《英语(一)、(二)》语法要点

学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载《英语（一）、（二）》语法要点1．16种动词时态形式（以work为例）：补充：1）（现在）将来时间表达法：a)will/shall+动词原形b)am/is/aregoingto+动词原形c)am/is/areaboutto+动词原形d)am/is/areto+动词原形e)一般现在时f)现在进行时现在完成时的两种用法：a)已完成用法：短暂动词：不可与“for（+一段时间）”或“since（+时间点）”连用：可用结构：Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since+主语+did短暂动词如:enter,join,open,close,comeback,go,die,finish,stop,begin,end,ect.b)未完成用法：延续性动词；可与“for（+一段时间）”或“since（+时间点）”连用延续性动词如：live,study,work,etc.2．被动语态基本结构：be+过去分词，时态由be体现，例如：1)Theclassroomiscleanedeveryday.2)Theclassroomwascleanedyesterday.3)Theclassroomwasbeencleanednow.4)Theclassroomwillbecleanedtomorrow.5)Theclassroomisbeingcleanednow.6)Theclassroommustbecleanednow.3．12类型的虚拟语气：1）非真实条件句：A．If+主语+haddone…,主语+would（或could,might）havedone…（过去）B．If+主语+did(were)…,主语+would（或could,might）do…（现在）weretodoC．If+主语+did(were)…，主语+would（或could,might）do…（未来）shoulddo例如：Ifyouhadbeenhereyesterday,youwouldhaveseenhim.IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tdothat.IfItherewerenowaterontheearth,therewouldbenolifeweretorainIfitrainedtomorrow,wewouldcalloffourplan.Shouldrain注意：主语+虚拟语气（1）If主语+shoulddo…主语+陈述语气祈使句Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldcalloffourplan.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewillcalloffourplan.Ifsomeoneshouldcometoseeme,tellhimtowaitamoment.（2）含蓄条件句/隐含条件句：without,butfor,butthat,but,otherwiseWithouryourhelp,Iwouldnothavesucceeded.→Ifyouhadn’thelpedme,Iwouldnothavesucceeded.Butforyourhelp,Iwouldnothavesucceeded.→Butthatyouhelpedme,Iwouldnothavesucceeded.Iwouldhavecometoseeyou,butIwastoobusyyesterday.→IwouldhavecometoseeyouifIhadn’tbeenbusyyesterday.Iwastoobusyyesterday;otherwise,Iwouldhavecometoseeyou.→IfIhadn’tbeenbusyyesterday,Iwouldhavecometoseeyou.（3）错综型/混合型：Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnotbeintroblenow.（4）倒装：Ifyouhadbeenhereyesterday,…→Hadyoubeenhereyesterday,…IfIwereyou,…→WereIyou,…Ifitweretoraintomorrow,…→Wereittoraintomorrow,…Haddone（先时性）2）wish+that+主语+did(were)（同时性）would/coulddo（未来）Itiswishedthat…Mywishisthat…Mywishthat…hascometrue.例如：IwishthatIhadn'saidthattohim.Iwishthatlwereasyoungasyou.Iwishthatitwouldn'tbesohottomorrow.Iwishthatyoucouldstayhere.Haddone（先时性）3)asif/though+主语+did(were)/weredoing（同时性）would/coulddo（未来）例如:HetalksaboutParisasifhehadbeenthere.Idon'tlike,thatguy;becausehealwaystalksashekneweverything.Itlooksasifhewereanactor.Itlooksasifhewereconsideringaproblem.Itlooksasifitwouldn'train.haddone（过去）4）Ifonly+主语+did(were)（现在）would/coulddo（未来）例如:Ifonlyyouhadbeenhereyesterday.Ifonlyhewereherenow.Ifonlyitwouldbecooltomorrow.Ifonlyyoucouldstayhere.5）动词suggest,bropose,move（动议），recommend,urge,askreauire,request,demand.insist,advise,order,command,decide,vote.prefer等+that+主语+(should)do…Itissuggestedthat+主语+(should)do...Mysuggestionisthat+主语+(should)do...Thesuggestionthat+主语+(should)do...hasbeenadopted.