国际贸易实务双语-国贸双语chapter-8

Chapter8CommodityInspectionandClaim商品检验和索赔8.1CommodityInspection商品检验GeneralIntroduction概述ImportandExportInspectioninChina我国进出口商品实施检验的规定InspectionClauses检验条款的主要内容InspectionAuthority检验机构InspectionCertificate检验证书InspectionBasesandInspectionMethods检验依据和检验方法Re-inspection复验GeneralIntroduction概述Definition定义BuyersInspectionRight买方对货物的检验权BuyersInspectionRight买方对货物的检验权AccordingtoSaleofGoodsAct,1893(revisedin1979)英国《1893年货物买卖法》（1979修订本）的规定Thebuyerwhohasnotmadeinspectiononthegoodscannotbeassumedtobeacceptabletothegoods,soheisnotdeprivedoftherightofrefusingthegoodsuntilheisgrantedreasonableopportunitytoinspect.凡是事先未经过检验的货物，都不能认为是买方已经接受了货物，因而他没有丧失拒收货物的权利，直至有合理的机会检验货物为止。BuyersInspectionRight买方对货物的检验权AccordingtoUnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定Thebuyersshallimplementtheinspectionorhaveotherstodoitintheshortestpracticaltime.Theinspectioncanbeputofftothetimewhenthegoodsarriveatthedestinationincaseoftheinvolvementofthetransportation.买方必须在按实际情况可行的最短时间内检验货物或由他人检验货物。如果合同涉及到运输，检验可推迟到货物到达目的地后进行。ImportandExportInspectioninChina我国进出口商品实施检验的规定LawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonImportandExportCommodityInspection《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法》TheInspectionRangeoftheInspectionOrganizationinChina我国商检机构实施法定检验的范围InspectionClauses检验条款的主要内容

Theinspectionclausescovertheseasfollows:inspectiontimeandplaceinspectionauthorityinspectioncertificateinspectionmethods,contentsandstandardsre-inspection检验条款主要包括：（1）检验时间、地点；（2）检验机构；（3）检验证书；（4）检验方法、内容、依据；（5）商品复验。InspectionClausesintheContract合同中的检验条款Theinspectionclausesinasalescontractareusuallyasfollows:ItismutuallyagreedthattheInspectionCertificateofqualityandquantityweightissuedbytheChinaImportandExportCommodityInspectionBureauattheportofshipmentshallbepartofthedocumentstobepresentedfornegotiationundertherelevantL/C.Thebuyersshallhavetherighttore-inspectthequalityandquantityweightofthecargo.There-inspectionfeeshallbebornebythebuyers.Shouldthequalityand/orquantityweightbefoundnotinconformitywiththatofthecontract,thebuyersareentitledtolodgewiththesellersaclaim,whichshouldbesupportedbysurveyreports,issuedbyarecognizedsurveyorapprovedbythesellers.Theclaim,ifany,shallbelodgedwithindaysafterarrivalofthecargoattheportofdestination.在买卖合同中，检验条款通常是这样规定的：“双方同意装运港中国进出口商品检验局签发的品质和数（重）量检验证书作为信用证项下议付单据的一部分。买方有权对货物的品质、数（重）量进行复验。复验费由买方负担。如发现品质和/或数（重）量与合同不符，买方有权向卖方索赔。索赔期限为货到目的港××天内。”InspectionTimeandPlace检验的时间和地点

1.InspectioninExportCountry在出口国检验2.InspectioninImportCountry在进口国检验3.InspectioninExportCountryandRe-inspectioninImportCountry出口国检验，进口国复验4.WeightInspectioninExportCountryandQualityInspectioninImportCountry出口国检验重量，进口国检验品质InspectionAuthority检验机构

Theinspectionorganizationsaredividedintothefollowingthreetypes,whicharegovernmentalinspectionauthority,governmentrelatedinspectionauthority,non-governmentalinspectionauthority.检验机构的类型大体可归纳为官方检验机构、半官方检验机构和非官方检验机构三种。InspectionCertificate检验证书

Functions:A.tocertifyifthequality,quantity,packingandthecleansituationofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellerarecomplyingwiththerequirementsstipulatedinthecontract.B.forcustomstoreleasethegoodsC.forthesellerstosettlethepaymentD.astheevidenceofmakingclaimsandthesettlement

检验证书是检验机构对进出口商品进行检验、鉴定后签发的书面证明文件。作用：1.是证明卖方所交货物的品质、数量、包装以及卫生条件等方面是否符合合同规定的依据；2.是海关验关放行的依据；3.是卖方办理货款结算的依据；4.是办理索赔和理赔的依据。InspectionBasesandInspectionMethods检验依据和检验方法InspectionBasis检验依据

