2017中石油职称英语考试模拟题(附答案)

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟2017中石油职称英语考试模拟题（附答案）2017年中石油职称英语考试马上就要开始了。你知道中石油职称英语考试都考哪些知识吗?下面是yjbys小编为大家带来的中石油职称英语考试模拟题，欢迎阅读。 模拟题一： 产品促销 1.Salespromotionconsistsofthosepromotionalactivitiesotherthanadvertising,personalselling,andpublicity.Assuch,anypromotionalactivitiesthatdonotfallundertheotherthreeactivitiesofthepromotionmixareconsideredsalespromotion.Thetradeoftenusesthetermindiscriminately.Businesspersonsmayusetheterm“promotion”whentheyactuallymean“salespromotion.”Forpurposehere,promotionisabroadtermthatencompassessalespromotionaswellastheotherthreepromotionalactivities. 1、产品促销指的是不同于广告、个人销售和宣传的推销活动。因此，不属于以上三种推销活动的推销活动都被认为是促销。实际生活中经常不加区分地使用这一概念。商务人员在说“推销”时，实际上指的是“促销”。本文中，推销是一个广义的概念，它包括促销以及其他三种推销活动。 2.Thetechniquesofsalespromotionarevariedandnumerous.Thecommononesusedarecoupons,sweepstakes,games,contests,price-offs,demonstrations,premiums,samples,andmoneyrefundoffers.Acombinationofthesecanbeusedandsometimesisusedinthesamecampaign. 2、推销的手段多种多样，数不胜数。普遍运用的手段有附在商品上的赠券、各种抽奖活动、游戏、竞赛、降价销售、产品示范、各种奖励、样品试验以及钱款返还承诺等等。在同-推销活动中，多种手段可以结合使用，有时也确实结合使用。 3.Salespromotionistemporaryinnature.Notbeingself-sustaining,itsfunctionistosupplementadvertising,personalselling,andpublicity.TolaunchBudweiserbeerinGreatBritain,Anheuser-Buschemployedthe“American”theme.ItsTVcommercialsonthe4thofJulyandThanksgivingDaywerespotsfilmedinCaliforniawithAmericanactors.Tosupplementitsadvertisingeffort,thecompanyusedavarietyofsales-promotiontechniques.Itmadeposters,bunting,flags,pennants,T-shirts,andsweatshirtsavailabletopubsanddiscosforpromotionalparties.Budashtrays,bartowels,coasters,footballpennants,andsimilaritemswereofferedforsale.Moreover,AmericandiscjockeyswerebroughtintoprogramAmericanmusicnights. 3、从本质上说，促销活动具有时间短暂的特点。由于其本身没有自我持续的能力，它的作用就是作为广告、个人销售和宣传等推销活动的补充。为了将百威啤酒打入英国市场，Anheuser-Busch运用了“美国”主题。7月4日和感恩节的电视广告播的都是美国演员在加利福尼亚拍摄的场景。为了加强广告力度，该GS运用了大量的促销手段，如制作海报、装饰旗和三角旗等各种旗帜以及体恤衫和汗衫等供促销团体出入酒吧和迪斯科夜总会。同时它还制作烟灰缸、酒吧餐巾、杯垫子、杯托子、足球赛用的三角旗以及诸如此类的物品用于销售。此外，该GS还专门邀请电台的音乐节目主持人开办美国音乐之夜。 4.Salespromotionisnotrestrictedtothestimulationofdemandattheconsumerlevel.Itmaybeusedtogainmiddlemen'ssupportaswell.InOrdertogetThaimiddlementocarryForemost'sdairyproducts,thecompanyusedleasingandconditionalsalescontractstoprovidesmallretailoutlets'andrestaurantswithfreezersfor$1ifcontracttermsweremet.Foremostalsohadtoconvincetheseresellersnottostoreotherproductsinthefreezersandnottounplugfreezerunitsatnighttosaveelectricity. 