例如：Theyproposedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextweek.Itwasproposedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextweek.Theirproposalwasthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextweek.Theirproposalthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextweekisreasonal.HeinsistedthatI_______wrong.A.amB.wasC.beD.were(答案:B)（该句不可用虚拟语气，因为insist表示“坚持认为”）6）形容词important,neccssary,essential,imperative,advisable,natural,desirable用于下列结构：Itisimportantthat+主语+(should)do...例如：Itisnecessarythatthemeeting(should)beputofftillnextweek.7）Itis(about/high)timethat+主语+did(were)…例如:Itistimethatyouwenthome.Itistimethatthefenceweremended.8)lest,incase,forfearthat(以防、以免、免得)+主语+shoulddo...例如：Takeanumbrellawithyoulestitshouldrain.Takeanumbrellawithyouincaseitshouldrain/willrain.9)fear,beafraid,dreah,worry+lest+主语+shoulddo...比较：fear.beafraid.dread.worry+that+主语+陈述语气例如：Thechildisafraidthattheteacherwillcriticizehim.Thechildisafraidlesttheteachershouldcriticizehim.10）wouldratherwouldsoonerhaddone（过去）+that+主语+wouldassoondid（现在或未来）wouldprefer例如：Iwouldratheryouhadn'tsaidthattohim.Iwouldratheryoudidn'tmentionittohim.IwouldratherIworkedinthesamecityasyou.11)shouldhavedone(本应该)shouldn'thavedone(本不该)例如：Youshouldhaveaskedmeforpermissionbeforeyouleft.Youshouldn'thavetalkedtoyourratherlikethat.12)Itis+strange/surprising/incredible/unbelievable/inconceivable/ridiculousthat+主语+shouldhavedone/shoulddo例如：Itisunbelievablethatheshouldhavehadthreeaccidentsinthepastweek.4．11个动词+宾语+不定式补语，to必须省略：see,lookat,watch,observe,notice；hear,listento；let,have；make；feel注意：被动语态的时候仍然保留to。11组动词后接todo还是doing之区别：1）decide，plan，desire，expect，hope，wish，pretend,promise，refuse．afford,agree，ask,fail．tend，prepare，manage，intend，offer,happen，chance，learn等十todo作宾语。2）finish，mind，suggest，enjoy,giveup，can'thelp，avoid，escape，consider，delay，putoff,postpone，admit，deny,practise／practice，excuse，fancy,imagine,keep，miss，risk,appreciate,include,involve等十doing作宾语。todo（do表示的动作没有发生）3）forget,remember,regret+doing/havingdone（do表示的动作已经发生）todo（具体行为）4）hate，like,dislike，love，prefer,favor+doing（一贯行为）todo（尽力、努力做某事）5）try+doing（试试做某事）todo（停下来去做某事）6）stop+doing（停止做某事）todo（想、打算做某事）7）mean+doing（意味着）doing8）want,need,require+（两个结构意思想同：…需要被做）tobedonetodo（继续做另一件事情）9）continue,goon+doing（继续做同一件事情）todo10）begin,start+（通常todo与doing可替换使用，无区别）doing但在以下三种情况下，begin和start后面只能跟todo作宾语：A．