2022届高考英语二轮复习分类阅读写作训练之人与自然人与环境含答案与解析

2022届高考英语二轮复习分类阅读写作训练之人与自然人与环境一、七选五（2021·福建莆田市·高二期末）InJapan,takingawalkinthewoodsor“forestbathing”istakenveryseriously.1．Thesecretisthatitdoesfarmorethanjustgivingyousomeexerciseandabitoffreshair.Therearesomeotherfantasticbenefits.2．Notsurprisingly,awalkinthewoodshasproventobemoreofanattractiveactivitytopeoplewhoareoverweightthananhourinagym.Doctorsarenowsuggestingthatwalkinginthewoodsisafarhealthierwayforfatpeopletoexercisethanwalkingindoors.Itcanalsogreatlyreduceyourbloodpressure.InJapan,researchershadonegroupofsubjectstakeawalkinawoodedareaandanothergroupinabuiltuparea.3．Theyfoundthesubjectsthathadtakenawalkinthewoodshadsignificantlylowerbloodpressurethanthosewhohadwalkedinanurbanarea.Justbeingneartreescanreducedepression.4．InonestudycarriedoutinLondon,itwasfoundthatpeoplewholivedneartotreeshadmuchbettermentalhealth.Researchersdiscoveredthat,themoretreesthatcouldbefoundinanylocation,thefewerthenumberofpeoplewhowerebeingprescribedantidepressants(抗抑郁药).Walkinginthewoodshasalreadybeenshowntoimprovebrainpower.Thatiswhythereiscurrentlyatrendtositekindergartensinwoodedareas.Researchershavefoundthat,childrenwhoplayinwoodedareasdevelopbettercognitive(认知的)skillsandarebetterequippedtobeabletoassessrisksanddangers.5．A．Ithelpsyourecoverfromillness.B．Itcanhelpoverweightpeopleloseweight.C．Thathasbeenproveninstudiesconductedinbigcities.D．WhathavetheJapanesediscoveredaboutwalkinginaforest?E.Thentheycomparedtheirbloodpressurewhentheyreturned.F.Whydoestheairinaforestcontainallkindsofbeneficialthings?G.Italso,ofcourse,giveschildrenabetterappreciationofthenaturalworld.二、阅读理解A（2021·江苏南京·高一期中）Sheepfarmerscanprofitbyplantingtreesandsellingcarboncredits,accordingtoanewstudy.ThereportbytheUniversityofSheffield,publishedinthejournalEnvironmentalResearch,suggeststhatfarmerswithmorethan60acresoflandcouldturnaprofitiftheirlandwerereturnedtoforestandtheyreceived£3pertonofCO2captured.Thefarmerscouldthensellthecarbon‘credits’tocompanieslookingtooffset(抵消)theiremissions(排放物),suchasairlines.ThestudywasreleasedastheUKfarmingsectorpreparestomoveawayfromtheBasicPaymentSystemtothenewEnvironmentalLandManagementScheme(ELMS),whichfocusesonproducing‘publicgoods’,suchasrecoveringecosystems,flooddefensesandcarbonstorage.Carboncreditsarecurrentlybeingsoldfor£15perton,apricethatcouldmakeanyforestsizeprofitable,accordingtothestudy.TheresearchalsosuggeststhatiftheUKincreaseditstreecoverfrom8%to12%,theamountofcarbonemissionscapturedbyforestswouldincreaseby10%.