alonelyperson29.control:n.v.控制controlboard:控制台control是名词修饰名词safetyglass:安全玻璃safety是名词8901-9505portrait:n.肖像portray:v.描绘portrayal:n.描绘wealth:n.大量wealthy:a.health:n.avarietyof+nsvarietiesofvarious+nsmertial:n.survival:n.mineral:n.arrival:n.healthy:a.fair:a.美丽/公正的fairly:ad公正地/相当地mental:n.portrayal:n.rust:n.v.锈/生锈rusty:a.生锈的/脑子迟钝的difficult:a.difficulty:n.difficultyindoingsthbase:v.bebasedonbasis:n.onthebasisofdemand:n.v.需求ademandforsupply:n.v.供应talent:n.才能talented:a.shine:v.发光shiny:a.represent:v.代表representive:n.代表representor:n.陈述者fly:v.飞flight:n.imagine:v.想象image:n.imaginary:a.great+n非常greatly+vvery+a/adgood:a.well:ad[身体好/事情顺a.]hard:a.ad努力地hardly:ad几乎不mere:a.merely:adonthegroundinfreezingpoint凝结点boilingpoint沸点timezone时区[可数]safety[n.]glass安全玻璃—〉其它有关“安全”都用名词safetyintellectual:n.知识分子a.知识的individual:n.个人a.个人的function:n.cess:n.v.thebrainprocessawealthofinformationtall具体的高，树/人high抽象的高，数字/温度/湿度/高度vapor=vapour:n.蒸汽vaporize=evaporatev.蒸发transparent透明的translucent半透明的opaque不透明的，模糊的complex:a.复杂的complexity:n.复杂complexion:n.肤色/面色/气色complexioned:a.脸色的fair-complexion:a.气色好的asidefromadesiretodobeessentialtodoingbeburiedinmud被埋在泥里varyinbecommontosthranginsthfrom---to---composedofbeindifferenttosb/sth漠不关心not----but-------对举incessant:a.不断的/不停的light:n.光/灯a.发光的/轻的v.点燃lightly:ad轻轻地9508-00102、thecalliopeisapartoffairs,gatherings,andothersuchactivities3、the–est+n/ns+of,most+n/ns,mostof+n/ns:最高级和most后可单数，可复数总结：much+不可数,many+ns:much后不可数，many后复数,eachof+ns普样1.less+-er+than:比较级重复，修饰比较级用much,alittle,far,no常考2．n+n:两个名词不见面,中间必须加prep1)animationisatechniqueforcreativitytheillusionoflifeininanimatethings.普样1.242)mostofthedamagepropertyattributedtothesanFranciscoearthquakeof1906resultedfromthefirethatfollowed.普样1.383.damage:n.v.adamagetosthainspirationforsth:是产生---的灵感inproportiontosth:与---成比例paytributetosth/sb:归因于----good:a.修饰名词------well:ad.修饰动词itabsorbsgasesgood:----verywelldense:a.密集的denseness:n.密集density:n.密度mass:n.质量，大多数massive:a.厚重的massify:v.使成为整体maximum:a.n.[pl]maximamaximal:a.minimum:a.n.[pl]minimaminimal:a.listen—主动—listened/hear—被动---heard,heardsecret:n.a.秘密invent:v.invention:v.inventor:人avarietyof,varietiesof,various:a.vary:v.varyin--在—方面不同aneyewitnesstosthregardsthassthlightanddarkness:light:a.n.4.instage,intelevision,infilm中间不加the;intheworld中间不能缺the5.deprivesbofsth:剥夺了某人的某事6.thus是一个并列连词amicrophoneenablesmusicaltonestobeamplified,thusmakingitpossiblethegentlerenditionsofsoftsongsinlargehall.普样2.277.strivetodosth,strive-strove-striven8.itis/was---------that/who-------:强调句9.由whereas，after，before引导的状从开始考10.改错常考whileàduring:while+句子，during+n11.改错sayàtell95081.since+某件事发生的具体时间点，不加时间短2.vote主动，sb[选民]voteforpresidentelect被动，sbbeelectedpresident3.连词重复：新题不考主语重复，whenapearliscutinhalfandexaminedunderamicroscope,butitslayerscanbeseen4.表示两端、顶点、极端的名词前加the,theendof,thebeginningof,thebottomof,thetopof,5.