4、促销不仅局限于拉动消费者的需求，也可以用来赢得中间商的支持。为了使泰国的中间商销售其乳制品，ForemostGS运用租赁和有条件销售合同以一美元的价格向那些零售小商店和饭店提供冰柜，条件是要满足合同条款。同时，该GS还得说服这些转卖商不要在冰柜中储存其他产品，并且不要为了省电而在夜间拔去冰柜插座。 5.Theuseofsalespromotionisnotlimitedtoconsumerproducts.Itcanbeusedwithindustrialsellingtoo.MisawaHomespromoteditsHouse55bysendingsamplestoU.S.HomesandGermany'sOkal.Pfizer,likeotherdrugfirms,attractsdrugwholesalersbysponsoringtripsandotherevents.Giftsaregiventodoctors,anddoctors'wivesaretakenonshoppingtours. 5、促销手段的运用不仅仅限于消费品，它也可以用于工业销售。MisawaHomes为了推销其House55产品而向美国的HomesGS和德国的OkalGS寄送样品。与此类似，PfizerGS同其他药品GS一样，通过组织旅游和其他活动来吸引药品批发商。他们向医生们赠送礼品，而且组织医生的夫人们进行购物旅游。 6.ThepopularityofsalespromotionhasgrownsteadilybothintheUnitedStatesandoverseas.AsurveyofexecutivesconductedbyStimulus,Canada'sleadingadvertisingjournal,revealedashiftfrommediaadvertisingtosalespromotion.Comparedwithfiveyearsago,threeoffivefirmshadmovedtospendmoreoftheiradvertisingbudgetonsuchnonmediaalternativesastradeshows,point-of-purchasedisplays,andpublicity.AccordingtoaPOPAI(Point-of-PurchaseAdvertisingInstitute)-DuPontstudyofshoppingbehaviorintheUnitedStates,almost70percentofallnon-foodpurchasesinsupermarketsaregeneratedbyin-storedecisions.Ifthesamedecision-makingpatternisprevalentoutsidetheUnitedStates,salespromotionshouldprovetobejustasindispensable. 6、无论是在美国还是在海外，促销活动越来越受人青睐，而且势头强劲。加拿大首屈一指的广告杂志Stimulus对GS经理们的一项调查表明，他们已从媒体广告转向促销活动。同五年前相比，有五分之三的GS开始在广告预算中增加对非媒体手段的投入，如交易展销、买点展示和宣传。根据买点广告机构和杜邦GS对美国人购物行为所作的一项调查。在超市里所有非食品购买行为中，几乎有70%源自顾客在超市内的临时决定。如果这种购物方式能在美国以外的其他地方盛行开来，那么，将证明促销活动同样是必不可少的。 7.Salespromotioniseffectivewhenaproductisfirstintroducedtoamarket.Italsoworkswellwithexistingproductsthatarehighlycompetitiveandstandardized,especiallywhentheyareoflowunit-valueandhavehighturnover.Undersuchconditions,salespromotionisneededtogainthat“extra”competitiveadvantage.AJapanesefirmcreatedagreatdealofexcitementinThailandbyincludinggamecardsinitsdetergentboxes,andconsumerscouldnotresistbuyingmoreandmoreinsearchofthewinningcards,Likewise,mostgasstationsinThailandatonetimegavefreewashclothswithagasfill-up.Middlemenwerealsoallowedtoparticipateinthesales-promotionprogram.Storeswereinformedofthedisplay,andtheirsalespeopleorsalesclerksweremadeawareoftheprogramandbenefits. 7、当某种产品首次进入一个市场时，促销活动是相当有效的。如果产品本身极具竞争力，而且比较规范，那么，促销也适用于现有产品。