重难点09阅读理解之说明文2022年中考英语专练原题版

重难点09阅读理解之说明文中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A,B,C,D四个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同，要求阅读速度为每分钟4050个词。主要涉及到记叙文，说明文，应用文等。1.主旨题解题技巧为：找主题句。应先通读全文，理解大意，充分理解主题句的意义。主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。2.细节题解题技巧为：快速捕捉信息，尤其是一些事例、数字等，划出相关句子，进行对照。3.推断题解题技巧为：寻找线索，悟出字里行间的意思。4.猜测词义题解题技巧为：通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义。说明文热衷话题有：旅游、环保、广告类等。1、（2021·江苏·南师附中新城初中二模）Haveyoueverfeltyouwerebeingwatched?Somenewtechnologiesmightmakeyoufeelthat

way.Digitalbillboards(电子屏幕)areabletorecognizecertainhumancharacteristics(特征).Theyhavecameraspointedatthepeopleonthestreet,andcanrecognizepeople’sage,amanorawoman.Thenaputerinsidethebillboardusesthisinformationtomakeads(advertisements)forthepeoplewhoarelookingatthebillboard.Forexample,ifamanpassesabillboardshowinganadaboutwomenclothes,theputercanchangetheadtosomethingsuchasmen’ssportingshoes,tocatchtheman’sattention.Althoughadvertisersseethisasagreatchancetoreachtheircustomers,somepeoplefeelthatthisisaninvasion(侵犯)oftheirprivacy.However,advertiserssaythatthebillboardswillnotbeabletorecognizetheirfaceorgetanypersonalinformationaboutthem.Infact,thiskindof“personal”advertisinghasalreadyappearedontheInternet.Searchengines(引擎)likeGoogleandBingcanfollowwhatwesearchfor.Whenwehavesearchedforsomeproductsandservices,paniesthenpaysearchenginestouseitinads.Soifyousearchfortravelinformation,youmayseeadsforairlinesandhotels.Thiskindofadvertisinghasprovedtoworkbetterthantraditionaladvertising.Intoday’sworld,peopleseethousandsofadseveryday,buttheydon’ttakemuchnotice.Advertisersaretryingtochangethatbypersonalizingtheexperienceofseeinganad.Sopayattentionthenexttimeyouseeabillboard—itwouldbetalkingtoyou.1．Whenyouwatchabillboardshowingadsonthestreet,_______.A．peoplewillpaymoreattentiontoyou B．itwillchangeadstocatchyourattentionC．cameraswillrecordwhatyouarewearing D．puterswillstealyourpersonalinformation2．Fromthesecondparagraph,wecanlearnthat_______.A．agoodchancemakesbusinesseasy B．thecustomerisalwaysGodC．eachpersonhashisownopinion D．privateinformationisimportant3．Theunderlinedword“it”refersto_______.A．thetoolcustomersuse B．thetechnologytheydevelopC．theinformationwesearchfor D．thechancepaniesget4．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Theriseofanewadvertising B．TheadvantageofbillboardsC．Thehistoryofadvertising D．Theinventionofbillboards2、（2021·江苏无锡·中考真题）Makingfriendsatschoolcanbealittletrickybutitdoesn’thavetobe!Tryoutafewofthesemethodstotalktopeopleinyourclassandhangoutwiththemoutsideofschool.Beforeyouknowit,you’llhaveagroupoffriendstohavefunwitheveryday!■Befriendly.Usingproperbodylanguagewillhelp,Standupstraight,makeeyecontactwithpeople,andsmile!Trytoavoidcrossingyourarmsoveryourchestandlookingclosedoff.Themoreopenandfriendlyyoulook,themorepeoplewillwanttogettoknowyou.■Sitatanewtableduring_________.Lookfortableswithanopenseat.Ifyou’refeelingalittlenervous,pickatablethatonlyhasoneortwopeoplesittingdown.Headoverandaskifyoucansitthere,thenjoininontheconversation.Ifyoulikethepeopleyousitwith,askifyoucanjointhemagainthenextday.