头尾用单数head,tail;腿牙用复数legs,teeth6.use的用法：1）人做主语sbusesthtodosth2)sthbeusedbysbtodosth 3)sthbeinusebysb4)v[find]+sth+useful+todosth/forsth5)n+usefulforsth:useful后置修饰名词7．指人身体的某个部位时，前面加thethehumanhead,thehumanbody8.minimum:n.a.maximum:n.a.aminimumof,aminimum+n+ofminimal:a.maximal:a.9510如果空格在句首，that和动词原形打头的选项不选2．肯定：as---as-----,否定：so----as----3.svo-------。svo后不定式从不选主谓宾后不定式只有两种：谓语动词固定搭配/特殊的宾语abilitytodo,first/last—todo4.数词与量词中间不可隔开：anearlyhundredlargestumps----nearlyahundred/hundreds5.alotoflotsofanumberof+nsnumbersof+nsavarietyofvarietiesofasetofsetsof6.thecapitalofunitedstates,originallynewyorkcity,wasmovedtoPhiladelphiawherestayeduntil18001)修饰主语时变成对整个句子的修饰，用副词originallynewyorkcity2)定从关系副词where,when后应该有主谓wherestayeduntil18003)定从关系代词作主语时不可省itisaboyhaveeatentheapple7.among出现9次，8次错amongàduring,whileàduringduringwhen9601naownn1ton2:将n1归功于n2catchsb’sattention:引起某人的注意giveacluetosth:为---提供线索benotedforsth:因为---而出名9601[96年的题是新题的代表]托夫的三大句式1．-----svo.无逗号时，直接与后面的主语搭配：形，冠，介结，所有格[no是形容词]-----,svo.有逗号时，次要成分填充:分词，不定式，状从[6个词]，介词结构分词与不定式的区别：2．svo,--------。中间有逗号，选宾语定从，状从，同位[名词性词组]，分词短语svo--------。中间无逗号，选宾语定从svo----后不用考虑不定式，不直接跟动词原型，这两个选项尽管排除3．s,----,vo.插入语,次要成分填充：名，形，介，定，分4．1)主动：sthneedtobedone2)被动：sthbeneededtodo5.themajorityof+ns6.分词的区别2个：please,interest人作主语-ed;物作主语-ing7.connectn1andn2withn3:用n3连接n1和n28.常考through----〉throughoutthrough:穿过/通过throughout:所有，全部96051．-----that.that前空格：先判定that是否作成分，即that后是否svo俱全1）that后svo俱全：that不做成分，that引导的是后面的名从空格填：a)主谓，b)itbe+a/-ed2)that后svo不俱全，that做成分，that引导的是后面的定从空格处：that前必为名词2．气体、学科、天体名词单独使用，前面不加冠词，后面有限定修饰时，可以加the序数词前应加the:nineteenthcenturythenineteenthcentury3.purpose/goalistodo4.findsthusefultodo5.respond[v.]to/inresponse[n.]to6.Somepsychologistsbelievethatthosewhoareencouragedtobeindependent,responsible,andcompetentinchildhoodarelikelymorethanotherstobecomemotivatedtoachieve.[29]likelymoremorelikely考过n次7.常考：refined:a.[人]优雅的/[物]精致的refine:v.提炼9608双谓语结构:两个动词中间无逗号，从句充当成分[主从/宾从]，what,how常考中间有逗号，状从2.1）after+n/prep+doing:介词2）after+svo连词3．becreditedwithtakecreditfor4.改错新题型：1）定从省主语2）定从无谓语Anygroupthatconductingitsmeetingusingparliamentaryruleswillencountersituationswhereprescribedprocedurescannotbeapplied.[34]5．farm:n.农庄v.耕种campaign:v.参加竞选n.竞选活动6.时态一致：Bacterialivedinthesoilplayavitalroleinrecyclingthecarbonandnitrogenneededbyplants.[30]9610not和no同时出现，永远选no2.evidence,belief,fact+that同谓语从句3．1）mean:v.意味着a.卑贱的，小气的2）means:n.方式3）meaning:n.意义4．Inmedicine,certainplasticshaveimportantusesbecausetheydonotaffectedbychemicalsinthebody,andtheydonotharmthebody.[27]助动词混用，by是信号词，其前应该是被动----〉arenotaffectedby其它信号词：and,or,but,thus,oneof,-ed,by9612naadaptedfordoingsth:适应作某事music:n.音乐[不可数]3．Papier-machefiguresbyStephenHensen,whichtheycheerfullydepictedlifeintheInformationAge,werethefocusofanexhibitattheMuseum在定从中，which+不完整句子，prep+which+完整句子。此句which+完整句，错4．Pharmacistfilldrugprescriptions,keepingrecordsofthedrugstheirpatientsaretakingtomakesurethatharmfulcombinationsarenotprescribed.[39]97011．Settheworldrecord:创造世界纪录2．n+relatedto与—有关,分词后置修饰前面的名词3．svo后紧跟动词原型，不选[填空]svo后紧跟谓语动词，改为分词[改错]4．substitutefor：n.替代品v.代替initiative:a.起始的/初步的n.主动性/积极性97051．bear:n.狗熊v.具有/生小孩2.bare[a.]of:缺乏,常后置修饰名词nativetosth:本土于---,常后置修饰名词usefulfor,relatedto,necessaryfor,highin+n,richin,unknowntosth,3.enjoy+doing97081.persuade的2种用法：1）persuadesbtodosth:劝某人做某事2）persuadesbthat+从句：使某人相信-----2．well只在表身体好时作表语形容词，Ifeelwell[fine],其它时候都作副词good是形容词，在n前修饰名词verywell是副词，放在动词后3.未来50年：thenext50years,thefollowing50years4．beknownfor因为---而出名=benotedforbeknownas+职位/头衔：被当作---而为人所知5.[21].Asmilecanbeobserved,described,andreliablyidentify,itcanalsobeelicitedandmanipulatedunderexperimentalconditions.[31]. Turquoise,whichfoundinmicroscopiccrystals,isopaquewithawaxyluster,varyingincolorfromgreenishgraytoskyblue.总结：看见-ed和过去分词，想到被动，向前找be,been6.[14].Indigoisavatcolor,_____calledbecauseitdoesnotdissolveinwater.(A)whichit(B)itis(C)but(D)so9710固定搭配是考点：begintodosth,associatedwith,beconcernedwithsth/sb2．asmanyas+数词+nsasmuchas+数词+不可数3．locate常被动，无进行belocatedin4.align:v.排成一排beinalignment:排队5．Inshapeof,withtheaidof,withthegiftof:具有---的天赋6.not------but------7．intense:a.强烈的---intensely:adv---intensify:v.增强---intensity:n.强烈---intension:n.紧张characteristic:n.特征a.特有的characterize:v.刻画人物character:n.特征becharacteristicof:代表------的特征narrative:n.叙述/记叙文a.叙述的ripe:a.成熟的ripen:v.使成熟manufacture:n.v.制造/加工income,information不可数30.ThebestAmericanpopularmusicbalancesapowerfulemotionsofyouthwithtenderness,grace,andwit.a/an划线1)元音与辅音2）后面名词是否为单数39. Themanufactureofautomobilewasextremelyexpensiveuntilassembly-linetechniquesmadethemcheapertoproduce.[新题代词不划线指代的名词划线，只要看见代词，向前查名词]9712na1.fidelitytosth忠诚于[11].Thefirstpeopletolivein____HawaiiwerethePolynesians,whosailedthereinlargecanoesfromotherPacificIslandsabout2,000yearsago.(A)nowwhereis(B)whatisnow(C)itisnow(D)nowthisis[25].ThesuperintendentofwomennursefortheUnionArmyduringtheCivilWarwasDorotheaDix.因为前面是women复数，所以----nurses2．Detective:n.侦探a.侦查的superintendent:n.主管a.管理监督的3.eachof+ns,each+n4.1)appear+adj2)appear+todo29.Eachmajorstylesofarchitectureemergedbecausenewproblemsinbuildingorchallengesindesignappearedforarchitectstoresolve.38.Althoughmostspeciesofsmallbirdsgatheringroupsatfeedersprovidedbybird-watchers,thebrightredadrenalsusuallyappearsaloneorwithitsmate.5.nature表示大自然时，不加冠词40.HenryDavidThoreauwasanAmericanwriterwhoisrememberedforhisfaithintheeligioussignificanceofthenature.980127. In1965RodolfoGonzaleshasestab1ishedanorganizationcalledtheCrusadeForJusticeinDenver1．advocate:v.提倡/拥护n.提倡者2．area,neighborhood可数，常复数3.despite划线，从来没有对过4．Bepopularwith流行于--人群5.fromone+n+toanother6．Becharacteristicof:代表------的特征98051．dedicatetodoingsth2.consider的3种用法：1)consider+n1+n2/asn2[双宾]2)consider+sth+tobesth3)consicdersth+adj4．Jupiterisagaseousplanetwithanatmospherecomposedmostofhydrogenandhelium.[19]composedofsth.most修饰介词短语of,用副词mostly5.Ordinarybeaverdamsvaryinlengthfromafewfeettoahundredfeetormorethan.