初中英语语法名词用法讲解及专项练习

初中英语语法名词用法讲解及专项练习【考点讲解】一、名词的分类类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、组织机构或事物等的专有名词LuXun,China,Handan,WTO…普通名词可数名词个体名词表示一类人或物的个体apple,pencil,doctor,teacher集体名词表示一群人或一类物的集合体people,family,team,class不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物air,sand,water,rain抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念peace,friendship,happiness

二、可数名词与不可数名词(一)可数名词

名词分为可数和不可数名词。物质名词与抽象名词一般属于不可数名词，它们只有单数形式；个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词，通常有单数和复数两种形式。1.单数变复数的规则情况构成方法例词一般情况直接加smap-/bag-/car-____month-/human-以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i，再加esbaby-/family-________(boy-/toy-monkey-)以s,sh,ch,x等结尾直接加esbus-/watch-______box-/dish-以f或fe结尾变f或fe为v+eswife-/knife-_____yourself-/leaf-部分以o结尾加eshero-/tomato-_______potato-【注】①常见的以o结尾要加es的有如下几个：hero,tomato,potato,可记为“英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆”。剩余以o为结尾的加s：如photo,zoo,piano等

②

以f或fe结尾变f或fe为v+es的词有如下：

小偷的妻子用刀把狼劈成两半，一半放在书架上，一半放在树叶上2.不规则复数形式

(1)元音或词尾发生变化：child-,man-,woman-_________,foot-,tooth-,mouse-policeman-___________,Frenchman-_________Englishman-(2)单复数形式相同：deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,yuan(3)形式为复数，意思为复数：people，police(4)形式为复数，意思为单数：news,maths,physics(5)只能用复数形式：trousers,shoes,glasses……【注】eq\o\ac(○,1)man，woman作定语修饰别的名词时，要把man，woman和其他部分都变成复数，如manteacher–，womandoctor–_____________；eq\o\ac(○,2)但是其他合成名词，只需把其中心词变成复数形式。如：shoefactory-,bananatree-3.“某国人”的复数形式“中日不变英法变，其余s加后边”国家名国籍单数复数China中国人aChinesetwoChineseJapan日本人aJapanesetwoJapaneseEngland英国人anEnglishmantwoEnglishmenFrance法国人aFrenchmantwoFrenchmenAustralia澳大利亚人anAustraliantwoAustraliansRussia俄国人aRussiantwoRussiansItaly意大利人anItaliantwoItaliansAmerica美国人anAmericantwoAmericansIndia印度人anIndiantwoIndiansCanada加拿大人aCanadiantwoCanadiansGermany德国人aGermantwoGermans

(二)不可数名词不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有复数形式1.物质名词有water,rice,tea,milk,chicken(鸡肉),fish(鱼肉),food,fruit,beef,orange(橙汁),sugar,salt,paper(纸),porridge,bread,sand,juice,chalk等；抽象名词有news,music,time(时间),information等；2.在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：(1)用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表示多少，例如：alotofmoney/somemilk/anywater/muchsnow(2)用“apiece/glass/cup/bottle/bagof+不可数名词”或“数词pieces/glasses/cups/bottles/bagsof+不可数名词”这类定语，例如：apieceofpaper(wood/bread)→abottleoforange→aglassofwater→acupoftea→abagofrice→3.不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词a/an连用；4.注意有些名词既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，此时中文意思有区别。如：time,glass,orange,room,experience等三、名词所有格

在英语中，特别是表示有生命的名词，可以加's表示所属关系，名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。1.有生命的名词所有格(1)单数名词的所有格加’s。如：Mother’sDay

/thelittlegirl’sroom(2)以s结尾的复数名词所有格只加’。如：Teachers’Day

/thestudents’books(3)姓氏以s结尾，也可直接加’。如：Jones’office(4)不规则的复数名词变所有格加’s。如：Children’sbooks/Women’sDay(5)表示两人共有时，只在最后一个名词后加’s。如：