■Tryoutforasportsteam.Pickasportthatyoulike(itcouldbesoccer,basketball,softball,baseball,oranythinginbetween),andtryoutfortheteam.Overtime,youcouldbeegoodfriendswithsomeoftheotherpeopleonyourteam!Ifyourschooldoesn’thaveasportsteam,trylookingforoneatyourlocalmunitycenter.■Joinanafterschoolclub.Meetfriendswhohavethesamehobbyasyou.Askateacheroryourparentsforalistofafterschoolactivitiesandpick1or2ofthemthatyou’rethemostexcitedabout.Introduceyourselftoeveryonewhenyouattendedyourfirstclubmeetingtomeetnewpeopleandstartafunconversation.5．Whichwordisthemostsuitablefor________?A．holiday B．class C．meeting D．lunch6．Thispassageismainlyabout________.A．howtotalktoastranger B．howtomakefriendsC．howtostartaconversation D．howtochooseactivities7．Thispassageismostprobablywrittenfor________.A．schoolstudents B．schoolteachersC．youngerparents D．olderparents3、（2021·江苏徐州·二模）Whenyouwanttogosomewhere,youcaneasilyfindyourwaybyusingamapapponyoursmartphone.Yoursmartphone“knows”whereyouareandcantellyouwheretogo.Thisispossiblewiththehelpofsatellitenavigation(satnav)systems.Asatnavsystemusesgroupsofsatellitestofindoutwherepeopleare.Itsendsinformationtoareceiver,suchasasmartphone.Themoresatellitesasystemhas,themoreaccurate(精确的)itis.OnJune23,thelastsatelliteofChina’sBeidouNavigationSatelliteSystemwaslaunchedintospace.Beidou,China’sownsatnavsystemwasfinallypleted.Itisoneoffourglobalnavigationsystems,alongwithUS’GPS,Russia’sGLONASSandtheEuropeanUnion’sGalileo.OnJuly31,Beidoustartedprovidingfullscaleglobalservices.Morethan120countriesandregionsarenowusingBeidouservices.Since2000,Chinahaslaunched59Beidousatellites.Beidoucanbeusedinareasthatincludefarming,publicservicesandbusiness.Ithasapositioning(定位)accuracyofunder10meters.Thissummer,peoplealongtheYangtzeRiverusedBeidoubaseddevicetomonitorfloodwatersinrealtimewithanaccuracyofjustafewcentimeters.8．Beidouisthe________globalnavigationsystem.A．first B．second C．third D．fourth9．WhichofthefllowingisTRUEaboutBeidou?A．ItonlyworksinChina. B．Itsnewestsatellitesaremoreaccurate.C．ItstartedworkingonJune23. D．Itwillhavemoresatellitesinthefuture.10．Whatdoesasatnavsystemdo?A．Ithelpspeopleplantrips. B．Ithelpspeopleshoponline.C．Itletspeoplesendtextnavigate. D．Itmakespeople’sphonessmarter.11．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Beidoucanbeusedinmanyareas. B．BeidoucanmonitoreverythingonEarth.C．There’re60BeidousatellitesaboveEarth D．Beidouwillreplacemobilephonenetworks.4、（2021·江苏常州·中考真题）Thereareonly24hoursinaday,andusuallyaboutathirdofthatisspentsleeping.Soisitpossibletomakeuseofthistimeandlearnanewskillorevenalanguage?Inotherwords,issleeplearningpossible?Manystudieshavefoundthatabasicformoflearning,calledconditioning,canhappenduringsleep.Ina2012studypublishedinthemagazineNatureNeuroscience,forexample,Israeliresearchersfoundthatpeoplecanlearntoconnectsoundswithsmellsduringsleep.Thescientistsplayedatone(声音)tosleepingstudyparticipants(参与者)whileputtingsomerotten(腐烂的)fishbesidetheirbeds.Onceawake,whenhearingthetone,thepeopleheldtheirbreathinanticipation(预判)ofabadsmell.