主语非人：Itbegantorain.B．谓语动词begin，start本身为进行体：Sheisbeginningtocook．C．宾语动作表示“情感”、“思想”、“意念”Ibegantoloveher／likeher.Hebegantorealizehismistakes．HebegantounderstandwhatImeant．beworthdoingbeworthytobedone［三种结构意思相同，表示“值得一做”（被动）］beworthyofbeingdone.6．部分情态动词用法：can/couldA．能力B．许可havedone（过去）C．可能性（主要用于否定、疑问句）can+be（现在状态）bedoing（现在动作）2）may/mightA．许可havedone（过去）B．可能性may+be（现在状态）bedoing（现在动作）3）mustA．必要性（否定式：needn’t）MustIstayhere?Yes,youmust.//No,youneedn’t.havedoneB．推测must+be（否定式：can’t）bedoing4）表示“禁止、不允许、不可以”的表达法：mustn’t，maynot，can’t5）可能性的否定形式：maynot（部分否定），can’t（完全否定）6）need既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词：肯定句：Ineedtobuyacar.Heneedstobuyacar.Ineedacar.Heneedsacar.否定句：Ineedn’tbuyacar.Idon’tneedtobuyacar.Idon’tneedacar．疑问句：Needyoubuyacar？Yes，Imust.//No，Ineedn’t比较：Mustyoubuyacar？Yes，Imust．//No，Ineedn’t．Doyouneedtobuyacar？Yes，Ido．//No,Idon’t.Doyouneedacar？Ye，Ido．//No,Idon’t．条件句：Ifyouneedbuyacar...Ifyouneedtobuyacar，...Ifyouneedacar，...7）比较：needn’thavedone本不必做某事（事实上做了）didn’tneedtodo没有必要做某事（事实上也没有做）区别1：情态动词、实义动词：区别2：本不必做某事、没有必要做某事共同之处：都表示过去时间8）比较：needn’thavedone本不必做某事（事实上做了）shouldn’thavedone本不该做某事（事实上做了）9）shallA．作助动词。用于第一人称，构成将来时态；B．作情态动词，用于二、三人称的陈述句，表示许诺、命令、规定、决心、告戒等；C．作情态动词，用于一、三人称的疑问句，表示征求对方意见。10）willA．作助动词，用于所有人称，构成将来时态；B．作情态动词，用于所有人称的陈述句，表示意志、意愿和习惯等：C．作情态动词，用于第二人称的疑问句，表示征求对方意见。11）should／oughttoA．表示“应该”；B．表示“本应该”：shouldhavedone12）wouldA．作助动词，用于所有人称，构成过去将米时态：B．作情态动词，用于所有人称的陈述句，表示过去的意志、意愿和习惯等：C．作情态动词，用于第二人称的疑问句，表示征求对方意见。比will语气婉转。不表示过去。7．非谓语形式作名词后置定语的判断：1）名词与非谓语动词之间无逻辑主谓关系：n．十todo例如：Sundayisanexcellentdaytomakeupyourscheduleforthefollowingweek．Hegotachancetogoabroad．2）名词与非谓语动词之间有逻辑主谓关系；（1）主动havingdone（完成）n.＋doing（进行、一般性）todo（将来）例如：TheLabradorCurrentiscoldwatercomingfromtheArctic．Thestudenthavingfinishedhishomeworkwasallowedtogobackhomebytheteacher．Whoisthemantalkingtoourteacheroverthere？Youcanneverpredicteverythingtohappeninthefuture．（2）被动done（完成、一般性）n．＋beingdone（进行）tobedone（将来）例如：Today,mostdiamondsusedinindustrycomefromRussia．Theproblemdiscussedatlastweek'smeetingisveryimportant．Theproblembeingdiscussednowisveryimportant．Theproblemtobediscussedatnestweek’smeetingisveryimportant．3）在下列结构中，一般用todo作后置定语：（1）某人十have（意思是“有”）＋sth＋todo例如：Hehasabooktoread．（2）Therebesthforsbtodo例如：Thereisabookforhimtoread．（3）only／last／next／序数词十n．＋todo例如：Shewastheonlyonetolookafterthechild．8．倍数的表达法有：Ais十数词十times、as＋adj．＋asB．Ais十数词十times十比较级十thanB．Ais十数词十times＋the十名词十ofB．◆如：Thisbuildingis4timesashighasthatone．