新高考英语一轮复习练习考向43 概要写作之语篇类型特征分析(原卷版)

考向43概要写作之语篇类型特征分析概要写作与语篇类型概要写作实际上就是对所读过的文章简要而概括地写出文章的中心大意。写概要时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的句子。写概要也不是把细节性的信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、短语和句子进行合理转换，重新组织文章的信息，再用合适的语言进行表述。这种写作形式能考查考生的阅读理解能力和对文章的大意进行归纳概括、重新构造、创新输出的能力。[写作技法]一、题型特点要求考生进行概要写作的阅读材料原文词数一般为300词左右。文章体裁可以是记叙文、说明文或者议论文。写作要求考生在对原文阅读后根据其内容写出一篇约60词的内容概要。概要所用语句既要用词准确，结构合理，语义连贯，不得抄写原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。二、注意事项1．词数要限制在60词左右，上下限不得超过10个单词。2．要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。3．人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致，但必要时也可变换成第三人称。4．写作时尽可能地使用复合句，必要时可转换词性，不得完全照搬照抄原文。三、写作步骤第一步：仔细审题速读文章，确定文章的体裁和题材、人称和时态以及写作要求等。第二步：细读全文阅读语篇时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：记叙文圈出记叙文的六要素(who,when,where,what,how,why)，如果是夹叙夹议文，还要写出故事给读者带来的启示或寓意说明文找出文章要说明的对象、观点或建议议论文提取议论文的三要素(论点、论据、结论)第三步：初写成文初写概要时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：记叙文先用一两句话串联人、时、地、事等要素，再用三到五个句子简要描述事情的经过和结果说明文找出要说明对象的现象、原因等或解决问题的措施、建议等议论文把议论文的三个要素(论点、论据、结论)进行合理地排序、整合和概括，使之语义上具有逻辑性和连贯性第四步：润色升级初写成文后，要对概要进行润色升级，使用高级词汇和高级句式代替平庸词汇和一般句式，使之锦上添花。第五步：复查定稿写好概要后，要从语法和语义角度进行通读。对语法错误和语义不连贯处进行修改润色。最后规范誊写在答题卷的指定位置。说明文的概要写作

一、说明文的写作顺序

一是以空间为序对事物进行描写；二是以时间为序对事物进行描写；三是按逻辑顺序对事物进行描写。其中，按“逻辑顺序”描写的说明文又分下面几种：

一是描写某事物的性质功用；二是针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施；三是介绍某现象及其原因或本质。

在“读写任务”中，纯粹的说明文作为原文的形式出现比较少，不少文章的文体都是介于“说明”和“议论”之间的，单纯的说明文作为“读写任务”的原文主要是以“逻辑顺序”出现，因为这样才能更好地为主体部分的议论或叙述服务。

二、说明文的构成

说明文通常由三部分构成，第一部分为文章的第一段，呈献文章所要介绍/说明的对象或阐述的内容；第二部分为文章的主体，或介绍事物的方位，或描述事物的性质、功用，或提出解决方法，或说明某种现象等；第三部分为结尾段，呼应首段，归结主题。为此，说明文的写作，当以简洁明了的语言描述事物、现象或过程。通常，说明文中常会（在每段）有topicsentence出现，这为考生写作summary提供了帮助，但考生须对其作变通以免落下照抄原句之嫌。

三、概要写作模板

1.描写事物性质功用

Inthepassagethewriterintroduces...(对象)tous,especiallyits...(性质或功用),fromwhichweknow...(对象带来的利好).

2.问题+解决方法

Thepassagerepresents...(问题)andbringsforthseveralmeasures/methodstosolvetheproblem,whichinclude...(方法1),...(方法2)and...(方法3).