莉莉和露西的爸爸___________________

约翰和玛丽的课桌_________________(6)表示两人各自所有时，则两个专有名词都要用所有格形式，而且后面所修的名词要用复数形式。如：

王林的爸爸和李坤的爸爸__________________________

露西的房间和莉莉的房间__________________________2.无生命的名词所有格(1)无生命的名词所有格常用of结构表示，如：

amapofChinathecoverofthebook(2)表示国家、时间、距离、重量和价值等的名词通过词尾变化表示所有，如：

China’sfuture

today’snewspapertenminutes’walk(3)以to构成的短语的所有格形式。如：thekeytothedoortheanswertothequestion3.双重所有格

双重所有格就是将of结构与’s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用，如：

afriendofTom’s

aphotoofmine4.表示住宅、办公室或店铺的名词所有格后面一般省略它所修饰的名词，如：

atJohn’s(home)

atthedoctor’s(office)atthebarber’s(shop)课堂练习根据中文写出单词的适当形式或用所给单词的适当形式填空1.Davereallylikesdriving.Ithinkbeinga(司机)isjustrightforhim.2.Youaresupposedtobemorecarefultomakefewer(mistake)whileyouarewriting.3.Themascot(吉祥物)ofRio2016OlympicGamesisthe(标志)goodluck．4.In1998，LiuXiang’s(able)inhurdlingwasnoticedbySunHaiping.A.ability B.trade C.electricity D.memory—Wouldyoumindtakingsome(photo)forus?—Certainlynot.It’sapieceofcake.6.—Jeff’sandAmy’s(father)didn’tcometothemeeting.Why?—BecausetheyhavegonetoBeijing.7.Shesaysherfavorite(学科)isEnglish.EverytimeIseethestrawberries，thesweet(口味)andbeautifulcoloralwaysmakemymouthwater.9.OnSeptember3therewillbesome(activity)inChinatocelebratethe70-yearvictoryoftheAnti-JapaneseWar.10.TheChinesesaying“Atreecan’tmakea(森林)“tellsusthatteamworkisveryimportantinafootballmatch.11.YesterdayLucytoldussuchgood(news)thatweareallamazedatit.12.Wecan'tmakeasandwichwithout(面包).Theactionsandwordsofcelebrities(名人)canhaveagreat(影响)becausemanypeoplemayfollowthem．Sotheyshouldpaymoreattentiontotheirbehaviorandspeech．14.TheNewYorkTimesisapopulardaily(杂志).15.Bobhasgotgoodexamresults.Hisparentsareproudofhis(succeed).16.Mycousinlikesreading.Ioftenbuy(book)forhisbirthday.17.Therearelotsof(rule)thatstudentshavetofollowinschool.18.—Findinginformationisnotabigdealtoday.—Well，thechallengeishowwecantellwhethertheinformationis(use)ornot.19.Noneofthemtalked.Theyfinishedtheirmealin(silence).20.—Whereareyougoingtospendyoursummerholiday，Jenny?—Ihaven’tmadea(decide)yet．I’mgoingtotalkaboutitwithmyfamilytomorrow.21.—Wouldyoulikesome(tomato)fordinner?—OK.22.—Willyougotothe(体育馆)thisafternoon?—Yes.Iwanttogoswimming.23.—Astudyshowsthatgoodhabitsplayaveryimportant(部分)inchildren’seducation.—Ithinkso.24.—Mum，Ihaveabadheadache.Ifeelterrible.—Oh，dear!Youmustgetacold.You’dbetterseea(医生)afterbreakfast.25.—Anyspecialofferinthisshoppingmallnow?—Sure，wehavethelateste-productson(sell).26.—What’syourfavorite，Jim?—Myfavoriteis(音乐).IoftenlistentoitonMP3.SunNangottonsof(注意力)assoonasheannouncedthathewouldstopcompetingduringIAmasinger.(Healthy)isimportantforusteenagers，soweshouldeatmorevegetablessuchastomatoesandpotatoestokeephealthy.29.IthinkZhouXunisoneofthebest(演员).Ilikehermoviesverymuch.30.---CanIhelpyou，madam?---Iwantapairof(眼镜).31.—Whatanimaldoyoulikebest?—Ilike(老虎)best.32.---Herearesome(orange).---Doyoulikethem?33.MaoripeopleinNewZealandtouch(鼻子)whentheymeet．34.—Didyougotothe(电影院)lastnight?