大学英语-英语专业八级-第1章听力理解

大学英语-英语专业八级-第1章听力理解共享题干题HowPracticeCan（江南博哥）DamageYourEnglish[填空题]1.（）正确答案：reinforce/increase参考解析：讲座的主题是练习在英语学习中的消极作用。演讲者提到，如果你在练习中存在很多错误，那么在写作或说话时，便是在巩固这些错误。故此处可填reinforce或increase。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]2.（）正确答案：practice/speakingandwriting参考解析：此题涉及练习的消极作用。由录音材料可知，你练得越多，犯的错误也就越多。根据原文可知，说话和写作都是练习的方式，故此处答案应为practice或speakingandwriting。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]3.（）正确答案：simple参考解析：此题涉及避免犯错的方法：写简单正确的句子。录音中提到，在开始阶段，你可以只写一些简单的句子，但要保证这些句子是正确的，故此处答案应为simple。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]4.（）正确答案：complicated/complex/difficult参考解析：此题考查避免犯错的方法：循序渐进。录音材料中提到，当你不断进步时，你就会使用更多复杂结构句。由此可知答案为complicated或其近义词complex或difficult。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]5.（）正确答案：eliminate/eradicate/getridof参考解析：讲座中谈到，练习不但不能减少错误，反而会引发错误。根据录音可知，如果你存在许多错误，谈话和写作并不能消除这些错误。故此空应填eliminate或其同义词eradicate与getridof。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]6.（）正确答案：readingandlistening参考解析：此题涉及解决错误的方法。演讲者提到，你必须阅读和倾听正确的英语句子，以此来纠正错误。结合题干，可知答案为listeningandreading。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]7.（）正确答案：avoidmakingmistakes参考解析：此题涉及结论部分。演讲者在结论中提到，战胜错误并非易事，最好的方法是避免错误。根据题目意思，可知答案为avoidmakingmistakes。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]8.（）正确答案：error-free参考解析：此题涉及避免错误的第一点建议。首先就是要妥善使用零错误口语规则，根据题意可知答案为error-free。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]9.（）正确答案：input参考解析：此题涉及如何避免在英语学习中犯错误的回答。根据录音材料可知，要增加英语阅读和听力输入，由此可知答案为input。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]10.（）正确答案：goodexamples/correctsentences参考解析：此题涉及如何避免在英语学习中犯错误的回答。根据录音材料可知，你可以在大脑里对所有正确的好例句进行模仿。故答案为goodexamples或correctsentences。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]11.（）正确答案：nativespeakers参考解析：此题考查学习正确的英语的方法。讲座中演讲者提到，当你正在跟一位本族语者进行交谈时，你可以采取以下做法。根据题目，可知答案为nativespeakers。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]12.（）正确答案：howtouse参考解析：此题考查学习正确的英语的方法。录音中提到，当你说出有可能错误的句子时，其他人会告诉你正确的用法，由此可推出答案为howtouse。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]13.（）正确答案：conditions/preconditions/premises参考解析：关于最后综述中提到的方法，演讲者在讲座中说明了使用条件。演讲者提到，这些方法只有在你认为自己所说的东西有可能是错误的情况下才可行。因此可推测出答案为conditions，preconditions或premises。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]14.（）正确答案：correct参考解析：该题详细讨论了这些使用条件。也就是说只有当你知道你说的话有可能错误，或者你出错的时候有人会纠正你时，这一技巧才行得通，故应填入correct。HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglish[填空题]15.（）正确答案：occasionally/nowandthen参考解析：此题继续考查上一题的具体内容。讲座中谈到三个前提条件，其中第三个内容是，你只能偶尔使用这个方法。结合题目，可知答案为occasionally或其近义表达nowandthen。【录音原文】HowPracticeCanDamageYourEnglishGoodmorning,everyone.Today,IamgoingtotalkaboutthenegativeroleofpracticeinEnglishlearning.Ifyouask“HowcanIlearntospeakEnglishbetter?”,manypeoplewilltellyou“Practice,practice,practice”.