“Thiswasaclearfindingshowingparticipantsformednewmemoriesduringsleep,”saidAndrillon,ascientistinthisfield.Althoughthenewmemorywasimplicit(暗示性的),itcouldinfluencehowpeoplebehave,researchersfoundina2014studypublishedintheJournalofNeuroscience.Inthatresearch,afterspendinganightinaroomfullofcigarette(香烟)smellmixedwithrotteneggsorfish,smokersusefewercigarettes.Andrillonandhisteammembershavefoundthatlearninginsleepcanalsogobeyondsimpleconditioning.Intheir2017studypublishedinNaturemunications,participantswereabletopickoutsoundfeaturesthattheyhadheardduringsleep.Learningabilitiesinsleepmayspreadtolearningofwords.InastudypublishedinCurrentBiology,researchersplayedpairsofmadeupwordsandtheirsupposedmeanings,like“guga”meanselephant,tosleepparticipants.Afterthis,whenawake,theparticipantsdidbetterinpickingtherighttranslationofmadeupwordsinamultichoicetest.Sofar,researchsuggestsitmaybepossibletolearnaboutthetoneandpronunciationofalanguageoreventhemeaningofwordswhilesleeping,althoughitistoaweakerlevelthanwhatwedoduringthedaywithoutnoticing.12．Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?A．Toshowthatsleeplearningispossible. B．Tostudyhowtomakeuseofsleeplearning.C．Toreportsomefamousresearchfindings. D．Toprovesleeplearningisimplicitandweak.13．Whatdoesthephrase“newmemories”inthethirdparagraphreferto(指的是)?A．Connectionbetweenparticipantsandscientists. B．Connectionbetweensoundsandsmells.C．Thetone’sinfluenceontherottenfish. D．Therotteneggs’influenceoncigarettes.14．Whatisthemainideaofthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Sleepcandogoodtolearning. B．Languagelearningcanhappeninsleep.C．Peoplelearninsleepinadifferentlanguage. D．Sleeplearningisbetterthandaytimelearning.5、（2021·江苏苏州·中考真题）Everybodyhasabrain,butnotmanypeopleknowhowthebrainworks.Somepeoplebelievethatthebrainisliketheharddiskofaputer.Weuseittostorefiles—pictures,language(words,texts,sounds)andsoon.Othersparethebraintoahugecupboardwithlotsofshelvesandboxesinit.Weputinformationintotheseboxesandhopetofinditagainlater.ThebrainisnotAputerdisk,Anditisn’tacupboard.Lookatthepicturehere.Itlooksabitlikeweeds（杂草）inagarden,doesn’tit?Thepictureactuallyshowsachild’sneocortex—apartofthebrainthatcontrolssightandhearing.Youcanguesswhathappens—more“weeds”growasthechildgetsolder.Scientistscalltheseneuronal（神经元的）networks.Thenetworksgrowaroundourneurons.Whatmakesthemgrow?Learning!“Learningisbrainchange,”saysProfessorJamesZullfromCaseWesternUniversityinCleveland,Ohio,USA．“Withoutlearning,nothingchangesinthebrain.ForeverynewwordyoulearninyourEnglishlesson,everyproblemyousolveinmaths,everynewsongyoulearntosing,aneuronalnetworkgrowsinyourbrainandthebrainchanges.”Themoreneuronalnetworkswegrow,thebetterwecanthinkandthebetterweremember.Youmaywonderifthereisanythingyoucandotomakethenetworksinyourbraingrowbetter.ProfessorZullsaysyes,thereis.Hesaysthatbrainchangeisstrongestwhena)youareinterestedinandlikewhatyouarelearning,b)youareincontrolofwhatyoulearnandc)yougetchallengingtasksthatmakeyouthinkhard.Understandingachallengingtaskmakesyoufeelgoodanddevelopsyourbrain.15．