3.现象+原因/本质

(Theauthor/writerrepresents/introduces)...(现象)of...,because/but...(原因/本质1),and...(原因/本质2).四、概要写作句式（一）提出问题:(现象，变化，影响，作用,例举)1.Moreandmore(anincreasingnumberof)expertsargue(believe)thatcolorsinfluence(affect)ourmood,careerandhealth.2.Whatattractscustomers?Obviouslythelogocontributesagreatdeal.(Thelogoplaysanimportantrolein/hasapositiveeffectonattractingcustomers.)3.Thefirstmetaldetectorsweremeanttohelpminers.Theycostalotofmoney.Andworstofall,theydidn’tfunctionproperly.(Metaldetectorswerefirstusedtohelpminers,buttheycostmuch,anddidn’tworkwell.)4.Theyareinairports.Theyareincourthouses.Someschoolsusethem.(Manydetectorsarebeingusedinmanyplacessuchasschools,courthouses,andairports.)5.ThedistanceatwhichpeoplestandwhentheyspeaktendstobesmallerinChina,whileinNordicculturespeopleusuallystandfurtherapart.(Forexample,notallpeoplestandatthesamedistancewhenspeakingtoothers.)（二）分析问题（原因，结果）1.Theircallshavebecometentimeslouder,astheseashavebecomenoisierthanbefore.(Whaleslearntoshoutasaresultofincreasednoisesintheocean.)2.Asrobotsstartdoingmoreandmoreworkweusedtodo,anddoingitmuchmoreefficiently,whatiftheneedforjobsdisappearsaltogether?Whatiftherobotsendup...(Peopleworryabouttheproblemscausedbyrobots’highefficiencyandsoon.)3.Psychologistssuggestthereareseveralreasonsforashoppingaddiction.Forsomepeople,...Forothers,...(Therearedifferentreasonswhypeoplebecomeshopaholics,suchasreducingstress,fightinglonelinessandsoon.)4.Somestudiesshowthatpatientssufferingfromdepressionwerehelpedbysimplytakingashower.(Takingcoldshowersleadtolessstress.)5.Smokingissaidtoleadtomoreheartdisease-relateddeaths.(Besides,smokingismorelikelytocauseheartdisease-relateddeaths.)（三）解决问题(目的，提倡，避免，想法）1.Whatyoushouldbelookingforisflatground.+Ifit’spossible,youaresupposedtopitchcampinashadyplace.(Itisimportant/necessarytofindflatgroundwithshade.)2.Donotpitchyourtenttooclosetodeadtrees,becauseofthedangeroffallenbranches.(However,itisnotagoodidea(notadvisable)toplaceyourtentnexttodeadtrees,asyoumaybeindangeroffallenbranches.)3.Itisvitaltohaveastrongimage,whichisimmediatelyrecognisable.Weshouldrenewlogosconstantly.(Tobebetterrecognized,logosshouldberenewedtimely.不定式和被动结构！)4.Bygettingridoftheneedforpeopletowork,robotswouldfreeusuptothinkmoreaboutwhatreallymakesushuman.(Furthermore,asrobotssaveusalotoflabor,wehumansshouldfocusonthinkingaboutthevalueofhumans.增加因果关系)5.Infact,it’sarelationshipwithoutanyresponsibility.Weschbelievesthatit’svitalforpeopletousedigitalmediainpositivenewways.(AlthoughWeschpointsoutthatthisrelationshipinvolvesnorealresponsibility,hestillinsiststhatitisimportantforpeopletoapplythedigitalmediapositively.增加转折关系)（五）研究报告(1)表示文章的内容以及研究目的①Thispaperisaimedat/covers/mainlydealswith...②Thearticlefocusesonthetopicof...(2)表示研究的结论①Theresultshowedthat...②Theauthorfoundthat...③Itwasconcludedthat...(3)表示推荐、观点或建议Theauthorsuggests/considersthat...Suggestionsaremadefor...【检测训练】1.阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Itisnoone’sjobtobelieveinyou,andnoonewill,unlessyoubelieveinyourself.Beliefthatyoucanachievewhateveryousetyourmindtowillkeepyouworkingwhenothersgiveup,anditwillgiveyouthetoolsyouneedtocraftyourownsuccessfromanysituation.Anynaturaltalentyouhaveisnotenough.Talentisonlythebeginning.Successisonlyachievedthroughhoursandhoursofhardwork,ofbeingknockeddownbutrefusingtoquit,andifyouareunwillingtoputintheeffort,youwillbeovertakenbythosewhosimplywantitmore.Partofsuccessisbeingabletocopewithfailure.Whatifyougiveyourbest,andyoustillfail?Myanswertothat,isthis:IwouldsoonerlookmyselfintheeyeandknowIdidmybest,thanknowIfailedbecauseIwasheldbackbyfear.Thereisnohonourinbeingabletosaythatyoucouldhavedonebetterifyouhadtriedharder.TherowingracethatIammostproudofwasactuallyonethatIlost,asitistheoneIknowIgavemyallto.Noonecanaskformorethanyourbest,andifyougiveyourbestthenyouhavenotfailed.Sohowdoyoustopthetaskathandfromfeelingtoooverwhelming?Howdoyoupaceyourselfforagoalyouknowwilltaketwoyearstoachieve?Howdoyoucopewiththepressure?Thereisaskilltonotthinkingtoofarahead.Youmustdisciplineyourselftofocusonwhatyouneedtodoonaday-by-daybasis.Bigdreamsaremadeoflittlegoals.Completeonetaskatatime,brilliantly,andthenthenext,andthenext.Dothisforlongenough,andyouwillgetthere.Whenyoudo,youcanfinallystepbackandappreciatethatyouhaveachievedsomethingincredible.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Asisknown,ifweareunitednoonecandefeatus.Butifweconstantlyhaveconflictsormisunderstandings,wemayattractoutsiderstotakeadvantageofourselves,whichmayultimatelyresultinourfailure.Unityisthesourceofstrengthandpeoplewhoareunitedhavethecapabilitytotackleanykindofsituationastheyshareeachother’sburdensandhardships.Inoldendays,manlivedalone.Hetravelledandhuntedallbyhimself,whichsometimesgaveopportunitiestofierceanimaltoattackandkillhim.Thenherealizedthatifhejoinedhandswithotherhunters,hewouldbeabletofaceseveralcommondangersandchallenges.Thisishow,villagesgotformed,whichlatergotdevelopedintothetownsandcities.Inthesportsground,beitcricket,football,baseball,basketballoranykindofsport,aunitedteamandanappropriatestrategymaycontributetothesuccessoftheteam,butifthereisaconflictorunhealthycompetitionorunnecessarymisunderstandingamongtheteammembers,theymayinvitetheopponentstotakeadvantageoftheirshortcomingsandwinthegame.Likewise,ifthemembersofafamilystaytogetherandsupporteachotherineveryphaseoflife,nooutsiderscanharmthefamily.Therewasonceanoldmanwholivedinavillagewithhisthreesons.Thesonsalwaysfoughtwitheachotherandwouldnotpayanyattentiontotheirfather.Themanfellsickandassumedthathewoulddiesoon;hewasveryworriedaboutthefactthatoncehedied,peoplewouldtakeadvantageofhissons’conflicts.Hecalledallhissonsandaskedthemtobreakabundleofsticks,onebyone.Noneofthemcoulddoit.Hethenuntiedthebundleandgaveeachsticktoeachoneofthemaskingthemtobreak,whichtheycouldveryconvenientlyaccomplish.Hethentoldhissonsthattheyshouldstaylikethebundleofstickssothatnoonecanbreakthem;butiftheykeeponfighting,theywillbebrokenbytheoutsiderseasily.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Ifyou’reanythinglikeus,itseemsthatyourstomachstartstogrumble(隆隆响)assoonasMcDonald’sgoldenarchescomeintoview.Thereasonbehindthatisn’tthemouthwateringtasteoftheirdeliciousfries—thisishowtheygetthemtotastesogoodbytheway—it’sactuallypsychological,andithastodowiththecolorsoftheirlogo.Thecolorsredandyellowwerechosenforaspecificreason,anditwasn’tbecausetheylookednicewithRonaldMcDonald’sclown-likeface.Itactuallyhastodowithscience.Thecolorredisstimulatingandisassociatedwithbeingactive.Italsoincreasesheartrate,whichhelpstojumpstartyourappetite.Thecoloryellowisassociatedwithhappinessandisthemostvisiblecolorindaylight,sothat’swhyaMcDonald’ssignissoeasytospotonacrowdedroad.Thebrainprocessescolorbeforeitprocesseswordsorshapes,sothat’swhythefast-foodchainchosethesetwocolorsfortheirlogoandbrand.Redandyellowmakesyouhungry,encouragingyoutowanttobuytheproducttheysell,whilealsomakingyoufeelhappy.McDonald’shasstartedtousethiscolorphilosophytoinfluenceandchangethewaypeoplecurrentlythinkabouttheirbrandaswell.Manyfranchises(授权经销商)inEuropehavestartedtoincorporatemoreofthecolorgreenintotheirstorefrontsandinteriordesignbecauseit’sassociatedwithnatureandbeingenvironmentallyfriendly,somethingMcDonald’shasbeencriticizedfornotbeinginthepast.Thecompanyhasbeenworkingtobecomegreenerbyusingenvironmentallyfriendlyrefrigerationandconvertingusedoilintobiodiesel(生物柴油)fuel.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.