尤其是如果这种产品单价较低而且流通量大。在这种条件下，就需要促销以赢得额外的竞争优势。一家日本GS通过将游戏纸牌装在其洗涤剂盒子中，结果在泰国引起轰动效应。消费者情不自禁，越买越多，希望得到胜张。与此类似，在泰国大多数加油站，顾客每加一次油，即可免费得到一块清洗布。中间商同样可以参加促销活动。经销商店及时了解产品展示信息，商店的销售人员和职员对这些活动及其利益一清二楚。 8.Theeffectivenessofsalespromotioncanbetemperedbypsychologicalbarriers,andthisfactisapplicabletomiddlemenaswellasconsumers.Someforeignretailersarereluctanttoacceptmanufacturers'couponsbecausetheyfearthattheywillnotbereimbursed.Consumers,ontheotherhand,mayviewrebates,mail-incoupons,andmoney-backguaranteeswithsuspicion,thinkingthatsomethingmustbewrongwiththeproduct. 8、无论是中间商还是消费者，只要有了心理障碍，便会使促销活动的效果打折扣。有些国外零售商不大愿意接受产品厂家附在其商品中的赠券，因为他们担心这些赠券中的款项无法返还。另一方面，消费者可能对折扣、邮寄来的赠券和返还款项的承诺持怀疑态度，他们会认为，这样的产品肯定有问题。 9.Muchlikemanyothermarketingaspects,sales-promotionmethodsmayhavetobemodified.Thetechniquesemployed,tobeeffective,shouldbeconsistentwithlocalpreference.PhilipsofferedasetofdominoesasapremiumforelectricitypurchaseinBrazil,wherethegameisnationalpastimeandelectricalproductsaretreatedascommodities.Aplayerholdsthecoloredsideuptopreventanopponentfromseeingthedottednumbersside.Sincethecompany'snamewasonthebackofeverydomino,electricianswereoftenremindedofthebrand. 9、促销方法同营销的其他许多方面极为相似，应该加以改进。要使所运用的手段产生作用，就应使它同当地消费者的喜好相一致。电力在巴西是视为商品，而在该国，玩骨牌是一项全国性的娱乐活动，飞利浦GS即在那里推出一套骨牌作为购买电力的奖品。一方要将骨牌反抠，使彩色的一面朝上，这样，对方就看不见带点数的那一面。由于每张骨牌的反面印有飞利浦GS的名称，电工们便会经常想起这种品牌的产品。 模拟题二： 加利福尼亚淘金热 1.AchancediscoverybyanemployeeofJohnA.Sutter,feudalbaronoftheSacramentoValley,setofftherushtoCalifornia.InJanuary1848JamesW.MarshallwassupervisingtheconstructionofasawmillinColomaValley,about40milesupthesouthforkoftheAmericanRiverfromSutter'sFort.Onthemorningofthe24th,whileinspectingworkontheexcavationofthechannelofthestream,henoticedtheglintofmetalonthebottomofit.Placingtheflakesinthedentedcrownofhisslouchhat,heexcitedlyrashedtothemillandshouted,“Boys,IbelieveI’vefoundagoldmine.” 1.约翰A萨特是萨克拉门托谷的封建贵族，他的雇员的一个偶然发现引发了涌向加利福尼亚的人潮。1848年1月，詹姆士马歇尔正在克罗马山谷监督锯木厂的工程，那里位于美利坚河南支流，距离萨特的城堡40英里。24日早晨，正当他检查河流上开掘的坑道时，注意到底部有一些闪亮的金属。他把这些亮片放在宽边软帽的帽檐上，激动地朝工厂跑去，边跑边喊：“天呐，我想我发现金矿了。” 2.Aftermakingtestsatthemillforafewdaysandbeingunabletodeterminewhetherornottheflakeswereactuallygold,MarshallcarriedasampletohisemployerattheFort.ThetwomentriedeverytestthattheycouldthinkoforthattheAmericanEncyclopediasuggested.Finallytheyprovedthatthesamplewasgold.InthecourseoftimeitbecameafactthatMarshallhaddiscoveredahugeveinofgold-bearingquartzmorethan150milesinlengththatlayalongthewesternfoothillsoftheSierraNevada—thefabulousMotherLodeofCalifornia.Weatheringanderosionhadbrokenoffparticlesofthevein,carriedthemdownmountainstreams,anddepositedtheminsandbarsorrockcrevices. 