“SpeakandwriteinEnglishwheneveryoucan”—theywillsay.AllEnglishclassesarefullofactivitieswhichinvolvespeakingandwritingwhicharesupposedtohelpyouwithyourEnglish.Weagreethatpracticecanbeveryuseful.It’sevennecessarytolearnEnglishwell.Sowhat’stheproblem?Theproblemisthatformanylearners,“speaking”or“writing”means“makingalotofmistakes”.Somepeoplemakeamistakeineverysentence!Ifyoudon’tmakemanymistakes,thenyoucanspeakorwriteinEnglishanditcanonlyhelp.Butifyoumakemanymistakes,theneverytimeyouwriteorspeak,youreinforceyourmistakes.Asyouwriteorspeak,yourepeatyourmistakesconstantlyandyourincorrecthabitsbecomestronger.Imaginethissituation:Youarewritingane-mailmessageinEnglish.YourEnglishisnotperfectandyouwanttowritethemessagequickly.Youwriteincorrectly:“IwantspeakEnglish.”Whenyouwriteasentence,youalsoreadit.Sotheincorrectsentencegoesintoyourhead.Thenexttimeyouwriteamessage,youwillbemorelikelytowrite“Iwantfinish”or“Iwantbehappy”.Why?Because“IwantspeakEnglish”isfreshinyourhead—you’vejustusedit!Andwhenyouwrite“Iwantdosomething”thesecondtime,you’vegota“badhabit”,orareinforcedmistake.Nowdoyouseeourpoint?Youwrite—youmakemistakes—thosemistakesbecomeyourhabit,theybecomeyourwayofwritinginEnglish.So,themoreyouwrite,theworseyourEnglishbecomes.WehavesaidthatyouneedpracticetolearnEnglish.Wehavealsosaidthatwhenyoupractice,youreinforceyourmistakes.Michalsuggestsasimplesolutiontothisparadox:Nevermakemistakes!Accordingtowhathesays,itisclosetothetruththatyouhaveneverwrittenanincorrectEnglishsentence.Youknewmanygrammaticalstructuresandyouusedonlythosethatyouknew.Yoursentencesweresimilartosentenceswhichyouknewtobecorrect.Youfollowedgoodexamples,soallyoursentencesweregood.Inthebeginning,youcouldwriteonlyverysimplesentences,butallthesimplesentenceswerecorrect.Thenasyouadvanced,youaddedmoreandmorecomplicatedstructures,andagainallyoursentenceswerecorrect.Becauseofthisapproach,youwereneverreinforcingbadhabits.Youneverhadanybadhabits!Fromthebeginning,youcopiedonlycorrectsentences.Witheverysentencethatyouwrote,youreinforcedyourgoodhabits.Ontheotherside,ifyoumakemanymistakes,speakingandwritingisnotthewaytoeliminatethem!Onthecontrary,itreinforcesthem,aswehaveshownearlier.Youhavetorealizethatspeakingdoesnotimproveyourgrammaroryourvocabulary.It’sreallyverysimple.Canyoulearnanewwordfromyourself?Ifyoudon’tknowhowtosay“Goodbye”inEnglish,canyouinventitbyyourself?No,youcan’t.YoucanonlylearnitbyreadingorlisteningtoEnglish.Sowhatyoushoulddoifyoucan’thelpbutmakemistakesinyourEnglishsentences?Ifyoumakemistakes,thatmeansyoudon’tknowhowtosaythingsinEnglish.Youneedtolearnhowtosaythem.Youwon’tlearnthatbyspeakingorwriting.YoumustreadandlistentocorrectEnglishsentences.Youcanspeakandwritelater—whenyoucanalreadybuildcorrectEnglishsentencesandwanttoimproveyourfluency.Perhapsyoucanbenefitfromcorrectionsifyougetafewcorrectionsperweek.Butwhentherearemanymistakes,youbecomeunabletoconcentrateonthem.Ifateacherreturnsyourcompositionwith20correctedmistakes,howmanyofthesecorrectionscanyoukeepinyourmind?Besides,yourteacherisnotalwaysthere.Whatifyou’rewritingane-mailmessageonyourownortalkingtosomeoneelse?Otherpeopleusuallyignoreyourmistakes,andevenyourteacherdoesnotpointoutallofthem.Theconclusionwouldbethatfightingyourmistakesisnoteasy,soit’sbettertoavoidmakingmistakesaltogether.First,trytobemorecarefulbyusingtherulesoferror-freespeaking.Ifyoustillmakealotofmistakes,orifyoufindthattherulesarekillingyourmotivation,youprobablyshouldn’topenyourmouthjustnow.Instead,trytogetmoreinputbyreadingandlisteninginEnglish.True,butbelieveus—youcanlearnEnglishwithalmostnomistakes.How?Youcanfillyourbrainwithcorrectsentencesandimitatethem.Youcansimplyfollowgoodexamples.Moreover,sometimesyoucansayorwritesomethingwhichyouthinkiswrong.YoucandoitifyouwanttolearnhowtosaysomethinginEnglish.Forexample,ifyouaretalkingtoanativespeaker,youcandothis:First,say“I’mnotsurehowtosaythisinEnglish,but...”andthensayyoursentencewhichisprobablywrong.AndtheotherpersoncantellyouhowtosayitinEnglishcorrectly.Fromthatyoulearnthecorrectwaytosaythesentence.Noticethatthistechniqueisonlysafeifyouknowthatyouaresayingsomethingwhichmaybewrong,oryouaresurethattheotherpersonwillcorrectyouifyoumakeamistake.Andyouuseitonlyoccasionally.Insummary,itshouldbenotedthatpracticecanalsoserveasanegativefactorinEnglishlearning.Hopeallofyoucanfindthesolutiontoitfromtoday’slecture.HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]16.（）正确答案：ahead/beforehand参考解析：讲座的主题是撰写学位论文的方法（methodsforwritingadissertation）。讲座中谈到两个必要准备。此题考查第一个准备，即预先计划。故此处答案为ahead或其近义表达beforehand。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]17.（）正确答案：hypothesis参考解析：录音中提到关于论文的基本概念：论文是一种假设或猜想。由此可知这里应填入hypothesis。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]18.（）正确答案：formaldocument参考解析：讲座中提到博士学位论文是一种繁琐的、正式的文件。因此答案为formaldocument。听力中定义性或概念性的信息是常考点，考生在听录音时应注意。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]19.（）正确答案：collection参考解析：根据录音内容可知，论文中采用的科学方法是先提出假设，再收集证据来验证或推翻假设。题目要求填入名词，故用collect的名词形式collection。序列词之后的信息为常考点，考生应多加注意。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]20.（）正确答案：criticalthinking参考解析：根据录音材料可知，讲座中谈到了第二点是批判性思维。接着又提到，学位论文的精髓在于批判性思维。对应题干，可知答案为criticalthinking。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]21.（）正确答案：principles参考解析：录音中提到论文同样也专注于一些原则：其陈述的是经验教训，而不只是这背后的现象，由此可知答案为principles。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]22.（）正确答案：support参考解析：讲座中演讲者提到，一般来说，论文中提出的每个论点都必须参考已发表的科学文献或原著来支撑。因此可知答案为support。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]23.（）正确答案：communicate参考解析：此题涉及从论文练习中学习的内容。讲座中演讲人提到，所有科学家都需要交流彼此的研究成果，博士论文则为此交流提供了平台。结合题目，故答案为communicate。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]24.（）正确答案：terminology参考解析：讲座第四点关于论文中的一些定义及术语。在写论文时要搞清楚这些这些定义和术语，故答案为terminology。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]25.（）正确答案：previouslypublished参考解析：此题涉及下定义和术语界定的内容。录音材料中具体提到，学术论文中使用的每一个术语必须是已出版的标准术语参考文献中明确定义过的。结合题干，可知答案为previouslypublished。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]26.（）正确答案：unambiguous参考解析：此题考查的术语的定义。录音中提到每个术语必须用一个精确的、清晰的概念来定义，结合题干，可知答案为unambiguous。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]27.（）正确答案：essential/important/vital参考解析：此题考查人们必须谨记的重要原则。在讲座中演讲者提到，优秀的写作能力对论文写作十分重要。结合题干，故此处应填essential或其近义表达important或vital。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]28.（）正确答案：present参考解析：此题谈到论文写作中的时态问题。由录音材料可知，演讲者建议用现在时进行论文写作。对应题目，可知答案为present。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]29.（）正确答案：negation参考解析：该题考查的是一些语言点，其中这一条是要将否定提前，因此填入的是negation。HowtoWriteaDissertation[填空题]30.（）正确答案：practice参考解析：此题涉及讲座中谈到的成功的秘诀。