[26]句子后面经常加or+-er结尾6.ChallottePerkinsGilmanIsknownprimarilyasanauthorofshortstories,butshealsowroteaninfluentialbookarguedforequaleconomicopportunitiesforwomen.[30]bookargued:应该是主动现分7．Insteadoftooth,thebluewhalehasarowofbonyplatesinitsmouththatfunctionsasafood-collectingdevice.[33]tooth应该和has单复数一致8．attimes--偶尔atatime---一次[34]atthetime在当时9．consistof固定搭配translatesthintosth/translateintosth10.only后面未必都要加单数[36]11.Sincethe1950's,folk'musichashadasignificantinfluenceonmanypopularvocalandinstrumentalmusic.[40]music是不可数，manymuch98081.believethat,statethat,indicatethat,2.beliefthat,statementthat,3.mosaic:n.马赛克，可数4．Beinvoledin:专注于5．Ornamental:n.观赏植物a.观赏性的14.thelensesinanopticalmicroscopebendthelightpassingthroughaspecimentoformanimageofthatspecimenthatismuchlarger--------actuallyviewed.a.thanitb.thantheonec.onethand.thanonewhich比较级后半句的替代词：that不可数，theone单数，those复数9808na9.Thedawnredwoodappears___some100millionyearsagoinnorthernforestsaroundtheworld.(A)wasflourished(B)havingtoflourish(C)tohaveflourished(D)haveflourishedappearto动词不定式14.FranklinD.Rooseveltwas___thegreatforceofradioandtheopportunityitprovidedfortakinggovernmentpoliciesdirectlytothepeople.(A)asthefirstPresidentheunderstoodfully(B)thefirstpresidentthattofullyunderstand(C)thefirstPresidentfullyunderstood(D)thefirstPresidenttounderstandfully23.Inthe1970’sconsumeractivitiessucceededinpromotinglawsthatsetsafetystandardsforautomobiles,children’sclothingandawidelyrangeofhouseholdproducts.24.ZoosinNewOrleans,SanDiego,Detroit,andtheBronxhavebecomebiologicalparkswhereanimalsroamsfreeandpeoplewatchfromacrossamoat.26.TheRockyMountainswereexploredbyfurtradersduringtheearly1800’s,inadecadesprecedingtheUnitedStatesCivilWar.Preceding:prep在---之前28.Eachchemicalelementischaracterizedtothenumberofprotonsthatanatomofthatelementcontains,calleditsatomicnumber.34.Aseismographrecordsoscillationofthegroundcausedbyseismicwaves,vibrationsthattravelfromitspointoforiginthroughtheEarthoralongitssurface.找到每个代词的指代对象40.Governmentmoneyappropriatedforartinthe1930’smadepossiblehundredsofmuralsandstatuesstilladmirationinsmalltownsallovertheUnitedStates.appropriatedfor:拨款资助-----98107.Copper______usedbyhumansandissecondonlytoironinitsutilitythroughtheages.(A)thefirstmetal(B)wasthefirstmetal(C)thefirstmetalthat(D)beingthefirstmetal14.Today______littlefossilivoryremainscomesfromAlaska.(A)what(B)which(C)thereis(D)where20.Ithasbeenestimatedthatduringeverysecondofourlife,10,000,000redbloodcellsdiedandarereplacedbynewones.时态平行die26.Incorporatedin1828,Louisville,Kentucky,wasnamedfromKingLouisXVIofrecognitionofhishelpduringtheRevolutionaryWar.nameafter29.MeridiansoflongitudeandparallelsoflatitudeformgridthatcanbeusedtolocatethepositionofanypointontheEarth'ssurface.grid33.Initspurestatealuminumisaweakmetal,butwhencombinedwithelementssuchascopperormagnesium,itisformedalloysofgreatstrength.Form:v.