2.经过几天的试验，马歇尔仍然无法确定这些小薄片是否就是黄金。于是他带着一些样品来到他雇主的城堡。他俩尝试了能够想到的、美利坚百科全书提供的所有办法，最终证明这些样品就是黄金。经过一段时间后，消息终于被证实，马歇尔发现了一个长达150英里的含有黄金的石英矿脉，这条矿脉沿着内华达山的西部山麓延伸，正是那条传说中的加利福尼亚主矿脉。由于风化和侵蚀作用，细小的矿物微粒从矿脉上剥落，被溪水冲刷下来，慢慢沉积在沙洲和岩石缝隙中。 3.Suttercouldseethatnewsofthegolddiscoverywouldspelldisastertohisotherbusinesses—butsuchnewscouldnotbekeptsecret.InMayanenergeticSanFranciscobusinessmanandMormoneldernamedSamBrannanreturnedtothecityfromthediggings.Hisappearanceonthestreetsholdinghighaquininebottlefullofglisteninggolddustandshouting,“Gold!Gold!GoldfromtheAmericanRiver,”startedthestampede.Shopkeepershungsignsontheirdoors,“GonetotheDiggings.”Schoolsclosedasteachersandpupilsalikeleft.SanFranciscobecameaghosttown:everyoneheadedtowardthestrike. 3.萨特预见到发现金子的消息将会给他的其他生意带来灾难——但这样重大的消息不可能一直秘而不宣。5月份，山姆布兰南，一位精力充沛的旧金山商人同时也是摩x教的长老，从矿区回到城市。他手里举着一个装满了闪闪发光金粉的金鸡纳霜瓶子，高声喊着：“金子!金子!美利坚河里的金子!”他的出现引发了街头的骚乱，一时间店主们纷纷关张，店门上挂出“已去矿区!”的牌子;学校也关闭了，因为老师和学生们都已离开。旧金山一瞬间变成了鬼城：所有人都罢工了。 4.AtMonterey,SantaBarbara,SanDiego,andotherCaliforniasettlements,soldiersdesertedtheirposts,sailorsabandonedships,lawyersleftclients,andeditorssuspendedpublicationofnewspapers.AndbeforetheendoftheyeargoldseekershadalreadyarrivedfromHawaii，Mexico,BritishColumbia,andSouthAmerica. 4.在蒙特利、圣巴巴拉、圣迭戈，以及其他加利福尼亚的聚居地上，士兵们离开了岗位，水手们弃船而走，律师们放弃了客户，编辑们推迟了报纸的出版。到那年的年尾，淘金者们纷纷从夏威夷、墨西哥、大不列颠哥伦比亚甚至南美洲涌向这里。 5.WestwardHo 5.西行记 6.StoriesofthediscoverygraduallydriftedtotheEasternUnitedStates,butmostpeopledismissedthemasrumor.TheninDecember1848theywereconfirmed.PresidentPolkincludedofficialtelegramsfromCaliforniainhismessagetoCongressandstated,“Theaccountsoftheabundanceofgoldinthatterritoryareofsuchanextraordinarycharacteraswouldscarcelycommandbeliefweretheynotcorroboratedbytheauthenticreportsofofficersinthepublicservice.”TwodayslateraGovernmentmessengerarrivedinWashingtonwithateacaddyfullofgold.Sanityvanished.TheteacaddydidfortheNationwhatSamBrannan'squininebottlehaddoneforSanFrancisco. 6.发现金子的故事逐渐传到了美国的东海岸，但大部分人认为它是个谣言。1848年12月，消息终于被确认。波尔克总统将加利福尼亚发来的ZF电报加到给国会的信息中：“尽管那个地区金矿储量惊人，但如果公共服务部门的官员没有用可信的报道强化它们的话，这个信息也很难被公众相信。”两天之后，ZF的信使带着一个装满金子的茶叶盒抵达华盛顿。