Thecommoditiesareusuallyinspectedinaccordancewiththeconfirmedsamples,contractwithsamples,letterofcredit,andstandardsetc.商品的检验依据主要有成交样品、标样合同、信用证、标准等。InspectionMethods检验方法

accordingtotherequirementintheimportcontractaboutthequality,specification,packing,andsamplinginspection;accordingtothestandardofthemanufacturingcountry,theimportcountry,ortheusualstandardadoptedinternationallyincasethatthestandardisnotspecifiedinthecontract;thelawandruleofstateandtheinternationalusualpracticearepriortothecontractclauses;forsomeinternationalstandardssuchasISO9000orthestandardofInternationalWoolSecretariat,itisdecidedbybothsellerandbuyertoadoptthemornot.1.按进口合同中对品质、规格、包装、抽样检验的规定办理。2.合同未规定标准的一般按生产国标准、进口国标准，或按国际上已用标准，无国际标准的按进口国标准。3.有国家法规、国际惯例的，按法规、惯例优先于合同进行。4.是否采用某些国际标准，由买卖双方自愿决定，如ISO9000、国际羊毛局标准等。Re-inspection复验

There-inspectionrightofbuyerisnotcompulsory,northebasicconditionfortheacceptanceofgoods,dependingonthebuyersselection.Thebuyermustfinishthere-inspectionwithinareasonabletimeifthere-inspectionisneeded.Thereasonabletimeisregulatedinthecontract.买方对到货的复验权不是强制性的，也不是接受货物的前提条件，由买方自决，如进行复验，买方必须在合理的时间内完成。合理时间的期限由买卖双方在合同中规定。8.2Claims索赔

DisputeandClaim争议和索赔

ClaimClauseinContract合同中的索赔条款DisputeandClaim争议和索赔

Therearemanyreasonscausingdisputebetweenbuyerandsellerinatransaction,whichareclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:交易中双方引起争议的原因很多，大致可归纳为以下几种情况：BreachofContractbytheSeller卖方违约BreachofContractbytheBuyer买方违约ContractwithoutSpecificClauses合同规定不明确ClaimClauseinContract合同中的索赔条款