录音中提到，成功的秘诀是实践。因此答案为practice。【录音原文】HowtoWriteaDissertationGoodafternoon,everyone.Welcometotoday’slectureaboutwriting.Ihaveknownthatyouarepreparingtowriteadissertationatpresent.Unlessyouhavewrittenmanyformaldocumentsbefore,youaregoingtofindthatit’sdifficult!So,intoday’slecture,Iwilltalkaboutmethodsforwritingadissertation.Theforemostthingsyoushouldknowaretwonecessarypreparationsforsuccessfulcompletionofadissertation.Thefirstisplanningahead.Aplanimposesastructureontheprojectandpreventsyoufromdriftingaimlesslyforlongperiodsoftime.Itwillhelpmotivateyoutoworkduringtediousordifficultphasesandprovidestheincentivetomakesacrifices.Thesecondisthemaintenanceofhealthybalance.Thedissertationissuchatime-consumingprojectthatitcanseemimpossibletoleadabalancedlife.Withoutahealthybalanceoflife,youmayfeelangry,resentful,frustrated,overwhelmed,anddepressedonaconsistentbasis.Inordertomaintainahealthybalance,itisoftenhelpfultodevotetimeeverydayandweektoyourphysical,social,intellectual,emotionalandspiritualwell-being.Next,Iwillprovideyouwithafewgeneralideasaboutadissertation.Asweknow,athesisisahypothesisorconjecture.Adissertationisalengthy,formaldocumentthatarguesindefenseofaparticularthesis.Somanypeopleusetheterm“thesis”torefertothedocumentthatacurrentdictionarynowincludesitasthethirdmeaning.No.1:Scientificmethod.Thescientificmethodadoptedinadissertationmeansstartingwithahypothesisandthencollectingevidencetosupportordenyit.Beforeonecanwriteadissertationdefendingaparticularthesis,onemustcollectevidencethatsupportsit.Thus,themostdifficultaspectofwritingadissertationconsistsoforganizingtheevidenceandassociateddiscussionsintoacoherentform.No.2:Criticalthinking.Theessenceofadissertationiscriticalthinking,notexperimentaldata.Analysisandconceptsformtheheartofthework.Adissertationalsoconcentratesonprinciples:itstatesthelessonslearned,andnotmerelythefactsbehindthem.No.3:Supportingmaterials.Ingeneral,everystatementinadissertationmustbesupportedeitherbyareferencetopublishedscientificliteratureorbyoriginalwork.But,adissertationdoesnotrepeatthedetailsofcriticalthinkingandanalysisfoundinpublishedsources;itusestheresultsasfactandrefersthereadertothesourceforfurtherdetails.Eachsentenceinadissertationmustbecompleteandcorrectinagrammaticalsense.Moreover,adissertationmustsatisfythestrictrulesofformalgrammar.Forexample,noundefinedtechnicaljargon,nohiddenjokes,andnoslang,evenwhensuchtermsorphrasesareincommonuseinthespokenlanguage.Indeed,thewritinginadissertationmustbeclear.Shadesofmeaningmatter;theterminologyandprosemustmakefinedistinctions.Thewordsmustconveyexactlythemeaningintended,nothingmoreandnothingless.Eachstatementinadissertationmustbecorrectanddefensibleinalogicalandscientificsense.Furthermore,thediscussionsinadissertationmustsatisfythestrictestrulesoflogicappliedtomathematicsandscience.Thirdly,wehavetoknowwhatoneshouldlearnfromtheexercise.Allscientistsneedtocommunicatediscoveries;thedissertationprovidestrainingforcommunicationwithotherscientists.Writingadissertationrequiresastudenttothinkdeeply,toorganizetechnicaldiscussion,tomusterargumentsthatwillconvinceotherscientists,andtofollowrulesforrigorous,formalpresentationoftheargumentsanddiscussion.Whenwritingadissertation,weshouldalsobeclearaboutdefinitionsandterminology.Eachtechnicaltermusedinadissertationmustbedefinedeitherbyareferencetoapreviouslypublisheddefinitionforstandardtermswiththeirusualmeaningorbyaprecise,unambiguousdefinitionthatappearsbeforethetermisusedforanewtermorastandardtermusedinanunusualway.Andeachtermshouldbeusedinoneandonlyonewaythroughoutthedissertation.Theeasiestwaytoavoidalongseriesofdefinitionsistoincludeastatement.Then,onlydefineexceptions.Theintroductorychaptercangivetheintuitionoftermsprovidedtheyaredefinedmorepreciselylater.Lastbutnotleastimportantislanguagepoints.Thereisaprincipleweshouldremember,i.e.,goodwritingessentialinadissertation.Asforvoice,remembertouseactiveconstructions.Forexample,say“theoperatingsystemstartsthedevice”insteadof“thedeviceisstartedbytheoperatingsystem.”Thenwriteinthepresenttense.Forexample,say“Thesystemwritesapagetothediskandthenusestheframe”insteadof“Thesystemwillusetheframeafteritwrotethepagetodisk”.Moreover,youshoulddefinenegationearly.Forinstance,say“nodatablockwaitsontheoutputqueue”insteadof“adatablockawaitingoutputisnotonthequeue.”Atlast,youshouldbecarefulthatthesubjectofeachsentencereallydoeswhattheverbsaysitdoes.Allcomputerscientistsshouldknowtherulesoflogic.UnfortunatelytherulesaremoredifficulttofollowwhenthelanguageofdiscourseisEnglishinsteadofmathematicalsymbols.Whenwrittenusingmathematicalsymbols,thedifferencesareobviousbecause“forall”and“thereexists”arereversed.Asfarasthelanguagepointsareconcerned,thereisakeytosuccess:practice.Nooneeverlearnedtowritebyreadingessayslikethis.Instead,youneedtopracticeandpractice.Thisisthesecrettowritingagooddissertation.Toconclude,wehavediscussedsomenecessarypreparationsbeforewritingadissertation.Whatfollowsaresomeguidingprinciples,includingsomegeneralideasofadissertationandhowtoreachagoodwriting.Finally,Iprovideyouwithakeytosuccessfulwriting,i.e.,practice.Afterthislecture,Ihopeyoumayfindyourdissertation-writingsmooth.HowtobeanExpert[填空题]31.（）正确答案：academicconference参考解析：讲座的主题：是什么使人们成为其领域内的专家？（whatmakessomeoneanexpertinhis/herfield?）。在讲座中演讲者提到，他是在一次受邀参加人类学的学术会议演讲时才开始思考“是什么使人们成为其领域内的专家？”这个问题。结合题干，可知答案为academicconference。讲座常在开篇介绍讲座的主题和演讲者对主题的看法，是常考点。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]32.（）正确答案：characteristics/features参考解析：此题开始涉及特定领域中真正的专家的五个特征。结合题目，可知答案为characteristics或其近义词features。录音中let’sstartwith后的内容为常考点，应做好笔记。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]33.（）正确答案：memorizedinformation参考解析：此题考查五个特征中的第一个特征，即丰富的专业领域知识。由录音可知，专业知识包括已习得的知识和获得更多知识的途径。对应题干，可知答案为memorizedinformation。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]34.（）正确答案：experience参考解析：该题考察的是第二个特征：运用专业知识的丰富经验。录音中提到，除了专业知识，专家还需要有运用这些知识的丰富经验。对应题干，可知答案为experience。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]35.（）正确答案：nopre-existing/noready-made参考解析：此题涉及第二个特征：运用专业知识的丰富经验。录音中提到，他/她应当能够创造性对专业知识加以运用并在没有既存参照案例的情况下解决问题。对照题目，可知答案为nopre-existing或同义项noready-made。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]36.