一瞬间人们的理智土崩瓦解，这个茶叶盒对这个国家所起的作用就像山姆的金鸡纳霜瓶子对旧金山的作用。 7.Withinamonth,eagergoldseekerscharteredmorethan60ships,someofdoubtfulageandcondition,andweighedanchorforCalifornia.TheNewYorkHerald,inaspecialCaliforniaedition,stated:“IneveryAtlanticseaport,vesselsarebeingfittedup,societiesarebeingformed,husbandsarepreparingtoleavetheirwives,sonsarepartingwiththeirmothers,andbachelorsareleavingtheircomforts;allarerushingheadoverheelstowardtheElDoradoonthePacific.”WheneverandwherevermengatheredthatwinterthetalkwasofCaliforniaandtherichestobefoundthere. 7.—个月之内，急不可耐的淘金者们租了60多艘船起航向加利福尼亚行坛报》在加州特刊上写到：“大西洋的每个港口都聚集着满载的船只，人们集合成团体，丈夫准备离开妻子，儿子正告别母亲，而单身汉们正放弃自己的舒适生活。所有人都一门心思地朝太平洋的黄金之国进发。”不论何处、不论何时，那个冬季人们聚在一起时的话题都离不开加州和那里的财富。 8.RoutesToTheGoldfields 8.通往采金区的道路 9.ThegoldseekersusedfourprincipalroutestoCalifornia,twoeachbyseaandland.Easternersmainlyusedthesearoutes,andresidentsoftheMississippiValleyandSouthernersthelandroutes. 9.淘金者们通过四条道路前往加州，两条海路，两条陆路。东部的人主要选择海路，而密西西比河谷和南方人主要选择陆路。 10.ThemostpopularwaytoCaliforniawasoverland,eitherbythecentralorsoutherntrails. 10.而人们最常走的是通过中部或南部的山路。 11.Tensofthousandsof“forty-niners”flockedtotheembarkationtowns—Independence,St.Joseph,Westport,andKanesville—andwaiteduntilthegrassalongthetrailwashighenoughtoholdthestock.Thenthegreatwagontrainsrolledoutontheprairie,climbedsteadilyuntiltheycrossedSouthPass,thendroppeddowntotheGreatBasindesert.ThosewhothoughtthatnothingwassodeadlyasploddingthroughthechokingdustofthedesertforgotthatannoyancewhentheymetthehardshipsofpassingwagonsandoxenovertheSierraandthenloweringthembyropedowndeepcanyons. 11.成千上万的“四九人们/淘金者们”蜂拥到出发的小镇一一因第彭登(Independence)、圣约瑟夫(St.Joseph)、韦斯特波(Westport)以及肯斯维尔(Kanesville)。他们聚集在那里等待着，等待着沿途的草长大，就可以给牲口提供充足的食物。然后，浩浩荡荡的车队在大草原上出发了，他们一直缓坡而上穿过南通道，然后下行进入大盆地的沙漠。开始有人认为没有什么能比穿过沙尘飞扬的沙漠更单调乏味了，但当他们到达山脊时就很快忘记了沙漠的艰难，因为他们必须拼命把牛车和牲口赶上山，然后又用绳子把他们送下深谷。 12.Othergoldseekers,especiallySoutherners,movedwestbywayofthesoutherntrails.DrawingtrafficfromtheSantaFeTrailandthewestTexastrails,thechiefroutefollowedthewagonroadblazedbyLt.ColonelPhilipSt.GeorgeCookefromtheRioGrandebywayoftheGilatothePacificduringtheMexicanWar.Itofferedtheadvantagesoffewmountainrangesandamilderclimate. 12.另一些淘金者，尤其是南方人，沿着南部山路一直向西。圣菲贸易通道和西德克萨斯通道交汇在主路上，这条路是墨西哥战争期间由圣乔治库克的菲利普上校(Lt.ColonelPhilip)标注的牛车道，从格兰德河(RioGrande)经由基拉(Gila)到达太平洋。这条路线山路较少而且气候温和。 