What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A．Thebrain—afantasticputer. B．Whatpeoplebelieveaboutthebrain.C．Howtomakeyourbrainstronger. D．Ourbrain—agrowingsystem.16．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage2?A．Learningmakesourneuronalnetworksgrow. B．Seeingachallengingtaskdevelopsourbrain.C．Werememberbetterwhenthingsareeasy. D．There’snothingwecandotomakeussmarter.17．What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Interestisthebestteacher B．Meetinglife’schallengesC．Nevertoolatetolearn D．Learningisbrainchange6、（2021·江苏南通·一模）Howdoweknowthetime?Aclock,awatchoramobilephonecanhelpus.However,manyyearsagotherewerenoclocksandknowingthetimewasnotsoeasy.Overthecenturiespeoplehavedevelopeddifferentwaysoftellingthetime.About5,500yearsago,theEgyptiansinventedthesunclock.Thiswasatallstonebuilding.Itsshadow(影子)showedthemovementofthesun.Sopeoplewereabletoknowmidday.TheEgyptiansmadeasundialabout3,500yearsago.Itwassmallerthanthesunclockandcouldmeasurethetimeforhalfaday.Oncloudydaysoratnightitwasimpossibletotellthetimewithasunclockorasundial.Waterclockswerethefirstclocksnottousethesun.Theideaissimple.Waterflowsfromonecontainertoanother,Whenthewaterreachesacertainlevel,itmovesalever(控制杆)andthisshowsthehours.TheEgyptiansusedwaterclocksabout3,400yearsago.TheseclockswerepopularintheMiddleEastandChina.Buttheyfailedtomakepeopleknowtheexacttime.Inthe13thcentury,themechanicalclockwasinvented.Thiswasmoreexact,butitwasexpensivetomakeone.Overthenextfewcenturies,itwasdeveloped.Forexample,springs(发条)wereaddedaround1,500.Thisenabledpeopletogetthecorrecttimeandallowedclockstobesmaller.In1936thefirstquartzclockwasdeveloped.Clocksbecamecheapertobuild.It’seasyforordinarypeopletoownaclock,Peoplebegandependingonthenmoreandmoretoranbusiness,marketsandsoon.Morerecently,in1956,camethedigitalclock.Andnowadayssatellitessendourmobilephonesthetimetotheexactsecond.Therehasbeenalotofprogressintimekeeping.Clocksarealwayschangingbutsomethingsneverchange.Manyofusstillhavetroublegettingoutofbedontineandnotmissingappointments.18．Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?A．TheEgyptiansspent100years,moreorless,inventingwaterclocks.B．Withasunclockpeoplewereabletoknowmiddayandmidnightclearly.C．3500yearsago,peopleusedwaterclocksinsteadofsundialsonrainydays.D．Asundialwasnotasbigasasunclock,butitcouldmeasurealongertime.19．Howmanykindsofclocksarementionedinthepassage?A．Four. B．Five. C．Six. D．Seven.20．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?(①=para1②=para2,....)A． B．C． D．21．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．Theimportanceoftime.B．Thehistoryofdigitalclocks.C．Theinventionsofclocks.D．