DisputeandClaimclause异议与索赔条款PenaltyClause罚金条款DisputeandClaimclause异议与索赔条款Theclauseinclude,unlessotherwisestipulatedthatonepartyisentitledtolodgeclaimagainsttheotherpartywhobreachesacontract,theproofsforlodgingaclaimandeffectiveperiodforfilingaclaim,thewaystocompensatefortheloss,andthecompensationsumetc.异议与索赔条款的内容，除规定一方违反合同，另一方有权索赔外，还包括索赔的依据、索赔期限、索赔损失的办法和赔付金额等内容。PenaltyClause罚金条款Theclauseisapplicabletothesituationsincludingthedelayeddeliveryofgoodsbythesellerorthebuyer,thedeferredissuanceofL/C,thedelayedpaymentetc..Onepartyshallmakepaymentinacertainsumofmoneytotheotherpartyinlossasthecompensationwhenthepartyfailstofulfillthecontract.Thepenaltyisalsocalledasthefineforthebreachofcontract.Thesumofpenaltyisdependentonthebeachtimewithamaximumamount.此条款一般适用于卖方延期交货或买方延期接运货物、拖延开立信用证、拖欠货款等场合。当一方未履行合同时，应向对方支付一定数额的约定金额，以补偿对方的损失。罚金亦称“违约金”或“罚则”。罚金的数额大小以违约时间的长短为转移，并规定出最高限额。CaseStudy本章案例Case1Animport&exportcompanyinourcountryisinexportof1000cartonsoffoodstuffwithtermofCIFRotterdam,andarrangeforinsurancewithPICCcoveringallrisks.Afterthearrivalofthegoods,theimporterfindthefollowingproblemsafterthere-inspection:(1)thereareattaintinonebatch(100cartons)aftersampling20cartonsfrom10batches(1000cartons);(2)theshortageof2cartonswithreceiving998cartonsactually;(3)theshortageof60KGStotallyfor15cartonswithgoodappearanceoutside.Accordingtotheabovesituation,whoshallbeclaimedagainstbytheimporter?【案例1】我国某进出口公司以CIF鹿特丹条件出口食品1000箱，并向中国人民保险公司投保一切险。货到目的港后，经进口人复验发现下列情况：（1）该批货物共10个批号，抽查20箱，发现其中1个批号，即100箱内出现玷污现象；（2）收货人实收998项，短少2箱；（3）有15箱货物外表良好，但箱内货物共短少60千克。根据以上情况，进口人应当分别向谁索赔？Analysis:(1)itbelongstoGeneralAdditionalInsuranceCoverage,includedinAllRisks,whichcanbeclaimedagainsttheinsurancecompany;(2)itbelongstoRiskofShortage,onetypeofGeneralAdditionalInsuranceCoverage,whichcanbeclaimedagainsttheinsurancecompany;(3)Itissupposedthattheexporterdidntloadthecargoinfullbeforethedeliverywithgoodappearanceoutside,sotheimportershallmakeclaimagainsttheexporter.【案例分析】（1）属于一般附加险，包含在一切险范围，应向保险公司索赔；（2）属于短量险，应向保险公司索赔；（3）由于外表良好，应为出口商所装食品量不足，是交货以前发生的，应向出口商索赔。Case2InApril2003,oneforeigntradecompanyofChinasignedateaexportcontractwithaCanadianimporter,requiringaproperpacking,withtradetermofCIFOttawa,coveringallrisksbyPICC.Themanufacturerlowereddownthehumidityofteatothescalespecifiedinthecontractatthelastprocedure,packedtheteainthecontainersmadeofhardpaperthenincartonswithdoublelayers.ThegoodswereshippedincontainerandarrivedinOttawaonMay2003.But,theresultoftheinspectionatdestinationportindicates:allteahasgoneoffandmoldy,thetotallossreachedonehundredthousanddollars.But,thetemperatureandhumidityinthemanufacturingplaceandtheimportcountryaremodest,thetransportationisnormalandsmooth.Whoshalltaketheresponsibilityandmakecompensationfortheloss?Why?【案例2】2003年4月，我某外贸公司与加拿大进口商签订一份茶叶出口合同，并要求采用合适的包装运输，成交术语为CIF渥太华，向中国人民保险公司投保一切险。生产厂家在最后一道工序将茶叶的湿度降低到了合同规定值，并用硬纸筒盒作为容器装入双层纸箱，在装入集装箱后，货物于2003年5月到渥太华。检验结果表明：全部茶叶变质、湿霉，总共损失价值达10万美元。但是当时货物出口地温度与湿度适中，进口地温度与湿度也适中，运输途中并无异常发生，完全为正常运输。试问以上货物的损失该由谁来赔偿，为什么？Analysis:AlthoughitshallbecoveredinAllRisks,themainreasonisnotfromthecarrierasthetransportationisnormal.Ontheotherhand,thepackagefortheteacannotmeettherequirementoftheanti-humidityforthecommontransportation,sotheproblemisduetothepackagewhichoccurredbeforethetransportation,themanufacturershalltaketheresponsibilityandmakecompensationfortheloss.【案例分析】尽管属于一切险赔偿范围，但是应当找到主要责任原因。由于运输过程正常，因此船方无责任；另一方面，由于茶叶包装并不能满足其一般运输防潮要求，因此货物问题应当是由于包装不能满足基本运输要求所引起的，这是在运输交货前发生的，所以责任应当是在生产厂家，货物损失应当由出口厂家赔偿。Case3OnetraderabroadplacedanorderwithadomesticmanufactureratFOBprice,itisstipulatedinthesalescontractthatthemanufactureshallpay5%ofthetotalpaymentasthepenaltytothebuyerifthegoodsisnotbedeliveredbytheendofJuly.Later,themanufacturerdelayedthedeliveryfor5days,leadingtothebuyersclaimfor3%penaltyagainstthetrader.Inthiscase,shallthetradermakelodgeclaimagainstthemanufacturer?For5%or3%?【案例3】外国某贸易商以FOB价向我国某厂订购一批货物，在买卖合同中订明若工厂未能于7月底之前交运，则工厂应赔付货款5%的违约金。后工厂交运延迟5天，以致贸易商被其买方索赔货款的3%。在这种情况下，贸易商是否可向工厂索赔，索赔5%还是3%？Analysis:Accordingtothestipulationinthecontract,5%ofthetotalpaymentshallbepaidtothetraderifthedeliveryisnotbemadebytheendofJuly,theactualdeliveryisdelayedfor5daysbythemanufacturer,breachingthecontract,sothetradershalllodgeclaimfor5%againstthemanufacture.【案例分析】因合同规定工厂如未能于7月底之前交运则应赔付货款5%的违约金，并且工厂交运延迟5天，造成违约，故该贸易商可向工厂索赔，索赔5%。Case4AmericancompanyApurchasedturkeyfromtraderBabroadfortheChristmasmarket.ItwasstipulatedinthecontractthatthesellershallshipthegoodsbytheendofSeptember.Butthesellerbreachedthecontractandeffectedshipmenton7thOct..Cons