Thisbuildingis3timeshigherthanthatone．Thisbuildingis4timestheheightofthatone．Thisstreetis4timesaswideasthatone．Thisstreetis3timeswiderthanthatone．Thisstreetis4timesthewidthofthatone．Thisriveris4timesasdeepasthatone．Thisriveris3timesdeeperthanthatone．Thisriveris4timesthedepthofthatone．类似的转换：4timesaslongas→3timeslongerthan→4timesthelengthof4timesasstrongas→3timesstrongerthan→4timesthestrengthof4timesaslargeas→3timeslargerthan→4timesthesizeof9．部分否定与完全否定：Notallthestudentswenttothecinema．（部分否定）Allthestudentsdidn’tgotothecinema．（部分否定）Noneofthestudentswenttothecinema．（完全否定）Notbothofthemwenttothecinema．（部分否定）Bothofthemdinnotgotothecinema．（部分否定）Neitherofthemwenttothecinema．（完全否定）下部分请关注。。。Notbothofthemwenttothecinema．（部分否定）Bothofthemdinnotgotothecinema．（部分否定）Neitherofthemwenttothecinema．（完全否定）10．表示“是否”的词有whether和if，但在下列5种情况下，宜用whether，而不可用if：1）引导主语从句：WhetherIcanstaywithmymotherisanothermatter（我是否能和母亲住在一起，则是另一回事。）2）介宾：Ihaven’tsettledthequestionofwhetherI’llgobackhome．（我是否回家，还没有定。）3）与todo连用：Shedoesn’tknowwhethertogetmarriednoworwait．（她不知道该现在就结婚，还是等等再说。）4）与or（not）连用：It’sdifficulttosaywhetheryoucangetaticketornot．（很难说你能不能得到一张票。）Heissuretoarrivenextweek，whetherhecomesbywaterorbyair.（不管他乘船还是乘飞机来，他下周一定到。）5）在名词后面：Hecouldfindnowordswhetherofprotestorwelcome．（无论是抗议的话还是欢迎的话他都说不出来。）Theproblemwhetherwewillgetenoughfinancialsupportisnotsettledyet．（我们是否会得到足够的经济支持这一问题还没解决。）11．动词have作“让”讲，可用于以下句型：1）havesbdosth（让某人做某事）例如；Shehadmebuyabookforher.2）havesbdoingsth（让某人做某事）（与）相比，2）强调“一直做个不停”）例如：Hisjokeshaduslaughingallthetimeattheparty.3）havesthdoing（让某物做某事）例如：havethelamplighting／havethefireburning／havethemachineworking4）havesthdone（让某事被做）例如：Hehadhishaircutyesterday／Hehadhiscarrepairedthismorning．12．常见倒装类型有：1）否定副词位于句首（否定副词包括：hardlyscarcely,rarely,never,seldom，little，innocase，undernocircumstancenotuntil,notonly,bynomeans，…）：例如：NeverhaveIsaidthatbeforeHehadhardly/scarcelyenteredtheroomwhenthetelephonerang．→Hardy／scarcelyhadheenteredtheroomwhen…Hehadnosoonerenteredthefoomthanthetelephonerang．→Nosoonerhadheenteredtheroomthan…2）“only十状语”位于句首；例如：OnlyafterIcomebackcanyouleave.3）so（也），neither（也不），nor（也不）位于句首；例如：Shecanplaythepiano．SocanI．4）so…that…和such…that…结构中，“so十形容词/副词”或“such十名词短语”位于句首；例如：Solovelyisthegirlthateverybodylikesher.5）if引导的非真实条件句中，将if省略：例如：Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldcancelourplan．6）as表示“虽然、尽管”；例如：Youngasheis，（＝Althoughheisyoung，）Famousasheis，（＝Althoughheisfamous，）Childasheis，（＝Althoughheisachild，）Bravelyastheyfought，（＝Althoughtheyfoughtbravely）Tryastheymight，（＝Althoughtheymighttry,）7）whether十主语十is／are…or…→be十主语＋…or…；例如：Whetheryouareastudentorateacher,…→Beyouastudentorateacher,…13．