Thedevelopmentoftimekeeping.7、（2021·江苏连云港·一模）Washingclothesiseasyformostpeoplelivingincities,aswashingmachinesdothejob.However,inmanyrural(农村)areasorpoorregions(地区),peoplehavetowashtheirclothesbyhand,astheydon’thaveelectricityormoneytobuythemachines.Now,anewbamboowashingmachinemighthelpthemsolvethisproblem.Themachineisasimplerversion(版本)ofatraditionalwashingmachine.However,itusesthenaturalflowofwaterinsteadofelectricity.Ithasawoodenrotationshaft(转轴)inthecenterandabamboodrum(桶)outside.Youjustputthemachineinariverandwaterwillgointothebottomofthemachineandrotatethemaindrum.Thiscreatesaneddy(涡流)thatcleansclothes.A7memberteamfromtheSchoolofDesignatDalianMinzuUniversitycreatedthemachine.Theirdesignwonthe“BestoftheBest”prizeatthe2020RedDotAwards(红点奖).“Thereare836millionpeoplelivinginextremepoverty(极端贫困)intheworld.Theyhavetospendlotsoftimeandenergydoinglittlethingslikewashingclothes.Wewantthebamboowashingmachinetohelpthemfreeuptheirtimesotheycandomoremeaningfulthings,likefightingpoverty,”saidPanCheng,oneofthedesigners.“Thebestthingaboutthismachineisthatit’scheapandeasytomake,”saidYuYue,anotherdesigner.“Wegivepeopletherotationshaftandteachthemhowtosetupthemachine.Theycanfindbamboolocallyandmakeitintodrums.Ifthereisnobamboo,theycanalsousematerialslikewood.”Thedesignerssaidtheyspentmorethanhalfayearworkingonthemachine.Theyhadcountlessteammeetingsandchangedtheirdesignatleastfourtimes.Butintheend,theywerehappywiththeresults.22．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thisproblem”meaninParagraph1?A．Peopleinbigcitieshavenobamboowashingmachines.B．Peopleinruralareasdon’thaveelectricitytodohousework.C．Peopleinsomepoorregionshavetowashtheirclothesbyhand.D．Peopleinbigcitiesthinkwashingclothesthemselvesisawasteoftime.23．Howdoesthebamboowashingmachinework?①Putthemachineintoariver.②Eddyinthemachinecleansclothes.③Watergoesintothebottomofthemachine.④Waterinthedrumdrivesthewoodenrotationshaft.A．①②③④ B．①③④② C．③①②④ D．③④①②24．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A．Thereare836millionpeoplelivinginextremepovertyinChina.B．Paragraph5mainlyexplainswhatisneededtomakethewashingmachine.C．Thebamboowashingmachinewascreatedforpeoplewholiveinbigcities.D．PanChencameupwiththeideabecausebamboowashingmachineshavenopollution.25．Whatdothedesignersthinkoftheircreation?A．It’ssimple. B．It’shelpful. C．It’simaginative. D．It’suseless.8、（2021·江苏·淮安市黄集九年制学校一模）OnFebruary18,NASA’sPerseverancerover（“毅力”号火星车）madeahistoriclandingonthesurfaceofMars.ThisisthefifthroverNASAhassenttoMarsanditisfulloffirsts.Itwillbethefirstrovertosearchforsignsofancientlife.Ahelicopter（直升机）willflyontheplanetforthefirsttimeaswell.Theroverisalsobetteratsolvingproblemsonitsownthanprevious（先前的）rovers.LandingaspacecraftonMarsisn’teasy.Ithadtogothroughthe“sevenminutesofterror”（惊险七分钟）,asNASAcallsthelandingprocess,allbyitself.Sinceittakes11minutesforaradiosignaltotravelfromEarthtoMars,NASAcouldn’tcontrolthecraftduringtheporcess.ThespacecrafthitthetopoftheMartianatmosphere（大气层）movingat12,000milesperhour（19,300kmperhour）andhadtoslowdownto1.7milesperhour（2.7kmperhour）withinsevenminutesbeforelanding.Drag（空气阻力）thatwascreatedbytheatmospheresloweditdown.Atthesametime,thesurfaceofthecraftheateduptoabout1,300℃.Thishightemperaturecouldmelt（融化）therover!Butsincethecraft’sheatshield（抗热涂层）wasabletotakeinmostofthisheat,Perseveranceitselfonlyreachedroomtemperature.Thecraftthenusedbothaparachute（降落伞）andaskycrane（空中吊车）toslowitselfdowntofinallyreachMars.Avideoofthelandingwaslatersharedonline,allowingpeopleallovertheworldtoseetheamazingmoment.TheroverevenrecordedaudioonMarsforthefirsttimejustafterlanding,gettingthesoundsofMartianwind.26．