“SheepfarmingintheUKisnotprofitablewithoutsubsidies(补贴),butforestsdullsellcarboncreditscanbeeconomicallyworkable—soitmakessensefortheGovernmenttohelpfarmerstransition(过渡),”believesColinOsborne,theleadauthorofthestudy,“Intheend,thesecomedowntopoliticalquestionsofhowwewantourcountrysidetobeused,howwevaluelivestockproductionovertheglobalcostsofclimatebreakdownandhowtheGovernmentsupportsfarmersandruralcommunities.”However,criticssaythatthestudyisfartoosimplistic,withtheNationalSheepAssociation(NSA)sayinglandmanagementshouldn’tonlyfocusoncarbonemissions,buthastobemulti-functional.SpeakingtoFarmersGuardian,NSACEOPhilStockersaysit’s“reallyeasyforscientiststojustifytheplantingofforeststhroughacarboncalculation(计算),becauseitiseasytomeasurehowmuchcarbonisinatreeandthenapplyanoffsetvalue”.Mr.Stockernotesthatgrasslandcaneffectivelycapturecarbonandadds,“Iappreciatetreesasmuchasanyone,buttointroducepoliciestodestroygrasslandsbycreatingforestsisshort-sightedatbest.”6．Whatisthenewstudyabout?A．Forestsgivingwaytosheepfarming.B．UKsheepfarmerspreferringtoplanttrees.C．Sheepfarmerscontributinggreatlytoenvironmentalprotection.D．UKsheepfarmersgettingpaidforreplacingtheirgrasslandwithforest.7．WhatistheaimofthenewELMS?A．Tohelpsheepfarmersgetricherandricher.B．Tosupportthosesufferingfromnaturaldisasters.C．Tousethelandinanenvironmentally-friendlyway.D．Toencouragepeopletoplantmoretreesontheirland.8．WhatdoColinOsborne’swordsfocuson?A．TheroleoftheGovernment. B．Thefutureofsheepfarming.C．Thecostsofclimatebreakdown. D．Theproblemsofruralcommunities.9．WhichofthefollowingwouldPhilStockeragreewith?A．Itismeaningfultomeasurecarbonemissions.B．Itisunwisetoreplacegrasslandwithwoodland.C．Subsidizingfarmershelpsimprovesoilquality.D．Grasslandplaysamorevitalrolethanwoodland.B（2021·福建省连城县第一中学）"Youareveryawarethatifsomethinggoeswrong,itgoesverywrongveryquickly,"saysJoanneJohnson,speakingnearThwaitesGlacier(冰川)inoneoftheremotestpartsofAntarctica.Atthetime,sheandthreecolleagueswerealone,morethan1600kilometresfromthenearestresearchstation.Strongwindshadpoundedthemandithadsnowedheavily.Onthebrightside,fortunately,itwasmild,at-5℃.Untilnow,fewerthan50peoplehavebeentothispartofWestAntarctica,lessthanhavebeentospace.Bytheendofthismonth,100willhavevisited.Thereasonissimple:Thwaitesnowisapotentialtimebomb.ThisvastglacierisaboutthesizeofGreatBritain.Whileithasbeenlesseningsincetheearly1990s,iceitlosthasalmostdoubledoverthepast20years.Itisfalling35billiontonnesayear.Onitsown,itscollapsewouldraiseseasbyaround65centimetres.Thatisworryingenoughinthecontextofthe19-cmriseinthewholeofthe20thcentury.ButthebiggerworryisthatthisglacierbuttressestheentireWestAntarcticicesheet.Thefearisthatitwillcauseawidercollapseoftheicesheet—enoughtoraiseseasbyadisastrous3.3metreswithinafewhundredyearsifThwaitesgoes.Scientistsforthefirsttimedrilledintotheice;placinginstrumentsintotheiceistheonlywaytomakeaccurateforecastsofhowsealevelwillriseinthefuture.Thisyear'sworkhasalreadyconfirmedtheirfearsthough—warmoceanwaterthatcirclesAntarcticaisflowingtothecoastandbecausetheseabedtipsdownwards,astheicemelts(融化)itwillexposeincreasinglymoreicetothatwater,meaningtheglaciercoulddisappearincreasinglyrapidly.JoanneJohnsonsaid,"WhathappensintheAntarcticdoesn'tstayintheAntarctic.Humanitycannotaffordtowait."10．