高中英语译林版选修一：Unit 1 Period 3　Grammar and usage-To-infinitives as subjects and predicatives

Period3Grammarandusage—To-infinitivesassubjectsandpredicatives认真阅读下列句子，感悟加黑部分在句中所作的成分并完成方框下面的小题。1．Notthatlongago，myfirstthoughtatmealtimeswastoeatatarestaurant.2．Toeatoutwasalsoasocialactivity，allowingmetoenhancetherelationshipwithmyfriends.3．Thereareavarietyofrecipesintheapptochoosefrom.4．WhenIpickedapopularrecipeandgaveitatry，Idiscoveredthatitwasnotthatdifficulttomakeasimpleandtastydish.5．Myplanistoinvitemyfriendsoverattheweekendtoshowthemmynew-foundskills.1．以上句子中的加黑部分都是动词不定式，作主语的是句2和句4；作表语的是句1。2．句3中的加黑部分在句子中作的是定语；句5中的加黑部分作的是状语。一、不定式作主语不定式作主语通常表示个别的、具体的、一次性的或者具有将来含义的动作，并且句子的谓语动词采用第三人称单数形式。常见的不定式作主语的情况主要有四类：1．不定式直接作主语。TofinishtheworkbeforeFridayisnotsoeasy.在周五之前完成这项工作没有那么容易。Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时的时间。注意：动名词也可以作主语，但表示动作经常反复发生，而不是只针对某一次。Smokinginpublicplacesisnotgood.在公共场所吸烟不好。2．形式主语it放在句首，真正的主语——动词不定式放在后面。Itwouldbebetterforyoutocyclearoundthelake.你最好绕着湖骑自行车。It’snoteasytoworkouttheproblem.计算出这道题不容易。Itisinterestingtoplaywithsnowinwinter.冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。注意：it作形式主语时，有三种情况：①常用形容词作它的表语。真正的主语(动词不定式)通常有逻辑主语，一般用for短语来引出，即forsbtodosth。但当表语形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，要用of。此时的表语形容词往往有：clever，foolish，kind，nice，polite，silly，stupid，wise等。如：It’seasyforhimtoworkoutthismathproblem.对他来说解出这道数学题很容易。Itwascarelessofhimtodrinkthevinegarinthatbottlebymistake.＝Hewascarelesstodrinkthevinegarinthatbottlebymistake.他真粗心，误把那瓶醋喝了。②有时也接名词作表语。如：Itmustbegreatfuntoflytothemooninaspaceship.乘宇宙飞船飞往月球一定很有趣。③还常用于“Ittakes(took/willtake)sbsometime/moneytodosth”句型中。如：Ittookmemorethananhourtodomyhomeworkyesterdayevening.昨天晚上我用了一个多小时的时间做作业。3．“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作主语。常见的特殊疑问词有：what，who，which，when，where，why，how等。采用“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作主语，句子的谓语同样采用第三人称单数形式。Howtorelievethepainisaquestion.如何缓解疼痛是一个问题。Wheretoholdthemeetinghasn’tbeendecided.还没有定下来在哪儿举行会议。4．动词不定式的被动形式作主语。Tobeadmittedbyakeyuniversityisdifficultforhim.对他来说，被一所重点大学录取是困难的。二、不定式作表语1．不定式作表语说明主语的具体内容，具有“即将进行的一次性动作或将来的状态”的特征。作主语的词往往是表示“目的、愿望、梦想、需求”等的名词(短语、从句)。Toliveistodosomethingworthwhile.活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。Hiswishistobecomeanastronaut.他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.我的主要目的是指出这件事的困难。2．动词不定式的被动形式作表语。Whathehopedwastobeadmittedintotheuniversity.他希望能被那所大学录取。注意：①有些作表语的动词不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。②如果主语中含有实义动词do的形式，表语中的to可以省略。Sheistoblamefortheaccidenthappeninglastnight.(主动表被动)她应该为昨天晚上发生的事故负责。Whatwecandonowis(to)waitherepatiently.我们现在能做的就是在这儿耐心等待。3．“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作表语。常见的特殊疑问词有：what，who，which，when，where，why，how等。“特殊疑问词＋不定式”通常与be动词构成系表结构，作be动词的表语。Thequestionishowtofinishthework.问题是如何完成这项工作。