13.Whatevertheirroute,thosewhofinallyarrivedatthegoldminesafterthe2,000-mileoverlandtrip,whichusuallyrequired5or6months,hadfacedaseveretest.Onlythehardiestsurvivedtraillife.Asiaticcholeraalonein1849markedthecentraltrailswith5,000gravesbeforethewagonsreachedtheRockyMountains.Butthedangersandprivations——onlandoratsea——wereallforgottenuponarrivalatthegoldfields.TherethenewcomersfoundthosewhohadarrivedearlierworkingeverylargestreamalongtheMotherLode,fromtheFeathertotheTuolumneRivers.Tentcampssprangupeverywhereastheforty-niners,washingpaninhand,setouttoseektherichessowidelyreported.Afewluckysoulsdidfindwealth,butthemajoritywerequicklydisappointed. 13.不论走那条路线，人们需要五六个月的时间，跋涉2000英里的陆路，经历严峻的考验之后才能到达矿山，只有那些最强壮的人才能活下来。1849年中部路线上流行亚洲霍乱，牛车队到达落基山脉之前就在路边留下了5000座新坟。当人们经由陆路或海路到达金矿时，一路上的危险与窘困都被抛到了九霄云外。抢先一步到达的人们挖掘主矿脉上的每一条河流，从费勒河(theFeather)到图奥乐米河(theTuolumne)。淘金者们带上淘洗盘出发去寻找财富，沿途的帐篷营地随处可见。只有一些极幸运者找到了财富，但绝大多数人都很快失望了。 WordsandExpressions feudal['fju:dl]adj.封建制度的，封地的，领地的 baron['brn]n.男爵(英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位) setoffv.出发，动身，使爆炸，引起，分开 sawmill['s:ml]n.锯木厂，锯木机 excavation[,eksk'vein]n.挖掘，挖掘成的洞，出土文物 glint[glint]n.闪烁 flake[fleik]n.薄片v.使成薄片，剥落，雪片般落下 dent[dent]n.凹，凹痕，(齿轮的)齿，弱点v.使凹下，凹进 slouchhatn.宽边软帽 vein[vein]n.血管，静脉，叶脉，矿脉，纹理 quartz[kw:ts]n.石英 fabulous[fbjuls]adj.寓言中的，神话般的，难以置信的 sandbar['sndba:(r)]n.沙洲 crevice['krevis]n.(墙壁，岩石等的)裂缝 diggings发掘物，矿区(尤指金矿区) quinine['kwanan]n.奎宁，奎宁化合物(如里硫酸奎宁) glistening['gli:sni]闪耀的，反光的 stampede[stm'pi:d]n.惊跑v.惊跑 desert[di'z:t]n.沙漠vt.遗弃，逃跑vi.逃掉，逃亡 dismiss[dis'mis]vt.解散，下课，开除，拒绝接受，不承认 corroborate[k'rbreit]vt.使坚固，确证 caddy['kdi]n.茶叶罐，小盒子，小罐 sanity['sniti]n.心智健全 vanish['vni]vi.消失，突然不见 fitup准备装备(设备、房屋等) prairie['prεri]n.大草原，牧场 plodding['pldi]adj.沉重缓慢的，单调乏味的 annoyance[e'nins]n.烦恼，可厌之事 blaze[bleiz]n.火焰vt.在树皮上刻路标，公开宣布 Asiaticcholeran.亚细亚霍乱 privation[prai'vein]n.缺乏，穷困，丧失，被剥夺了某物的状态 tent[tent]n.帐篷 springupv.跳起来 33.WhatDoParentsOweTheirChildren小于原34 父母欠子女什么? 1.IfJhadtoselectawordthatbestdescribesthemajorityofAmericanIparents,thatwordwouldbeguilt-ridden.Howsaditistoseeparentsbecomethe|willingvictimsofthegivc-megame*1,onlylodiscoverthat,nomatterwhattheyjdo,itisn'tenough.Intheend,theyaredespisedfortheirlackoffirmnessandblamedwhentheirspoiledchildrengetintrouble.Withthisinmind,Ishallfirstanswerthisquestion:Whatdoparentsowetheirchildren?andIshallstartwithwhattheydon'towethem. 1.如果我必须挑选取一个词，来描述美国的大多数父母，这个词便是“内疚”。目睹父母们甘愿做“给我游戏”的牺牲者是很令人伤心的。但我们发现无论他们怎么做，都还是不够。