中石油职称英语阅读练习(含答案)

中石油职称英语阅读练习（含答案）下面这篇中石油职称英语阅读文章是关于使用清洁燃料替代汽车现用燃料的，后面有这篇文章的练习题，读完后大家可以做一下，看大家对文章的信息掌握了多少。 Carbon-basedAlternative 1.Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehicles,thenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.(完成时进行式)Consequently,morethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxide,particulatematter,andozone(generatedbyphotochemicalreactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaust)thatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions-shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile-istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgas,liquefiedpetroleumgas,ethanol,ormethanol. 1.尽管近几年来私人机动车辆排放的有害污染物已有相当程度的减少，但这类车辆的数量却仍在稳定地增长。因此，美国100多个城市仍然存在着(have)超过法律限定的(thatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits)一氧化碳、悬浮颗粒物和臭氧(由车辆排出气体中碳氢化合物(hydrocarbons)经过光化反应产生)。人们逐渐认识到实现车辆尾气排放更进一步减少的(toachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions)唯一有效方法--大规模消减私人小汽车除外(shortof)--是用燃烧更为清洁的燃料，如压缩天然气、液化石油气、乙醇或甲醇代替传统的柴油和汽油。(replaceAwithB用B替代A)(下文分别有侧重地讲述这四种碳基替代燃料) 2.Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmorecleanlythangasoline,inpartbecausetheyhavefewer,ifany,carbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermolecules,whichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreactions.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseuncombustedandphotochemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhand,alternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.(1)Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfueltanks-aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency-and(2)liquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsonsupply. 2.所有这些替代物都是碳基燃料(carbon-basedfuels)，它的分子要比汽油的小而简单。这些分子要比汽油燃烧得更为清洁，部分是因为他们碳-碳键较少，而且即使会释放出碳氢化合物，也不太可能(arelesslikelyto)会成为臭氧。较大分子的燃烧，由于它们具有多重碳-碳键，伴随着(involves)更为复杂的一系列反应(amorecomplexseriesofreaction)。这些反应增加了不完全燃烧得可能性，并且易于将未燃烧的、易起光化反应的碳氢化合物释放到大气中。从另一方面来说，替代燃料也还有缺点。(1)压缩天然气要求车辆有一套沉重的燃料箱(asetofheavyfueltanks)-在外观和燃料效率方面有严重的不利之处(aseriousliability)--并且(2)液化石油气面临着基本的供应量限制。 3.(3)Ethanoland(4)methanol,ontheotherhand,haveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbon-basedalternativefuels:theyhavehigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplement,butitiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanol,thelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol'smostattractivefeature,however,isthatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozone,themostseriousurbanairpollutant. 3.从另一个方面来看，(3)乙醇和(4)甲醇具有优于其他碳基替代燃料的重要优势(haveimportantadvantagesover)：(a)它们在单位容量下有更高的能量含量(havehigherenergycontentpervolume)，(b)并且只需要在现存的配送燃料的网络中(intheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel)做很小的变更。通常用作(beusedas)汽油的补充燃料(supplement)，但它现在的价格是甲醇的两倍，后者的低成本(thelowcostofwhich)是具有吸引力的特征之一。不过，甲醇最吸引人的特征是它能够将形成臭氧的车辆尾气这一严重的城市空气污染减少90%。 4.Likeanyalternativefuel,methanolhasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseofgasolineclonevehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrue,forexample,thatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequal,thefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.However,sincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthangasolineclonevehiclesfueledwithmethanol(so)theywouldneedcomparativelylessfuel.Vehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution. 4.像任何替代燃料一样，甲醇也有对其的批评意见。然而，大部分批评都是针对克隆汽油车的，这些车并没有为使用甲醇而做出(thataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol)哪怕最简单的设计上的改进。这些批评意见是对的(这是事实)，举例来说，一定容量的甲醇(agivenvolumeofmethanol)只能供给汽油和柴油燃料所供给的能力(thatgasolineanddieselfueldo)的一半(one-half);在其他条件相同时(otherthingsbeingequal)，不得不将车辆的燃料箱做的较大和较沉些(somewhatlargerandheavier)。然而，因为(since)烧甲醇的车辆(methanol-fueledvehicles)可以被设计成比烧甲醇的克隆汽油车(gasolineclonevehiclesfueledwithmethanol)更有效率的车辆，所以它们只需要比较少的燃料。车辆只要包含为使用甲醇而作的(thatmethanolmakesfeasible)发动机方面最简单的改进，也将为迅速减轻城市空气污染做出贡献。 练习： 1.Althoughrecentyearshaveseen______reductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehicles,thenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing. A.substantialB.substanceC.submitD.subjective 2.Consequently,morethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxide,particulatematter,andozonethat_____legallyestablishedlimits. A.succeedB.proceedC.exceedD.excess 3.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicle_____istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuels. A.permissionB.emissionC.omissionD.mission 4.Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuels_______moleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline. A.whichB.whoC.whatD.whose 5.Thehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelyto_____ozone. A.generateBgenerousCgenerationDgeneral 6.Thecombustionoflargermolecules,_____havemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreactions. A.whoseB.whereC.whoD.which 7.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelyto_____uncombustedandphotochemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere. A.leaseB.releaseC.pleaseD.relief 8.Ontheotherhand,alternativefuelsdohave_____. A.drawbacksB.setbackC.drawerD.backward 9.Ethanolandmethanolhaveimportantadvantages_____othercarbon-basedalternativefuels. A.onB.overC.byD.with 10.Itiscurrentlyabout______asmethanol. A.twiceasexpensiveasB.astwiceexpensiveas C.asexpensivetwi