WhywillmorepeoplevisitThwaites?A．TomeasureThwaites'size. B．TolocateThwaitesGlacier.C．ToexploreWestAntarctica. D．TolearnaboutThwaites'melting.11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"buttresses"inparagraph3mean?A．Supports. B．Covers.C．Damages. D．Balances.12．What'sthepurposeofscientists'drillingintotheice?A．Tofindoutthepositionoficemelting.B．Topredicttheexactchangeofsealevel.C．Tocalculatethespeedofwatercircling.D．Topreventtheseabedfrommoving.13．WhatdoesJoanneJohnsonmeaninthelastparagraph?A．Antarcticisdestroyedbyoutsiders.B．Antarcticisthefocusoftheproblem.C．Thwaites'troublewillbecomeworldwide.D．HumansshouldbeblamedforThwaites'crisis.C（2021·上海市实验学校高二期末）Therehas,inrecentyears,beenanoutpouringofinformationabouttheimpactofbuildingsonthenaturalenvironment.Informationwhichexplainsandpromotesgreenandsustainableconstructiondesignstrivestoconvinceothersofitseffectivenessandwarnsofthedangersofignoringtheissue.Seldomdothesedocumentsofferanyadvicetopractitioners,suchas(hosedesigningmechanicalandelectricalsystemsforabuilding,onhowtoutilizethisknowledgeonapracticallevel.Whilethetermsgreenandsustainablearcoftenconsideredsynonymous,inthattheybothsymbolizenature,greendoesnotincludeallthatismeantbysustainability.Someelementsofgreendesignmaybesustainabletoo,forexamplethosewhichreduceenergyusageandpollution,whileothers,suchasensuringinternalairquality,maybeconsideredgreendespitehavingnoinfluenceontheecologicalbalance.Althoughthereareagoodmanyadvocatesof'green'constructioninthearchitecturalindustry,thisisnotenoughtomakegreenconstructioncomeintobeing.Thedrivingforcebehindwhetherabuildingisconstructedwithminimalenvironmentalimpactlieswiththeownerofthebuilding;thatis,thepersonfinancingtheproject.Iftheownerconsidersgreendesignunimportant,orofsecondaryimportance,thenmorethanlikely,itwillnotbefactoredintothedesign.The81nmissioning(委托)processplaysakeyroleinensuringtheownergetsthebuildinghewants,intermsofdesign,costsandrisk.Atthepredesignstage,theowner'sobjectives,criteriaandthetypeofdesignimaginedarediscussedanddocumented.Thisgivesadesignteamasolidfoundationonwhichtheycanbuildtheirideas,andalsoprovidesaspecificstandardagainstwhichindividualelements,suchascosts,designandenvironmentalimpactcanbejudged.Insomecases,anownermaybeawareofthelatesttrendsinsustainablebuildingdesign.Hemayhavedoneresearchintoithimselforhemayhavebeeninformedofthemeritsofgreendesignthroughearlydiscussionwithprofessionals.However,firmsshouldnottakeitasreadthatsomeonecommissioningabuildingalreadyhasapreconceivedideaofhowgreenheintendsthestructuretobe.Indeed,thisinitialinteractionbetweenownerandfirmistheidealtimeforadesignertooutlineandpromotethewaysthatgreendesigncanmeettheclient'sobjectives,thusturningaprojectoriginallynotdestinedforgreendesignintoapotentialcandidate.14．