用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空Thesedays，theattitudeofmanypeopleis1.toeat(eat)foodthattheythinktastesgood.However，thiscanleadto2.having(have)anunbalanceddiet，whichoftenresultsinshort-termorlong-termhealthissues.Ifyouraimis3.tostay(stay)healthy，thenyouneedabalanceddiet.Needlesstosay，itisnotalwayseasy4.toplan(plan)suchadiet，butthegoodthingisthathereisalotofadvice.5．Tosave(save)yourselfsometime，youcouldtry6.looking(look)ata“foodpyramid”—achartwhosefunctionis7.toshow(show)youhow8.toeat(eat)healthily.Youcouldalsomakehealthyfoodathomeandtry9.toavoid(avoid)eatingtake-outorfastfood.Itisimportantforyou10.toeat(eat)healthyfood.Youwillfeelbetter，havemoreenergy，andhavefewerhealthproblemsinlaterlife.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Wewillknowhowimportantitistohaveahealthybody.2．Itisnotasimplemattertodetermine(determine)thenatureoftalent.3．Thepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier，nottomake(make)itmoredifficult.4．Anotherwayofsettingrealisticgoalsistoanalyse(analyse)yourshortandlongobjectives.5．Whethertravellingabroadwilldoharmtotheseniororgoodremainstobeseen(see)．6．Myexplanationseemedtohavemade(make)thingsworse，whichdrovememadderthanbefore.7．It’sagreathonorformetobeasked(ask)todeliveraspeechtoeverybodyhere.8．Mostpeoplebelievethatthebestwaytobuildagreatteamistogather(gather)agroupofthemosttalentedindividuals.9．Onourwaytothehouse，itwasrainingsohardthatwecouldn’thelpwondering(wonder)howlongitwouldtaketoget(get)there.10．Keepinmindallwehavetodois(to)push(push)thebutton.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Itisstupidofhertomakethesamemistakeagainandagain.她真蠢，一次又一次地犯同样的错误。2．I’vehadmanydreamssinceIwasachild.Nowmydreamistoopenacafé.从儿时起我就有很多梦想，现在我的梦想是开一家小餐馆。3．Whenandwheretoholdthemeetingisstillunderdiscussion.何时何地举行会议仍在讨论中。4．Itisimportantforhertobuildupthelittleboy’sconfidence.对她来说树立起这个小男孩的自信是非常重要的。5．Intheevening，theonlythinghecoulddowas(to)readabookquietly.晚上他唯一能做的事就是安静地读书。Ⅲ.阅读理解(2023·江苏苏州高二上期中)Breadfruitisatraditionalstaple(主食)cropfromthePacificislandswiththepotentialtoimproveworldwidefoodsecurity.Whilepeoplehavesurvivedonitforthousandsofyears，therewasalackofbasicscientificknowledgeofthehealthimpactsofabreadfruit-baseddietinbothhumansandanimals.Nowthefruitisgettingthenutritionalthumbs-upfromateamofBritishColumbiaresearchers.Breadfruitcanbeharvested，driedandmadeintoaflour.Fortheproject，researchershadfourbreadfruitsfromthesametreeinHawaii，shippedtotheMurchLabatUBCOkanagan.YingLiuledthestudyexaminingthedigestionandhealthimpactofabreadfruit-baseddiet.