形成，物作主语，主动38.Greenpeace,aninternationalorganizationofenvironmentalactivistsfoundedbyCanadians,usesnonviolentmeanstoprotestandblockactivitiesitconsidersenvironmentallyharm.990114. Springwateris_____clean.,sinceithasbeenfilteredthroughpermeablerocks,butallspringwatercontainssomedissolvedminerals.(A)generallyfair(B)generallyfairly(C)ingeneralfair(D)generalandfairfair:a.美丽的，公正的fairly:adv.相当地，公正地most:a.adv.最---[最高级]mostly:adv.主要地，大部分，通常16. Citrusfruitsthriveinquiteverytropicalclimates.climate:可数20. TheasphaltdepositsofLaBreaTarPitinCaliforniahaveyieldedfossilsofnumerousanimalofthePleistoceneepoch,includingthegiantgroundsloth.various+ns,numerous+ns26. Judgmentsmadeinacriminalcasescanusuallybeappealedtoahighercountwhichcaneitheroverturnorupholdalowercourtruling.28. Thewingspreadofvariousspeciesofbatsrangefromoverfivefeettolessthantwoinches.34. Becausematerialorganicdecaysslowlyinpeat,theremainsofprehistoricanimalsareoftenfoundinthedepthsofpeathogs. organ:n.组织/器官organic:a.35. Usuallyanatomhavingone,two,orthreeelectronsinitsvalencebandreadilycontributeslectronstoandreceiveelectronsfromneighboringatoms.39. MercuryissomuchclosetotheSunthatitisusuallyinvisibleintheglareoftheSun'srays.much的2种用法：1)much+不可数2)much+比较级在so-----that----结构中，so,that中间只用形容词原型9905Playanimportantpartindoingsth:n1+highin+n2:highinsth引导的形容词短语后置修饰名词foodshighinfat1.Classicallogicischaracterizedbyaconcernforthestructureandelementsofargument_______thatthought,language,andrealityareinterrelated.(A)basedonthebelief(B)onthebeliefbased(C)beliefbasedonthe(D)thebasedbeliefonbecharacterizedby,becharacteristicof[可后置修饰名词]believe+that,belief+that3.Heatenergymaybeabsorbedorreleasedwhen______whileworkisdoneonorbythesystem.(A)changesintheinternalenergyofasystem(B)bychangingtheinternalenergyofasystem(C)theinternalenergyofasystemthatchanges(D)theinternalenergyofasystemchanges三谓语句11.Currenthealthguidelinesrecommendthatpeoplerestricttheirconsumption_______.(A)foodsofhighinfat(B)offoodsinfathigh(C)offoodshighinfat(D)infoodshighoffathighin,richin后置修饰名词,fat:n.12.WaltWhitmanoriginatedadistinctiveformoffreeversethatsetshisworkapartfrom_______ofallotherpoets.(A)what(B)that(C)how(D)it[15].Tools,aworkshop,andsomestoragespacewere_______forearlyexperimentsinaviation.(A)requiredallthat(B)allthatwasrequired(C)alltherequirementsthat(D)suchthatalltherequirements[16].AmajorrailroadjunctioninIllinois,Decaturhasbecameanimportantcommercialhubfortheregion’sfarmproductsandlivestock.livestock:n.家畜[单复同形]cattle:n.畜牲[单复同形]become---became---become[31].Amatrilinealextendedfamilyconsistsofcoregroupofmales,theirwives,andtheirunmarrieddaughters.[34].Inthe1930’sfewmajororchestrasintheUnitedStateshiredwoman,somanychosetoperforminamateurmusicalgroupsasanalternative.alternative:n.a.[36].Whenapianokeyboardissubstitutedforbuttonsonrightsideofanaccordion,theinstrumentisknownasapianoaccordion.