WhywasPerseverancesenttoMars?A．Tomakeavideo. B．Totakeahelicoptertotheplanet.C．Tolookforsignsofancientlife. D．TocheckonNASA’spreviousrovers.27．Whatdidthespacecraftdoduringthe“sevenminutesofterror”?A．Itreachedaspeedof120,000milesperhour.B．Ithadtoslowitselfdowntogetreadyforlanding.C．ItcreateddragthathelpeditlandonMars.D．ItwaitedforaradiosignalfromacontrolroomonEarth.28．Paragraph5tellsustravellingthroughtheMartianatmospherecanbe_______.A．dangerous B．interesting C．simple D．slow29．WhichofthefollowingisTrueaccordingtothepassage?A．Ittakes11minutesforarovertotravelfromEarthtoMars.B．ThehightemperaturemeltedPerseveranceatlast.C．Perseverancehadtogothroughthelandingprocessallbyitself.D．Perseverance’slandingwascoveredlive.30．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Perseverance’slandingprocess B．Perseverance’sfuturetasks.C．Perseverance’sfailure. D．Perseverance’sheat.9、（2021·江苏盐城·二模）Ifyoulookatthetopofyourphone,you’llusuallyseealittlesymbolthatsays3Gor4G.The“G”standsforthe“generation”ofyourmobilenetwork.Butthesesymbolswillbeethingsofthepastafter5Gfullyarrives.OnMarch30th,2019,ShanghaivicemayorWuQingmadethefirst5GvideocallonaHuaweiMateXsmartphone,CGTNreported.ShanghaihasalsobeethefirstcityinChinatostarttesting5Gnetworks.Now,4Gtakesabout100to200millisecondstosendandreceivedata.But5Gwillgetitdownto1millisecondorless.ThisbigchangewillnotonlymakeourmobileInternetfaster.Itcanbeusedinmanyotherwaysaswell.Forexample,5Gwillhelptomakeselfdrivingcarssafer.Today’sselfdrivingtestcarshaveoneproblem—lag.Whenthecar“sees”anobstacle(障碍物),itsendsthisinformationtoadatacenterandreceivesinstructions.However,ittakestimetosendandreceivethisinformation.Withthiskindoflag,thecarsmightcrashbecausetheydon’treceiveinstructionsintime.With5G,thislagwillbegreatlylowered,makingthecarssafer,accordingtoCNN.5GcouldalsobeusedtopowertheInternetofThings(IOT).Thisreferstoalargeonlinenetworkthatconnectsallthingsandpeople.FastInternetspeedswillbethekeytodevelopingthistechnology.Forexample,withIOTunder5G,yourfridgecouldautomatically(自动地)placeanorderonlineforeggswhenitfindsthattherearenoeggsleftinside.Allinall,5Gwillshapeeverytypeoftechnologythatittouches.Andyouwon’thavetowaittoolongforthattohappen.31．Thewriterusesselfdrivingcarsasanexampleto________.A．explainhowselfdrivingcarswork B．showustheadvantagesofselfdrivingcarsC．warnaboutthepossibledangersofselfdrivingcars D．explainhow5G’sfastspeedcanbehelpful32．Theunderlinedword“lag”probablymeans“________”inChinese.A．延迟 B．迷路 C．暂停 D．耗电33．Thefridgeismentionedto________.A．describetheimportanceofIOT B．encouragepeopletotrythenewproductC．introducehowtousetheInternetofThings D．show5GwouldmakeIOTmorepowerful34．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．Can5Ggoanyfurther? B．5GhaschangedourlifeC．5Gisontheway D．Chinaisleadingtheworldin5G10、（2021·江苏·扬州市梅岭中学一模）AEuropeanUnionprogrami