英语语言学概论第二章phonology(分析“语音”文档)共14张课件

2.3FromPhoneticstoPhonologyPreviewquestions:Definethefollowingterms:coarticulatiuion,broadtranscription,narrowtranscription,phone,phoneme,allophone,minimalpairs,phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution2.3.1Coarticulation(协同发音)Map

[mæp]Anasal+avowelSoftpalate:fromtheloweredpositiontotheraisedpositionProceedinginfluencedfollowing(perseverative)Lamb

[læm]PKAvowel+anasalSoftpalate:fromtheraisedpositiontotheloweredpositionFollowinginfluencedproceeding(anticipatory)Coarticulation:

akindofphoneticprocesswhensimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Diacritics(发音符号/辨音符):thesetofsymbolsinIPA,whichareaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutfinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.PeakBroadandnarrowtranscriptions[pʰi:k]Narrow[pi:k]Broad1.Broadtranscription(宽式音标):

Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolsonly.[_]2.Narrowtranscription(严式音标):

Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.[_]2.3.2MinimalpairsMinimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestring,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Pill/bill;

pill/till;

till/kill;

kill/dill/;

dill/gillbig/peg;peak/leap[bit][but][pit][bit]VS.MinimalpairsFourrequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:1)havingthesamenumberofspeechsounds;2)differentinmeaning;3)onlyonephonemedifferent;4)thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.a.彼此的语音数量相等(dipdisk)b.彼此的意义不同(taptaph)c.彼此仅存在一个语音的差异(bitbad)d.语音差异出现在同一位置上(fattap)PhonesPhone(音素):aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Somedistinguishmeaning,somedon’t.i)phoneticunitii)notdistinctiveofmeaningiii)physicalasheardorproducediv)markedwith[][pit][tip][spit]Phones,phonemes,allophonesTworequirementsforphonestofallintothesamephoneme:Phoneme:anabstractphonologicalunitofdistinctivevaluethatisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphone.3FromPhoneticstoPhonology[pit][bit]ii)notdistinctiveofmeaningNarrowtranscription(严式音标):Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.iii)physicalasheardorproducedCoarticulation:akindofphoneticprocesswhensimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.AssimilationrulesinphonologyCoarticulation:akindofphoneticprocesswhensimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution[bit][but]PhonemesPhoneme:anabstractphonologicalunitofdistinctivevaluethatisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphone./p/[pi:k],[spi:k]i)phonologicalunitii)distinctiveofmeaningiii)abstract,notphysicaliv)markedwith//Ifthesoundsegmentisphonemic,whichdistinguishesmeaning,itismarkedwith//,ifitisphonemic,whichdoesnotdistinguishesmeaning,itismarkedwith[].2.3.3AllophonesAllophones:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Allophone:phoneticvariants/realizationsofaphonemeAphonemeisrealizedasallophone1+allophone2+…E.g.:/p/=[ph]+[p](unreleased)Peak[pʰi:k]Speak[spi:k]/p/Phoneticsimilarity:

theallophonesofthesamephonememustbearsomephoneticresemblance.Complementarydistribution:

theallophonesofthesamephonemedonotdistinguishmeaning,andneveroccurinthesamecontext.AllophonesTworequirementsforphonestofallintothesamephoneme:1)allophonesofthesamephonemeshouldbeincomplementarydistribution.2)theymustbearphoneticsimilarity.Phones,phonemes,allophonesHowaphonemeisrepresentedbyaphone,orwhichallophoneistobeused,isdeterminedbythephoneticcontextinwhichitoccurs.Butthechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandom.Phones

PhonemesAllophones

2.4Somephonologicalrulesinphonology

2Minimalpairsiii)physicalasheardorproducedSomedistinguishmeaning,somedon’t.Assimilationrulesinphonology/p/[pi:k],[spi:k]Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionPhoneme:anabstractphonologicalunitofdistinctivevaluethatisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphone.Tworequirementsforphonestofallintothesamephoneme:[bit][but][-dental][dental]/____[dental]Narrowtranscription(严式音标):Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.AllophonesAssimilation(同化):aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Broadtranscription(宽式音标):Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolsonly.Phone(音素):aphoneticunitorsegment.Assimilationrulesinphonology

Assimilation(同化):aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,wecallitregressiveassimilation