—Yes，themoviewassofunnythatitmademelaughmanytimes.35.TimsaysthatsmartLegohasbecomeoneof(child)favoritetoys.36.MickeyMouseisoneofthemostfamous(symbol)inAmericancultures.37.Ipaid$10forfour(bottle)ofmilkthismorning.38.—Thesunisshiningbrightly.—Whynotwearapairof(sunglass)toprotectyoureyes?39.Jeffwillcometounderstandyouoneday.It’samatterof(time).40.—HowcanIgetsome(information)aboutthe2016OlympicGames?—WhynotsearchtheInternet?41.—Wehavemissedthelastbus.Whatshallwedo?—Let’stakeataxi.Wehavenoother(choose)now.42.(十二月)isthelastmonthofayear.43.—Whydoyoulooksoexcited，Tim?—I’vejustgotawonderful(工作).44.—Wouldyouliketogotothespacemuseum?—I’dloveto，butIhaven’tmade(a)(decide).I’llthinkaboutit.45.—Iamafraidtoaskquestionsbecauseofmypoor(pronounce).—You’dbetterpracticespeakingmore.46.—Mr.WangwassenttoteachEnglishinapoormountainvillagelastyear.—Shesaidshewouldneverforgetsomepleasant(experience)whileworkingthere.47.—Moreandmorepeoplecometoenjoywarmspring(温泉)everyyear.—That’strue.Ithasbecomethe(proud)ofXianning.48.The(夏季)ofChongqingisreallyhot，butwestilllikelivinghere.49.—WhatisJimandPaul’sbrother?—Heisa(警察)50.Couldyoupleasetakemypicture？Hereismy(照相机).巩固练习1.—Betty,passmethe_______.I’llcutthecake.—OK,Mom.Hereyouare.A.sugarB.scarfC.knifeD.note2.Ourschooluniformsareoutof_______.Wethinkyoungpeopleshouldlooksmart.A.luckB.sightC.reachD.fashion3.—Thepicnicisonlyinthreedays.Haveyoumadeany_______?—Notyet.Solet’sdiscusswhattoprepare.A.wishesB.plansC.mistakesD.friends4.—Ihearyouhavetogetupearlyeverymorning.—Right.It'soneofthe_______ofmyfamily.A.plansB.jobsC.programsD.rules5.—Yesterday,myfatherboughtmeanewmobilephonesasapresent,butIdon’tknowhowtouseit.—Whynotreadthe_______firstbeforeusingit?A.expressionsB.applicationsC.advertisementsD.instructions6.Myteachergavememuch_______onhowtostudyEnglishwellwhenIhadsometrouble.A.adviceB.questionC.suggestionD.problem7.—Excuseme;Isthemuseumfarfromhere?—No,it’sabout_______.A.5minuteswalkB.5minutewalkC.5minutes’walkD.5minute’swalk8.—Lily,couldyoupleasepassmethe_______?Iwanttocuttheapple.—Sure,hereyouare.A.penB.pencilC.bookD.knife9.—What______bowlofnoodleswouldyoulike,small,mediumorlarge?—Alargebowlofbeefnoodles,please.A.colorB.priceC.sizeD.kind10.—Nobodyknowswhichteamwillwinthe2014WorldCupinBrazil?—Yes.Thatistheofthebeautifulgame.A.question B.luck C.hope D.magic11.—Istheschoolbagunderthedeskyours?—No,it’smy______.Heleftittherejustnow.A.brother B.brother’s C.brothers’12.Iwantacupofsweetcoffee.Putsome______inmycup,please.A.ice B.soup C.salt D.sugar13.—AfterP.E.,Ioftenfeelverythirsty.—Whynotbuysome_______todrink?A.breadB.noodlesC.applejuiceD.teas14.—Whatagood_____you’vegivenme!Thanksalot.—Mypleasure.A.information B.news C.suggestion D.advice15.—It’sconvenienttotravelfromEzhoutoWuhanbytakingthenewly-builtgreenrailway.—Yes.It’ssaidthat_______isenough. A.fifteenminutesdrive B.fifteen-minutesdrive C.fifteenminute’sdrive D.fifteenminutes’drive16.—DoyoucometoSouthKoreaforthe_______ofseeingyourfamilyordoingbusiness?