阅读下面短文,根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Anallergy,alsoknownasanallergicdisease,isanimmunesystemreactiontonormallyharmlessthings,suchasdust，plants,animalsorcertainfoods.Symptomsvarydependingontheallergy.Commoncoldsymptomssuchaslowfever,sneezing,andasorethroatmayallindicateallergies.Whatcausesanallergicreactionisaquestionstillpuzzlingscientists.Typesofallergieshavegreatlyincreasesincethemid-20thcentury，leadingsomeexpertstosuggesttheincreasedenvironmentalpollutionisheldresponsible.Someexpertssuggestthatallergiesarerelatedwithgeneswithtwinsbeingparticularlylikelytosharethesameproblems.Often，anallergicreactionwilldevelopinchildhoodsbutsincemanyreactionsarelikelytoworsenwithrepeatedexposure,symptomscanstarttoappearatanyage.However，somepeoplemayovercomechildhoodallergieswithagegrowing.Testingforanallergycanbeatrickyprocess，particularlyifanallergicreactioncouldthreatenthevictim'slife.Doctorsoftenuseaskintestmethodforavarietyofpossibleallergicreactions.Inskintesting,atinyamountofanallergen(过敏原)isshotintoamarkedplaceofskintoseeiftheskinreactsnegatively.Ifseriousreactionsareaconcern,doctorscanalsouseabloodtest，althoughthistakesmoretimeandmaybelessaccuratethanskintesting.Treatmentmaydependonthetypeandseveredegreeofthepatientallergicresponse.Insomemildcases，suchassneezingcausedbyanimalexposure，patientsaretoldtoavoidexposurewhenpossible.Avoidingthefoodisalsokeywithmanyfoodallergies,particularlythosethatcancausesevereresponses.Whenavoidingisimpossible,somedoctorsmayrecommendshots.Thisintendstobuilduptoleranceintheimmunesystembyexposingthepatienttoincreasingsmallamountsoftheallergenovertime.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Collegestudentsneedtextbookstohelpthemlearnandearnanacademicdegree.However,ontopoftuition,roomandboardandmeals,whyaretextbookssoexpensive?Textbookscovermanyareasofknowledge.Theyarepreparedspecificallywithalotofinformationthatincludemanyoriginalpictures,specialcharts,andspecificdata.Textbooksareextremelyusefultostudentsforlearningandprofitableforthecompaniesthatpublishthem.Whiletextbookscanbeafinancialburdenonthestudent,theycanbeprofitableforabookscouter(侦察员).Abookscouterisanopportunistwhobuyscheapusedbooksatthriftstores(二手店)orbooksales,andsellsthemformoremoney.Brandnewtextbooksarethemostdesiredofbooksforscouterssincetheytypicallycostover$100.Ofcourse,usedtextbooksdon’tcostasmuch.Butwhenthescoutergoestoathriftstoreandbooksalesatlibraries,textbookscancostaslittleasseveraldollars.So,buyingusedtextbooksthatarenewisoneofthemostprofitablebooksthatsellerscanbuy.Unfortunately,manycollegetextbookeditionschangeeveryyear,whicheliminates(消除)thestudent’schancetouselastyear’sedition.So,theywillhavetopaymoremoneyforbrandnewtextbooks.Thesadrealityisthatveryfewchangesaregenerallymadebetweeneditions.Bookscouterssearchfortextbooksaswellasothercategoriesofbooksavailableatlocalthriftstoresorbooksales.Textbooksthatareneworrelativelynewaremarkeddowntojustafewdollars.ThentheycanbesoldonAmazonforpotentiallyhighprofits.Amazonbuysnewtextbooksforalotmoremoneythanmostothertypesofbooks.Ifyouwanttotryscoutingtextbookstomakeaprofit,buytheirnewesteditionsortheonesaheadofthem.Buyitinthebestconditionpossible.Ifyouliveinatownorcitywherethereisauniversity,youhaveabetterchanceoffindinggoodtextbooks.Althoughtextbookscanbeexpensivefortheaveragestudent,heorshecouldpotentiallysellthemonAmazonforthesamepricethattheywerepurchased.Justremember,knowledgeispowerandcanbeprofitabletoo.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Beesareverystrangecreatures.Theyhavetheirownwayoftellingeachotherthattheyhavefoundanewflower.Theybringsomeofitsnectar(花蜜)backhomeandthendoalittledancethatshowswheretheflowerisandhowfarawayitis.Inautumntheworkerbeesgooutandcollectasmuchnectara