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Explainingtoownerswhyignoringgreenissuesiscostlyanddangerous.B．Explainingtoprofessionalshowtheycaninfluenceclientstochoosegreenerdesigns.C．Explainingtoownerstheimportanceofgreenbuildingdesigninreducinglong-termdamage.D．Explainingtoprofessionalswhyitisimportanttofollowthecorrectprocedures.15．Theexamplesofgreenandsustainabledesignsgiveninparagraph2showthat________.A．designsmustbesustainableinorderforthemtobedescribedasgreen.B．forthepurposesofthispaper,thetermsgreenandsustainablehavethesamemeaning.C．somesustainabledesignsarcgreen,whileothersarenot.D．somedesignsaretermedgreen,eventhoughtheyarenotsustainable.16．Accordingtoparagraph3,thereasonforthelackofgreenbuildingsbeingdesignedisthat________.A．fewfirmshaveanyexperienceindesignandconstructingbuildingstoagreendesign.B．constructioncompaniesareunawareofthebenefitsofgreenandsustainabledesigns.C．firmsdonotgettodecidewhetherabuildingistobeconstructedsustainably.D．firmstendtoconvinceclientsthatotherfactorsaremoreimportantthansustainability.17．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthecommissioningprocess?A．Itisconductedbeforethebuildingisdesigned.B．Itisastagethatallclientsgothroughwhenconstructingabuilding.C．Itisastepinthedesignprocedureinwhichtheclientsgoalsarcidentified.D．Itprovidesthefirmwithameasureofhowwelltheydidtheirjob.三、用单词的适当形式完成短文（2021·福建宁德·）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。Plastichaspollutedthecountrysideandbeen18．threattowildlifefordecades.Inthelastcenturyorso,environmentalistshaveurgedus19．(cut)theamountofplasticweuseorrecycletheplasticbags.However,withonlylessthan14percentofthetotalamountrecycled,peoplearestillstrugglingwithplasticpollutionglobally.Theremaybeasolution.Recentlyscientistshavemadeabiodegradable(可降解的)plastic,20．meansthebillionsofplasticbags,cups,straws,etc.thatwethrowawayeachdaycouldberecycled.21．(compare)withordinaryplastics,theycouldbreakdownas22．(natural)asorganicwaste.Theycoulddoitwithinafewweeks,23．(use)justheatandwater.Thenew,biodegradableplastichaspolyester-eatingenzymes(酶)insideit.Whentheseenzymesareexposed24．heatandwater,theyeatawayattheplasticandturnitinto“food”forthesoil.ProfessorTingXusaidupto98percentoftheplasticherteammadereducedintotinypieces.Shesaid:“Thestudygivesusa25．(believe)thatthiscontinuingproblemofsingle-useplasticscan26．(solve)inthenearfuture.”Sheadded:“Lookatallthewastedstuffwethrowaway—clothing,shoes,electronics....Wearetakingthingsfromtheearthata27．(fast)ratethanwecanreturnthem.”四、提纲类作文28．（2021·江西九江·高二期末）2021年世界地球日主题为“修复我们的地球”。请以“RestoreOurEarth”为题写一篇演讲稿。内容要点：(1)说明“修复我们的地球”的重要性；(2)对“修复我们的地球”提出行动建议。注意：(1)词数100左右；(2)可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。RestoreOurEarth______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________参考答案一、七选五DBECG【大意】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在树林里散步或进行“森林浴”的诸多益处。1．根据上文“InJapan,takingawalkinthewoodsor“forestbathing”istakenveryseriously.