—Icomehereonbusiness. A.interestB.benefitC.purposeD.thought17._______theteachersintheirschoolisabout200andonefourthofthemare_______teachers.A.Anumberof;womenB.Anumberof;womanC.Thenumberof;womenD.Thenumberof;woman18.Couldyoupleasegetmesome_______?I’mhungry.A.appleB.waterC.breadD.egg19.—YoumaygotoMilanforafreetrip.—It’saverykind_______,butIreallycan’tacceptit.A.excuseB.offerC.promiseD.decision20.—MoreandmorepeoplecometovisitMountHuangshan.—That’strue.Ithasbecomethe______ofAnhui.A.pride B.effort C.praise D.courage21.—What’syourfavorite______,Bob?—Cats.They’resolovely.A.plantB.jobC.sportD.animal22.Iamtired.Thisisnottheright____toaskmetogoforawalk.A.moment B.chance C.place D.season23.Inthistest,we’reaskedtowriteapassageofabout______.A.80-words B.80-word C.80words D.80words’24.—HowfarisitfromTianjintoChangsha？—Itisa_______flightfromTianjintoChangsha. A.2-hours’-long B.2-hours-long C.2hours’long D.2hourlong25.WhenPetercomes,pleaseaskhimtoleavea_______. A.notice B.message C.sentence D.information26.—WhenisDay?—It’sonJune1st,Dave.A.ChildB.ChildrenC.Child’sD.Children’s27.Whatwillglobalwarmingbringus?Scientistshavegivenusaclearlist.A.newsB.dangersC.coursesD.advantages28.Theparkisfarawayfromhereindeedit’sabout_______walkA.threehourB.athreehour’sC.athree-hoursD.athree-hour29.Ifyouworkharder,you’llhaveanother______toplaytheviolinataconcert.A.sleep B.chance C.mistakeD.problem30.YesterdayfordinnerIhadapieceofbeef,vegetablesand______.A.somerice B.afewrice C.alittlerices D.arice31.—Oh,anicephoto!Isthisyouruncle’schild?—Yes,it’smy.A.cousinB.sisterC.brotherD.daughter32.Theboydidn’tsleepwelllastnightbecauseofthe______fromthefactory.A.voiceB.noiseC.musicD.song33.—Mum,IwanttobuyaniPhone5sforachange.—Well,Ithinkthereisno______.It’salmostthesameasaniPhone4s.A.reasonB.needC.answerD.way34.Mr.Blackisateacherof______.Sheandherclassmateslikehimverymuch.A.mysisterB.mysister’sC.mysistersD.mysisters’35.—Lookattheclouds,sobeautiful!—Wow,somanydifferent_______,horses,sheep,flowers…A.sizesB.shapesC.colorsD.styles36.Therearesome_______inDaytonArtMuseum.Forexample,nofoodordrinkisallowedinside.A.jobsB.recordsC.rulesD.paintings37.ItisanEnglish_______tohaveafternoontea.A.menuB.drinkC.festivalD.tradition课后练习1.---IwanttoseethemovieIronMan3.Doyouknowthe_______oftheticket?---Yes.Fivedollars.A.numberB.priceC.kindD.name2.Thankyouforyour_______.IknowalotaboutOxfamTrailwalkernow.A.attentionB.operationC.inventionD.information3.---Excuseme,wheredidyougetthebook?---Iborroweditfromthe_______.A.cinemaB.libraryC.parkD.station4.Thefoodsafetyisaserious_______inourcountry.Weshouldtrytosolveit.A.subjectB.programC.problemD.opinion5.TheChinese_MoYanwonthe2012NobelPrizeinliterature,whichcheersusup.A.artistB.scientistC.writerD.singer6.---Wouldyoupleasepassmethe_______?Ineedtolookupawordinit.---OK,hereyouare.AbagB.boxC.paperD.dictionary7.---It'sawise_______towearthewhitetie.Itmatchesyourshirtwell.---Thankyouverymuch.A.choiceB.supportC.mixtureD.honour8.MostAustralianslovegoingtothe_______toswimandsurf.A.beachB.forestC.grasslandD.desert9.Moreandmorepeoplewouldliketogoonvacationabroad.Theyshouldremembertobe___withgoodmanners.A.visitorsB.playersC.volunteersD.learners10.