sotoo+adj.+a(n)+n.ashow例如：Itissobeautifulaflowerthateverybodylikesit．Thisistoodifficultaquestion．HeisasfamousascientistasNewton．Howlovelyachildheis！14．有关“宁愿做…而不愿做…”的表达法：sthtosthpreferdoingsthtodoingsthtodosthratherthandosth例如：Ipreferteatocoffee.Ipreferstayingathometogoingoutinsuchhotweather.Iprefertostayathomefatherthangooutinsuchhotweather.wouldratherdosththandosthwouldsoonerdosththandosthwouldassoondosthasdosth例如：Iwouldratherstayathomethangooutinsuchhotweather．Iwouldsoonerstayathomethangooutinsuchhotweather．Iwouldassoonstayathomeasgooutinsuchhotweather.另外，注意以下结构中的虚拟语气：wouldratherwouldsoonerhaddone（过去）+that主语+wouldassoondid（现在、未来）wouldpreferprefer＋that主语十（should）do15．than，but，except后面可接不定式短语todosth，但是，当than，but，except前面出现了实义动词do（或do的任何时态形式，表示“做”）的时候，不定式符号to必须省略。例如：Ihadnochoicebut／excepttowait．我除了等待别无选择。Icoulddonothingbut／exceptwait．我除了等待别无办法。16．比较几个表示“花费”意义的动词spend，cost，take的用法区别；timeonsth.1）sbspend(s)/spent+money(in)doingsth.2）sthcostsbmoney.time3）Ittakes/tooksb+todosth.money17．比较except和exceptfor的区别，except表示从整体中除掉相同范畴的事物，而exceptfor表示从整体中除去不同范畴的事物：Allthecompositionsarewell－writtenexceptyours．Yourcompositioniswell－writtenexceptforafewspellingmistakes．Alltheclassroomsareemptyexceptours.Thatclassroomisemptyexceptforafewbenches．18．sothat可以表示“结果、因此、所以”，引导结果状语从句，也可表示“为了、以便”，引导目的状语从句，判断如下：第一，根据上下文的意思；第二，结果状语从句前面往往会有逗号“，”隔开，而目的状语从句前面没有：第二，目的状语从句中含情态动词can／could，may／might等，而结果状语从句中没有。例如：Hedrovehiscarveryfastsothathecouldgettohisofficeontime．（目的状语从句）Hedrovehiscarveryfast，sothathegotinvolvedinatrafficaccident．（结果状语从句）19．在下列结构中，用todo表示被动意义，而不必用tobedone的形式：difficulthard主语+be+todo（不必用tobedone）easysimple例如：Thisproblemisdifficulttosolve．（这个问题难以解决。）20．含有介词with的独立结构构成如下：doingdonetodowith+n./pron.+adj.prep.adv.例如：Theteacherenteredtheclassroom，withsomestudentsfollowinghimThewomanteacher'sbodywasdiscovered，withherhandsandfeetbound.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom，withabookinhishand.Healwayssleepswiththewindowsopeneveninwinter.achickenwithitsheadcutoff.21．“据说”、“据报道”、“据信”、“据认为”、“据估计”、“据称”等意义的表达有两种结构：saidreportedbelievedItis+supposed+that主语（明确的某人、某物）+谓语动词thoughtestimatedclaimedsaidreportedbelieved→主语（明确的某人、某物）＋besupposed+todothoughtestimatedclaimedItissaidthatthereare/is…→Thereare／issaidtobe…例如：Itissaidthathehascomebackfromabroad．→Heissaidtohavecomebackfromabroad．Itissaidthattheyarehavingameetingupstairs．→Theyaresaidtobehavingameetingupstairs.Itissaidthattheclassroomiscleanedeveryday→Theclassroomissaidtobecleanedeveryday．