“Wewantedtocontributetothedevelopmentofbreadfruitasasustainable，environmentally-friendlyandhigh-productioncrop，”Liusays.Theresearchersdesignedaseriesofstudiesthatcouldprovidedataontheimpactsofabreadfruit-baseddietfedtomiceandalsoanenzyme(酶)digestionmodel.Theresearchersdeterminedthatbreadfruitproteinwasfoundtobeeasiertodigestthanwheatproteinintheenzymedigestionmodel.Andmicefedthebreadfruitdiethadasignificantlyhighergrowthrateandbodyweightthanstandarddiet-fedmice.Liualsonotedmiceonthebreadfruitdiethadasignificantlyhigherdailywaterconsumptioncomparedtomiceonthewheatdiet.Fundamentalunderstandingofthehealthimpactofbreadfruitdigestionanddietsisnecessaryandessentialtotheestablishmentofbreadfruitasastapleinthefuture.“Overall，thesestudiessupporttheuseofbreadfruitaspartofahealthy，nutritionallybalanceddiet，”saysLiu.Theuseofbreadfruitcouldmakeinroadsinfoodsustainabilityformanypopulationsglobally.Liusuggestsifapersonatethesameamountofcookedbreadfruittheycanmeetuptonearly57percentoftheirdailyfibrerequirement，morethan34percentoftheirproteinrequirementandatthesametimeconsumevitaminC，iron，calciumandotherelements.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。虽然人们靠面包果生存了数千年，但之前一直没有科学研究来证明其营养价值。本文介绍了一项关于面包果的研究，研究结果支持将面包果作为健康、营养均衡饮食的一部分。这一发现可以帮助缓解食物紧张的问题。1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“thumbs-up”meaninthefirstparagraph?A．Requirement. B．Benefit.C．Reflection. D．Acceptance.答案D解析词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Whilepeoplehavesurvivedonit...dietinbothhumansandanimals.”可知，在过去，人们缺乏关于面包果对健康的影响的科学知识。而画线词所在句则说的是现在的情况，与过去进行对比。由此推知，现在面包果的营养价值得到了研究人员的认可，画线词thumbs-up意为“赞同，接受”。故选D。2．WhatisthepurposeofLiu’sstudyonbreadfruit?A．TohelpthosePacificislanders.B．Toprovethevalueofthefood.C．Topromotethefoodworldwide.D．Todevelopanewtypeofdiet.答案B解析推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句以及第三段第一句可推知，Liu研究面包果的目的是证明这种食物的价值。故选B。3．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Theresearchmethod.B．Theresearchfocuses.C．Theresearchprocess.D．Theresearchfindings.答案D解析段落大意题。根据第四段内容可知，这一段主要介绍了研究的发现，即面包果蛋白质比小麦蛋白质更容易消化，而且被喂食面包果的老鼠比普通喂养的老鼠发育更快，日消耗水量更多。故选D。4．Whatcanbeinferredaboutbreadfruitfromthelastparagraph?A．Itwilltaketheplaceofwheat.B．Itissuperiortootherfoods.C．Itcanhelpeasefoodshortage.D．Itneedsfurtherimprovement.答案C解析推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句以及第三句可知，面包果在未来可能会被作为主食，对全球的食物维持能力有帮助。由此可知，C选项“它可以帮助缓解食物紧张”符合题意。故选C。Ⅳ.完形填空LittleIsabellaHibbertwasjustfourwhenshefoundhermumChelsea1onthekitchenfloorattheirhomeinOldham，GreaterManchester，in2018.Thequick-thinkingyoungstergrabbedChelsea’sphoneand2999andgavethecallhandlerher3beforeclimbingonastooltoletthedoctorsandnursesin.Chelsea,30，said，“IgotupinthemiddleofthenightandthenextthingIrememberisthedoctorsandnursesbeinghere.Isabellaunlockedmy4andphonedtheambulance.She5onalittlechair，gotthehousekeyandletthem6.Then，shephonedmymum，whowasacrosstheroad.I7andshewassittingthere8atme.Thatwasthebitthatbrokeme，thinkingshewasthereonherown.Eventothisday，itis9shedidthatwhenshewassosmall.Shegotaspecial10fromRainbows，whichwasreallylovely.I’mso11ofher.”Threeyearson，doctorsaren’tsurewhatcausedChelsea’smystery12andarestillrunningtestsbutsuspectitwasablooddisorder.ButtheyheapedpraiseonIsabella，nowseven，for13helpsoquickly，meaningChelseagot14hospitaltreatment.EmergencycallhandlerClareCattermolesaid：“Shebehavedreallywell.Shewas15andisarealcredittohermum.”