---Wouldyoulikesome_______?---No,thanks.I'mnothungryatall.A.waterB.soupC.orangeD.bread11.---Doyouhaveany_______?---Yes,Ilikechessanddramabest.A.jobsB.dutiesC.hobbiesD.problems12.LiMinghasagoodhabitofreadingEnglish_______everyday.A.knowledgeB.informationC.adviceD.news13.---Thesweaterisnottheright______forme.---Well,shallIgetyouabiggeroneorasmallerone?A.priceB.colorC.sizeD.material14.Mr.White,theprincipal,hasmadeagreat_______tothegrowthoftheschool.A.contributionB.progressC.inventionD.protection15.Thisis_______bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.JennyandMaria'sB.Jenny'sandMariaC.Jenny'sandMaria's16.Hangzhouis_______tohundredsofforeignfriendswhoareworkingandstudyinghere.A.homeB.houseC.familyD.room17.---Couldyougivemesome_____onhowtolearnEnglish_____?---Sure.Practicemakesperfect.A.advice;goodB.suggestions;goodC.advice;wellD.suggestion;well18.---Shallwego_______onSunday?Ilovewatersports.---That'sagoodidea.A.hikingB.swimmingC.cyclingD.skating19.A/An____canusehisdrawingstotellaboutbeautifulmountains,theblueseaandmanyotherthings.A.actorB.scientistC.artistD.doctor20.---Hello!IsthatJennyspeaking?---Sorry,I'mafraidyou'vegotthewrong_______.A.numberB.nameC.addressD.message21.---Doyouknowa____hasjustopenedinourneighborhood?----Sure,I'veenjoyeddeliciousfoodthere.A.libraryB.restaurantC.bookshopD.park22.---Iwillbuyyouanewbikeifyoulearnhowtoridethissummer.---Isthata_______?I'msureI'llgetthebike.A.chanceB.promiseC.trickD.treat23.---Doyouthinkthe_______ofthisskirtsuitsme?---Ofcourse!Youalwayslookbeautifulinred.A.sizeB.designC.priceD.color24.---Lookatmystamps.---Theyarebeautiful!You'vegotawonderful_______.A.instructionB.descriptionC.collectionD.expression25.Isawsome_______and_______dancinginthestreetthedaybeforeyesterday.A.Germen;EnglishmenB.Germans;EnglishmansC.Germans;EnglishmenD.Germen;Englishmans26._______fatherscan'tgototheclassmeetingbecausetheyhavegonetobusiness.A.JackandMike'sB.Jack'sandMike'sC.JackandMikeD.Jack'sandMike27.---Howfarisyourhomefromschool?---It'sabouttwo_______walkA.hoursB.hours'C.hour'sD.hour28.---Ihavegreat_______infinishingtheworkbymyself.Couldyouhelpme?---NoproblemA.funB.successC.adviceD.difficulty29.Thereisa_______nearourschool.Weoftenbuybooksthere.A.bankB.restaurantC.bookstore30.Beinghonestisthefirst_______ifyouwanttomakefriendswithothers.A.stepB.timeC.jobD.hand31.---Someonecalledyoujustnow.---Iknow.ButIwasbusyatthatmoment.WhenIcalledback,therewasno_______.A.voiceB.soundC.answerD.result.32.Canyouimaginewhatlifewillbelikein_______time?A.20years'B.20year'sC.20-years'D.20-years33.I'mhappytoseegreat_______havetakenplaceinmyhometown.Manynewroadshavebeenbuilt.A.experiencesB.advantageC.dreamD.changes34.You'dbetterreadthe_______firstbeforeyouusethecamera.AwebsitesB.expressionsC.instructionsD.advertisements35.Thiskindofsuitwillbesoldfor$600,whichisfarmorethanitsreal_______.A.valueB.costC.money