表示方位[前后左右]的词前面加the,theright/left,[40].Freesiaplantsreachaheightoftwoandone-halffeetandthrivebestattemperatureof50degreesto60degreesFahrenheit.temperature是可数名词[27].Onlythefemaleandtheworkerwaspsareequippedwithasting,whichtheyuseittoattacktheirpreyortoprotectthemselvesagainstenemies.新题常考关系代词重复99081．givebirthtosh:产生2.playaroleinsth/doingsth:起作用3．favorite:n.最喜欢的东西a.最喜欢的/favor:n.好感v.最喜欢2.BobStephenson,abiologistinAlaskawhostudiestheCanadianlynx,atypeofwildcat,haslearned_______fromstudyingtheirtracksinthesnow.(A)howlynxhunt(B)lynxhunthow(C)howhuntlynx(D)lynxhowhunt3._______Layeggs,butsomegivebirthtoliveyoung.(A)Althoughmostinsects(B)Mostinsects(C)Despitemostinsects(D)Mostinsectsthat8.SteelmagnateAndrewCarnegieusedpartofhiswealth_______morethan2,500publiclibrariesinEnglish-speakingcountriesbetween1881and1919.(A)helpedinbuilding(B)helpedhimtobuilding(C)tohelpbuild(D)hishelpinbuildingusesthtodosth,causesbtodosth经常考13._______incaseswherespecialoxidantsareused,firesaretheresultofafuelrapidlycombiningwiththeoxygenintheair.(A)Thereare(B)Eventhough(C)How(D)Except19.Yogurtcontainsahigherpercentageoflacticacidthananotherfermentedmilks,anditisrichinB-complexvitamins.richin,highin后置修饰名词23.Eachstanzaofapoemhasarepeatablepatternofmeterandrhymeandisnormallydivisionfromthefollowingstanzabyablankline.25.Inmanyareasoftheworld,peopleneedclothingforprotectiontheweather.Protectsthfrom:保护---使不受sth伤害27.Physiologically,theperiodofadolescenceismarkedbyactivegrowth,especiallyintheskeletalandmuscularsystemsandinacertainvasculartissues.32.Inthefieldofactingtheory,controversyarisesoverthequestionofwhetherisactingabehavioraloramentalprocess.33.Shortwaveradiosthatcanreceiveandtransmitsignalsareusedbypilots,thepolice,andamateuroperator.+37.Tothosewhofavoritefreetrade,therevivalofbartercansuggestnothinglessthanadisaster.+38.IntheUnitedStates,about75percentofthetotaltomatoescropisprocessedintojuice,cannedtomatoes,sauces,pastes,andketchup.名词修饰名词，第一个名词用单数，除过women,men用复数++40.Petrographyconcernsprimarilywiththedetaileddescriptionandclassificationofrocks,whereaspetrologydealsprimarilywithrockformation.9910as+从句[倒装]other/another是形容词性的不定代词，不单独使用.one---another对举除外如果前面有are等复数标志，后面不用another,而用othersanotheràotherscomeinto+n/-ing：comeintobeing成形almost一般与all连接almostall;如果出现almostevery时，检查every后n的单复数several+nscertain+ns?report:n.v./reporter:人hunt:n.v./hunter:人speed:n./speedy:a.strong:a./修饰分词用adv,修饰动名词用adjdealwith当主语是第三人称单数时---dealswith5.Historicallinguistsstudy______overtime.(A)languagesevolve(B)whetherlanguageevolution(C)howlanguagesevolve(D)evolutionthatlanguages13.Pureironcannotbehardenedbyheatingandcooling,as______,becauseironlacksthenecessarycarbon.(A)steelitcan(B)cansteel(C)withsteelcan(D)socansteel as+倒装从句14.Rapidsandwaterfalls,______alongvirtuallyallMassachusettswaterways,providedpowerincolonialtimesforgristandsawmillsandlaterfortextilemills.(A)common(B)werecommon(C)which,beingcommon(D)beingcommon,were16.AlargecollectionsofmaterialsfocusedonLouisiana’shistoryandc