(在日本，在树林里散步或“森林浴”是非常严肃的事情)”和下文“Thesecretisthatitdoesfarmorethanjustgivingyousomeexerciseandabitoffreshair.(秘密是，它远不止给你一些锻炼和一点新鲜空气)”可知，此处起着承上启下的作用，内容与提问日本人在森林里行走时会有什么发现有关，选项D“WhathavetheJapanesediscoveredaboutwalkinginaforest?(日本人在森林里行走时发现了什么？)”符合题意。故选D。2．根据下文“Notsurprisingly,awalkinthewoodshasproventobemoreofanattractiveactivitytopeoplewhoareoverweightthananhourinagym.(毫不奇怪，事实证明，对超重的人来说，在树林里散步比在健身房待一个小时更有吸引力)”可知，此处是本段主旨句，具有概括性，内容与在森林里行走可以帮助超重的人减肥有关，选项B“Itcanhelpoverweightpeopleloseweight.(它可以帮助超重的人减肥)”符合题意。故选B。3．根据上文“InJapan,researchershadonegroupofsubjectstakeawalkinawoodedareaandanothergroupinabuiltuparea.(在日本，研究人员让一组受试者在树林中散步，另一组受试者在高楼林立的地区散步)”和下文“Theyfoundthesubjectsthathadtakenawalkinthewoodshadsignificantlylowerbloodpressurethanthosewhohadwalkedinanurbanarea.(他们发现，在树林中散步的受试者的血压明显低于在城市散步的受试者)”可知，此处承上启下，内容与对比散步回来的两组受试者的血压有关，选项E“Thentheycomparedtheirbloodpressurewhentheyreturned.(当他们回来的时候，他们比较了他们的血压)”符合题意。故选E。4．根据下文“InonestudycarriedoutinLondon,itwasfoundthatpeoplewholivedneartotreeshadmuchbettermentalhealth.(在伦敦进行的一项研究发现，住在树附近的人心理健康状况要好得多)”可知，此处内容与大城市的研究发现有关，且C项中的instudiesconductedinbigcities和空后面的InonestudycarriedoutinLondon内容相吻合，因此选项C“Thathasbeenproveninstudiesconductedinbigcities.(在大城市进行的研究已经证明了这一点)”符合题意。故选C。5．根据上文“Researchershavefoundthat,childrenwhoplayinwoodedareasdevelopbettercognitive(认知的)skillsandarebetterequippedtobeabletoassessrisksanddangers.(研究人员发现，在树林里玩耍的孩子发展出更好的认知技能，也更有能力评估风险和危险)”可知，此处与上文是并列关系，内容与在树林里玩耍对孩子的好处有关，选项G“Italso,ofcourse,giveschildrenabetterappreciationofthenaturalworld.(当然，它也让孩子们更好地欣赏自然世界)”符合题意。故选G。二、阅读理解A篇：DDAB【大意】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了在英国采用破坏草地种植树木来提高牧羊人收入及改善全球气候变化的方式带来的影响和作用。6．细节理解题。由第一段“Sheepfarmerscanprofitbyplantingtreesandsellingcarboncredits,accordingtoanewstudy.ThereportbytheUniversityofSheffield,publishedinthejournalEnvironmentalResearch,suggeststhatfarmerswithmorethan60acresoflandcouldturnaprofitiftheirlandwerereturnedtoforestandtheyreceived£3pertonofCO2captured.”（根据一项新的研究，牧羊人可以通过种植树木和销售碳信用来获利。谢菲尔德大学发表在环境研究杂志上的报告指出，如果拥有超过六十英亩土地的农民，把他们的土地改为森林，每捕获一顿二氧化碳就能获利3英镑）可知，这项研究主要表达的是，英国牧羊者用森林取代他们的草地而获得报酬。故选择D项。7．推理判断题。由第二段“whichfocusesonproducing‘publicgoods’,suchasrecoveringecosystems,flooddefensesandcarbonstorage.Carboncreditsarecurrentlybeingsoldfor£15perton,apricethatcouldmakeanyforestsizeprofitable,accordingtothestudy.TheresearchalsosuggeststhatiftheUKincreaseditstreecoverfrom8%to12%,theamountofcarbonemissionscapturedbyforestswouldincreaseby10%.”（它专注于生产公共产品，如，恢复生态系统，洪水防御和碳储存。碳信用额度目前正以每吨15英镑的价格出售。根据这项研究，这个价格可以使任何规模的森林都能盈利。研究还指出如果英国树木的覆盖率从8%提高到12%，森林捕获的碳排放量将增加10%）可推知，ELMS的主要目的是鼓励人们更多的种树，故选择D项。8．推理判断题。由第三段“Intheend,thesecomedowntopoliticalquestionsofhowwewantourcountrysidetobeused,howwevaluelivestockproductionovertheglobalcostsofclimatebreakdownandhowtheGovernmentsupportsfarmersandruralcommunities.”