语篇解读这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了四岁的IsabellaHibbert发现母亲Chelsea晕倒在家中的厨房地板上，她及时拨打了求助电话，并把自己的家庭地址告诉了电话接线员，她的这一行为及时挽救了母亲，获得了他人的赞扬。1．A.fainted B．satC．slept D．stood答案A解析faint晕厥；sit坐下；sleep睡觉；stand站立。根据第三段的“IgotupinthemiddleofthenightandthenextthingIrememberisthedoctorsandnursesbeinghere.”可知，Chelsea记得自己半夜起来，但醒来后就发现医生和护士在自己家里，由此可知她“晕倒”在厨房地板上。故选A。2．A.dialed B．foundC．got D．searched答案A解析dial拨号；find找到；get得到；search搜索。根据后文999可知，她四岁的女儿发现她晕倒后，拿起她的手机“拨打”了999，故选A。3．A.home B．addressC．story D．name答案B解析后来医生和护士来到了她的家里，故此处指她女儿告诉接电话的人她家的“地址”，故选B。4．A.door B．roomC．bag D．phone答案D解析根据后文“phonedtheambulance”可知，Isabella先解锁她妈妈的“手机”，才能打电话叫救护车。故选D。5．A.stepped B．walkedC．climbed D．hurried答案C解析step行走；walk散步；climb攀爬；hurry匆忙。根据第二段中的“beforeclimbingonastooltoletthedoctorsandnursesin”可知，这里指爬上椅子，应用climb。故选C。6．A.out B．inC．up D．down答案B解析根据上文“letthedoctorsandnursesin”可知，这里指让救护人员进屋子，应用letsbin。故选B。7．A.cametolife B．cameoutC．cameup D．camedown答案A解析cometolife苏醒；comeout出版；comeup走近；comedown下来。根据文意，此处应该指Chelsea“苏醒过来”以后。故选A。8．A.watching B．glaringC．staring D．peeping答案C解析watch观看；glare怒视；stare凝视；peep窥视。Chelsea苏醒过来以后发现她女儿正“盯着”她看，stareat“凝视”符合语境。故选C。9．A.unacceptable B．unavoidableC．unbelievable D．unreliable答案C解析unacceptable不可接受的；unavoidable不可避免的；unbelievable难以置信的；unreliable不可靠的。她女儿只有四岁，却能拨打急救电话并告诉急救人员她家的地址，在如此小的年龄却能做到这一切是令人“难以置信的”，故选C。10．A.praise B．medalC．gift D．reward答案B解析praise赞扬；medal奖章；gift礼物；reward奖励。她女儿Isabella因为做了这么一件令人难以置信的事情，而受到了“彩虹”组织颁发的一枚“奖章”，故选B。11．A.anxious B．amazedC．proud D．excited答案C解析anxious焦虑的；amazed惊讶的；proud骄傲的；excited激动的。结合后文“ofher”可知，Chelsea为她女儿所做的事感到“骄傲”，短语beproudofsb“为某人感到骄傲”，故选C。12．A.cancer B．symptomC．heartattack D．illness答案D解析cancer癌症；symptom症状；heartattack心脏病；illness疾病。结合后文“andarestillrunningtestsbutsuspectitwasablooddisorder”可知，医生们还不能确定是什么引起了Chelsea神秘的“疾病”，故选D。13．A.seeking B．givingC．receiving D．asking答案A解析根据后文“helpsoquickly”可知，Isabella因为快速的“寻求帮助”而获得了人们的称赞，故选A。14．A.careful B．professionalC．medial D．swift答案D解析careful仔细的；professional专业的；medial中间的；swift快速的。根据后文“hospitaltreatment”可知，因为Isabella快速寻求了帮助，所以Chelsea很快就得到了治疗。故选D。15．A.diligent B．modestC．amazing D．warmhearted答案C解析diligent勤奋的；modest谦虚的；amazing令人惊奇的；warmhearted亲切的。根据上文“Shebehavedreallywell.”可知，此处在称赞Isabella，她所做的这一切让人觉得不可思议，故选C。Ⅴ.语法填空(2023·浙江北斗联盟高二上期中)AlthoughLaughterYogadefinitelyincludessomeyoga，don’texpectittohavemuchincommonwiththeyogaclasses1.(offer)atyourlocalstudioorgym.Itpromotestheuseoflaughterasaformofphysicalexercise，attaching2.(much)importancetotheformerthantothelatter.LaughterYoga3.(create)inthemid-1990sasasocialexperiment.In1995，DrMadanKatariacalledonagroupofstudentsinapark4.(test)whetheraddingregularlaughtertopeople’sliveswouldimprove5.(they)well-be