到最后，父母们都会因自己的软弱而受到蔑视，因他们宠坏的孩子惹出事端而受到责备。认识到这些，我们应该首先回答这个问题：“父母欠子女些什么?”而我首先要从他们不欠子女什么谈起。 2.Parentsdon'towetheirchildreneveryminuteoftheirdayandeveryounceoftheirenergy.Theydon*towethemround-the-clockcarservice,singinglessons,tennislessons,expensivebicycles,amotorcycleoracarwhentheyreachsixteen,oratriptoHuropewhentheygraduate. 2.父母不必把分分钞钞、点点滴滴的精力都花在孩子们身上。不必时时准备替他们开车外出，不必让他们上音乐课和网球课，不必给他们买很贵的自行车、摩托车、或在他们满十六岁时给他们买汽车，也不在他们毕业时出钱让他们去欧洲旅游。父母并不欠子女这些。 3.Itakethefirmpositionthatparentsdonotowetheirchildrenacollegeeducation.Iftheycanaffordit,line;theycancertainlysendthemtothebestuniversities.Buttheymustnotfeelguiltilyiftheycan't.Ifthechildrenreallywantlogo,they'llfindaway.Thereareplentyofloansandscholarshipsforthebrightandeagerwhocan'taffordtopay. 3.我还确信父母并不欠孩子高等教育的费用。如果付的起，很好，他们当然可以将子女送进一流大学。但付不起亦无须感到愧疚。假如子女们真愿意上大学，他们自己会找到办法。因为有许多为聪明好学而又无力支付学费的年轻人设立的贷款项目和奖学金。 4.Afterchildrenmarry,theirparentsdonotowethemadownpaymentonahouseormoneyforthefurniture.Theydonothaveanobligationtobaby-sitortotaketheirgrandchildrenintheirhousewhentheparentswereonvacation.Iftheywantrodoit,itmustbeconsideredafavor,notanobligation. 4.孩子结婚后，父母无须为他们分期付款买房子而出底金，无须为他们购买家具，也不一定要照顾孙辈。倘若父母乐意这么做，子女应把这看作恩惠而不是义务。 5.Inmyopinion,'parentsdonotowetheirchildrenaninheritance,nomatterhowmuchmoneytheyhave.Oneofthesurestwaystoproducealoaferistoletchildrenknowthattheirfutureisassured. 5.在我看来，无论父母多么有钱，都不一定要给子女一笔遗产。让子女知道自己前途已有保障无疑最能使他们变为懒虫。 6.Doparentsowetheirchildrenanything?Yes,theyowethemagreatdeal. 6.那么，父母难道就不欠子女什么了吗?不，欠得很多很多。 7.Oneoftheirchiefobligationsistogivetheirchildrenasenseofpersonalworthofself-esteemisthebasisofagoodmentalhealth.Ayoungster,whoisconstantlymadetofecistupidandunworthy,constantlycomparedtobrighterbrothers,sistersorcousins,willbecomesounsure,soafraidoffailing,thathe(orshe)won'ttryatail.Ofcourse,theyshouldbecorrectedwhentheydowrong;thisisthewaychildrenlearn.Butthecriticismsshouldbebalancedwithpraises,preferablywithasmileandakiss.Nochildisevertoooldtobehugged.Parentsowetheirchildreniirmguidanceandconsistentdiscipline.Itisfrighteningforayoungstertofeelthaiheisinchargeofhimself;it'slikebeinginacarwithoutbrakes.TheparentswhosayMowhenotherparentssayYessendsadoublemessage.Heisalsosaying:Iloveyou,andIamreadytoriskyouranger,becauseIdon'twantyoutogetintotrouble. 7.父母最主要的责任之一就是使孩子们尊重自己的价值。因为只有自尊自重才是健康的精神状态的基础。如果总让孩子感到自己愚蠢无为，老是把他与聪明的兄弟姐妹比较，他就会变得缺乏信心，惧怕失败，结果连尝试一下的勇气都没有了。当然，孩子有错误应