（最后，这可以归结为政治问题，即我们如何利用我们的农村，如何重视牲畜生产而不是全球气候变化成本之上，以及政府如何支持农民和农村社区）可推知，科林·奥斯本在着重强调政府在这其中起到的作用。故选择A项。9．推理判断题。由最后一段“Iappreciatetreesasmuchasanyone,buttointroducepoliciestodestroygrasslandsbycreatingforestsisshort-sightedatbest.”（我和任何人一样重视树木，但是推广破坏草地来种植树木的政策是短视的）可推知，菲尔·斯托克认为破坏草地来种植树木是不明智的。故选择B项。B篇：DABC【大意】本文是说明文。文章介绍了南极冰川消融的严峻形势，呼吁人类立即行动。10．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Bytheendofthismonth,100willhavevisited.Thereasonissimple:Thwaitesnowisapotentialtimebomb”可知，将有更多的人前往思韦茨冰川，因为思韦茨冰川是一个潜在的定时炸弹；再结合第三段中的“Whileithasbeenlesseningsincetheearly1990s…enoughtoraiseseasbyadisastrous3.3metreswithinafewhundredyearsifThwaitesgoes”可知，在过去的20年里思韦茨冰川融化的速度几乎翻倍，它的消融会使海平面上升，而且会导致南极西部冰原更广范围的坍塌，从而带来更大的危险。由此可推知，越来越多的人前往思韦茨冰川是为了了解它的融化情况。故选D项。11．词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“Thefearisthatitwillcauseawidercollapseoftheicesheet—enoughtoraiseseasbyadisastrous3.3metreswithinafewhundredyearsifThwaitesgoes”可知，思韦茨冰川如果消融，会导致南极西部冰原更广范围的树塌，这足以使海平面在几百年里上升3.3米，由这种连锁反应可知，思韦茨冰川“支撑”着整个南极西部冰原，它的消融对南极西部冰原有灾难性的影响，support与画线词意思相近。故选A项。12．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“placinginstrumentsintotheiceistheonlywaytomakeaccurateforecastsofhowsealevelwillriseinthefuture”可知，研究人员在冰上钻孔是为了放设备进去，从而能够准确预测未来海平面的上升情况。故选B项。13．推理判断题。根据上文的内容可知，思韦茨冰川是一个潜在的定时炸弹，它的消融会带来连锁反应，使南极西部冰原坍塌，海平面大幅上升，从而影响全球环境和人类的生存。因此JoanneJohnson说“发生在南极洲的事情不只影响南极洲，人类承担不了继续等待的后果”是指，思韦茨的问题是全球性问题，人类无法承受这种影响。”故选C项。C篇：BDCB【大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了绿色建筑的重要性以及向专业人士解释他们如何影响客户选择更环保的设计。14．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Informationwhichexplainsandpromotesgreenandsustainableconstructiondesignstrivestoconvinceothersofitseffectivenessandwarnsofthedangersofignoringtheissue.（解释和促进绿色和可持续建筑设计的信息努力说服他人其有效性，并警告忽视这一问题的危险。）”及全文可知，这篇文章的主要内容是向专业人士解释他们如何影响客户选择更环保的设计。故选B。15．推理判断题。根据第二段“Whilethetermsgreenandsustainablearcoftenconsideredsynonymous,inthattheybothsymbolizenature,greendoesnotincludeallthatismeantbysustainability.（“绿色”和“可持续发展”通常被认为是同义的，因为它们都是自然的象征，绿色并不包括可持续发展的所有含义。）”可推断，第二段给出的绿色和可持续设计的例子表明，一些设计被称为绿色，即使它们不是可持续的。故选D。16．细节理解题。根据第三段“Thedrivingforcebehindwhetherabuildingisconstructedwithminimalenvironmentalimpactlieswiththeownerofthebuilding;thatis,thepersonfinancingtheproject.（建筑对环境的影响是否最小，取决于建筑的所有者；也就是为项目提供资金的人。）”可知，缺乏绿色建筑设计的原因是公司不能决定建筑是否要可持续地建造。故选C。17．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Insomecases,anownermaybeawareofthelatesttrendsinsustainablebuildingdesign.（在某些情况下，业主可能了解可持续建筑设计的最新趋势。）”可知，调试过程并不是所有客户在建造建筑时都要经历的一个阶段。故选B。三、语法填空18．a19．tocut20．which21．Compared22．naturally23．using24．to25．belief26．besolved27．faster【大意】这是一篇说明文。文章通过引入塑料污染带来的危害，进而谈到解决塑料污染的解决方法。1.考查冠词。句意：塑料污染了乡村，几十年来对野生动物一直是一个威胁。threat“威胁”为可数名词，此处泛指“一个威胁”，threat以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词a。故填a。2.考查动词不定式。句意：在上个世纪左右，环保主义者敦促我们减少塑料的使用量，或者回收塑料袋。短语：urgesb.todo.，意为“敦促某人做某事”，结合设空前urge，所以此处填动词不定式。故填tocut。3.考查定语从句。句意：最近，科学家们发明了一种生物可分解塑胶，这意