Itisreportedthattherearethreesigns...→Therearereportedtobethreesigns...22．“把…当作／看作…”的表达法：treatregardconsiderthinkof…as…lookuponseeview23．seem常用于两种结构：Itseemsthat主语（明确的某人、某物）十谓语动词…例如→主语（明确的某人、某物）seemtodo…例如：Itseemsthattheyarehavingameetingupstairs．→Theyseemtobehavingameetingupstairs．Itseemsthathehasfinishedhiswork．→Heseemstohavefinishedhiswork．Itseemsthattheclassroomiscleanedeveryday．→Theclassroomseemstobecleanedeveryday.24．表示“可能性”的表达法：likelyItispossiblethat主语（明确的某人、某物）十谓语动词…probable→主语（明确的某人、某物）＋be＋likely（此处只能用likely）todo…25．强调结构如下：Itis/was…that…例如：自然顺序：ImetMaryinthestreetyesterday．强调结构，ItwasIthat／whometMaryinthestreetyesterday．（强调主语，且表示“人”）ItwasMarythatImetinthestreetyesterday（强调宾语）ItwasinthestreetthatImetMaryyesterday．（强调地点状语）ItwasyesterdaythatImetMaryinthestreet．（强调时间状语）26．短语动词分四类：动介词组、动副词组、动副介词组、动名介词组，用法如下：v十prep＋n.／pron.（动介词组）vi.v+advv+adv.+n.vt.v+n.+adv.（动副词组）v+pron.+adv.v+adv.+prep.+n./pron.（动副介词组）v+n.+prep.+n./pron.（动名介词组）27．引导名词性从句（包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）的关联词：1）that无意义、无成分、有时（在宾语从句、表请从句中）可省略2）if／whether是否、状语、不可省略3）wh-word（表示“疑问”或“内容”）a）疑问代词：有意义．主语／宾语／表语、不省略b）疑问副词；有意义、状语、不省略介词十宾语从句（whether／wh－word）problem／questionwhether／wh－word（引导同位语从句）28．定语从句的引导词：1）关系代词：who（主语、宾语、表语；指代人），whom（宾语、表语；指代人），whose（做定语；指代人、物），which（主语、宾语、表语；指代物），that（主语、宾语，表语：指代人、物），as2）关系副词（充当状语）：when（表示时间），where（表示地点），why（表示原因），that（表示方式）I’llneverforgetthedaywhen（=onwhich）IfirstenteredNanjingNormalUniversity.Thisistheplace_______Ionceworked．（where）（inwhich）Thisistheplace_______Ionceworkedin．（which=that,可省略）Thisistheplacein______Ionceworked．（which，不可省略，也不可用that）Thisistheplace_______Ioncevisited．（which=that,可省略）Thisisthereason_______hegave．（which＼that，可省略）3）介词十which＼whom（在介词之后不可用that＼who）29．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别举例如下：限制性：HisbrotherwhoworksinBeijingisalawyer．他在北京工作的哥哥是一名律师。非限制性：Hisbrother，whoworksinBeijing,isalawyer．他哥哥在北京工作，是一名律师。非限制性：Hisfather,whoworksinBeijing,isalawyer.（不可说：﹡HisfatherwhoworksinBeijingislawyer.）他父亲在北京工作，是一名律师。限制性：Hesaidnothingthatmadeherangry．他没有说让她生气的话。非限制性：Hesaidnothing,whichmadeherangry．他什么也没说，这使她很生气。限制性：Hedidn’twearclotheswhichmadehimdifferentfromothers．（不可说：﹡Hedidn’twearclothes，whichmadehimdifferentfromothers．）他没有穿使他与众不同的衣服。非限制性：Nanjing,whichisthecapitalofJiangsuprovince，isabeautifulcity．（不可说：﹡NanjingwhichisthecapitalofJiangsuprovinceisabeautifulcity．）南京是江苏的省府，是一座美丽的城市。非限制性：Mr.Brown，whojustcamefromBritainyesterday，willteachusaccountingthisterm．（不可说：﹡Mr．BrownwhojustcamefromBritainyesterdaywillteachusaccountingthisterm．）布郎先生昨天刚从英国来，这学期将教我们会计学。3