geog10100 - lecturew2a changing global变化全球背景

ChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionThechangingglobalcontextChapter2inHumanGeography(Knox&Marston)Spatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsNextweekisthefirsttutorialThedetailsofwhatyouneedtodotopreparearepostedonBrightspaceParticipationandtypeduppreparationaregradedIfyoustilldonotknowwhen/wherethisistakingplacebesuretoconsultyourscheduleonlineAnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationChangingContextChapter2InterconnectedworldAnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationAhighlyinterconnectedworldAprilandMay2010volcaniceruptioninIcelandHaltedairtrafficanddailyroutinesworldwideKenya(c.5000milesaway)sends850,000kgofflowers,fruitandvegtoEuropePeoplelaidoff,producedecayed,edeclinedChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationKeytermsandconcepts(listedatendofchapter2)EvolutionoftheModernWorldWorld-SystemsCoreandPeripheryRegionsCapitalismNeocolonialismDivisionofLabourUrbanisationGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)GlobalisationTechnologySystemsSustainabilityCulturalImperialismChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationThepremodernworldHumangeographyseekstounderstandplacesandregionsascomponentsofaconstantlychangingglobalsystemWorldisanevolving,competitive,political-economicsystemthathasdevelopedthroughstagesofgeographicexpansionandintegrationAllgeographyishistoricalgeographyNeedtoinvestigatethepasttounderstandthepresentChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationHearthareasFirstAgriculturalRevolution,7000BC,independentlyinanumberofareasHearthArea:geographicsettingswherenewpracticeshavedevelopedandspreadfrom4Regions:MiddleEast,SouthAsia,China,AmericasChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationMini-systemsAsocietywithareciprocalsocialeconomy–individualspecialisationShiftfromhunter-gathererstofirstfarmersKeybreakthroughs:fire,grindstones,improvedtools,slashandburn(orswiddencultivation)Onlywhereplentifulfoodsupply,diverseterrain,richsoilsandsufficientwaterChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationImplicationsoftheagriculturalrevolutionHigherpopulations=settledvillagesFromsubsistencetosurplusChangedsocialorganisationfromloosecommunalsystemstoorganisedkinship=rightsoverlandandresources+increasedhierarchySpecialisationinnewcraftsBeginningofbarterandtradeTheinventionofliteracy–recordkeepingAllcombinedtoallowforgrowthofWorld-Empires:groupofmini-systemsabsorbedintocommonpoliticalsystemChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationEarlyempiresCreationofclassbasedsocietiesPoorerpaytaxes/tributetoelites(highlyunequal)Maintaincontrolviamilitarycoercion/religiouspersuasionEgypt,Greece,China,Byzantium,RomeChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationInnovationsofearlyempiresColonisation:physicalsettlementinanewterritoryofpeoplefromacolonisingstateDirectconsequenceofthelawofdiminishingreturnsUrbanisation:townsandcitiesbecameessentialcentresofadministration–militaryandtheologicalcentresUrbannetworkallowedflowoftaxesOriginofWesternEuropeancitiesChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationGeographyofthePremodernWorld,c.1400Harsherenvironments(continentalinteriors)unchangedDrybeltsofsteppesanddesertmargins–zoneofpastoralmini-systemsArcofsedentaryagri-production–MoroccotoChina,centralAndesandMesoamericaChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationInterconnections–TheSilkRoadDominantcentres:China,N.India,OttomanEmpireNewworldempires–SEAsia,NAfrica,grasslandsofWAfricaandgoldandcopperminesofEAfricaThroughtradecentresofcapitalismemergedChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationTheemergenceofcapitalismCapitalism:Formofeconomicandsocialorganisationcharacterisedbytheprofitmotiveandthecontrolofthemeansofproduction,distributionandexchangeofgoodsbyprivateownershipPortCitieswerehugelyimportantascentresoftrade–Venice,theHanseaticLeagueinNWEurope,Cairo,CantonBegantoorganiseproduction(agri-specialities,textiles,crafts)intheirhinterland(sphereofinfluenceofacity/town)ChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationAnInterdependentWorldGeographyEuropeanAgeofExplorationWorld-system:interdependentsystemofcountrieslinkedbypoliticalandeconomiccompetition(ImmanuelWallerstein)ChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationAgeofexploration1400-1700OpenedupnewopportunitiesfortradeandeconomicexpansionEuropeanmerchantcapitalismreshapedworld(notothercapitalistregions)Why?Highpopulationdensity,limitedland,smallmonarchies,adventure,profitcombinedwithnewtechnologiesinshipbuilding,navigationandweaponsSoughtgoldandsilver,land,labourandhighvaluecropsControlofproductionandtradeofmaincommoditiesChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationWhyEurope?A‘big’andcontroversialquestioninacademiaThreebroadviewpoints:Institutionalreforms(Rosenberg&Birdzell;Ferguson)Freedomandpersonalliberty(McClosky)Colonialismandoppression(Knox&Marston)ChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationLifeinthenewcoloniesNativepopulationsdecimatedbydiseaseNeedforlabour–slavetradefromAfricatoAmericas20millionslavesfromAfrica,10milliontoAmericaPlantations–largelandholdingsthatusuallyspecialisedinproductionofoneparticularcropCotton,tobacco,sugarChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationLifeinthenewcoloniesNotepatternsyouseeovertime?Wherearetheslavescomingfrom,goingto,andwhatcountriesdoyouthinkaremostresponsible?Visualizationof~20,000voyagesfromtheTrans-AtlanticSlaveTradeDatabase:

“Bytheconclusionofthetrans-Atlanticslavetradeattheendofthe19thcentury,Europeanshadenslavedandtransportedmorethan12.5millionAfricans.Atleast2million,historiansestimate,didn’tsurvivethejourney.”—JamelleBouieChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationTheIndustrialRevolutionBeganinEnglandlate1700s1790-1850:KeyregionsinBritain,drivenbysteamengines,cottontextilesandironworking1850-1870:RestofBritainpartofNWEuropenearcoalfields.Steel,machinetools,railroads,steamships1870-1914:RestofEuropeifcorrectcondition–rawmaterials,energy,labourmarkets,communicationlinks‘Techno-economicparadigms’ShiftingtechnologiesandinstitutionsChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationSpatialDivisionofLabourAstheindustrialrevolutiontookhold–individualstookonmore‘specialized’rolesintheeconomyPriortofactoriesgoodswereproducedbyskilledtrades/craftspeople–slowandlabour-intensiveWithindustrializationindividualstookonrolesspecifictostagesofproductionFromharvesting/miningrawmaterials,toshipping,tovariouspartsofthemanufacturingprocess,tomarketingandretailing–alsoformationofaprofessionalmanagerialclassAstheworld‘globalized’componentsoftheproductionprocessbecamespatiallydividedDifferentstagescaptureddifferentamountsofvalueofthefinalgoodChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-modernworldMini-systemsGeographyinthenewsEarlyempiresTheemergenceofcapitalismInterdependency&explorationWhyEurope?IndustrialRevolutionAgriculturalrevolutionSpatialdivisionoflabour&developmentContemporaryglobalizationThe‘bigpicture’–globalhumandevelopmentWherewe’vebeenandwherewearegoingAtissueispopulation,humanhealth,environmentalhealth,poverty,andinequalityHansRosling–SwedishAcademic

ChangingContextChapter2AnnouncementsAninterconnectedworldKeytermsandconceptsPre-mo