（）正确答案：Communicationability/Abilitytocommunicate参考解析：此题考查五个特征中的第三个特征。录音中提到，如果没有沟通能力，拥有专业知识也毫无意义。由此可知答案应为Communicationability或Abilitytocommunicate。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]37.（）正确答案：expertise参考解析：此题考查第三个特征中的相关信息。由录音可知，只拥有解决问题的能力不会让你成为专家，而会让你成为问题的奴隶。成为只能解决问题的唯一人或许可以让你谋生，但你并没有多少时间来发展专业技能。由此可知答案应为expertise。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]38.（）正确答案：Connectedness/Beingsocialized参考解析：此题考查第四个特征。讲座中演讲者列举五个特征：知识、经验、沟通能力、关联能力和好奇心，因此空格处可填Connectedness。另外，演讲者还提到，专业知识最终会成为社会的，因此也可填入Beingsocialize。故答案为Connectedness或Beingsocialize。讲座分论点或分标题是常考点，记笔记时应注意。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]39.（）正确答案：Curiosity参考解析：该题考查第五个特征。讲座中提到专家们都对他们自己的领域感兴趣，并且一直在寻找新的答案、新的方法等。由此可知，专家们需要有好奇心，故答案为Curiosity。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]40.（）正确答案：self-education/on-the-jobtraining参考解析：此题涉及讲座中的另个话题，即如何成为专家。录音中关于此话题，演讲者谈到了通过学校教育、自学、在职训练或其他渠道汲取专业知识。题目中出现etc.，因此只需填入其中一项即可。故知答案为self-education或on-the-jobtraining。列举之处是常考点，记笔记时应多注意。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]41.（）正确答案：perpetuallearning参考解析：此题考查的是成为专家的第一条建议。首先提到的是要不断地学习，要了解自身知识的局限性，故答案为perpetuallearning。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]42.（）正确答案：limitation/lack/shortage参考解析：此题考查长期学习（perpetuallearning）的内容。录音中提到，作为一名专家意味着必须知晓你目前知识水平的局限性，而有时这种认知会令人痛苦。故答案为limitation或其同义词lack，shortage。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]43.（）正确答案：reflecting/showing/presenting参考解析：此题考查练习的内容。录音中演讲者谈到，你每天的实践必须反映出自身的专业技能，否则人们会认为你不是专家。结合题干，对应录音内容，可知答案为reflecting或showing或presenting。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]44.（）正确答案：presentationskills参考解析：此题考查的是演讲的技巧。录音中提到，第四条就是演讲的技巧，要学会使用所需的任何技术用尽可能好的方法来展示你的专业知识，由此可知答案为presentationskills。HowtobeanExpert[填空题]45.（）正确答案：sharingyourknowledge参考解析：讲座在最后部分提到，广泛分享你的专业知识，让人们明白为何需要专家。研读题干，该部分的并列项均为名词形式，可知此空也应填入名词形式。故答案为sharingyourknowledge。讲座分论点或分标题之处是常考点，笔记时需注意。【录音原文】HowtobeanExpertHi,everyone.I’vebeenthinkinglately,whatmakessomeonean“expert”inhisorherfield,whichisalsothetopicoftoday’slecture.AsfarasIknow,Lorellehasbeenthinkingthesamething,becausesherecentlywroteapostcalledWhatGivesYoutheRighttoTellMe?

attheBlogHeraldthatexplorestheissueofexpertiseinsomedepth.Forme,thisquestionstartedtooccurtomewhenIwasinvitedtospeakatanacademicconferenceonanthropologyrecently.Apparently,Ihavebecomeanexpertonthetopic,someonepeoplelooktowhentheywantmoreinformation.Howdidthathappen?ThisisnotatopicIstudiedatschoolorthesubjectofmydissertation;infact,itwasn’tevenreallyatopicatalluntiltheUSArmyreleasedtheirnewcounterinsurgencyfieldmanuallastyearandstartedforoperationsinIraqandAfghanistan.ThinkingabouthowIcametobea“go-to”persononthistopichasgottenmethinkingabouthowanyonebecomesthepersontocallwhenyouneedhelp,abouthowpeoplebecomeexpertsintheirfield.Infact,anyonewhothinkstheyhavelearnedeverythingthereistoknowaboutatopicprobablyisn’tanexpert—I’dcallthemsomethingcloserto“rankamateur”.Let’sstartwiththisquestion:What’sanexpert?Whileknowledgeisobviouslyanimportantqualityofexpertise,it’sonlyoneofseveralfactorsthatmakesomeoneanexpertintheirfield.I’vecomeupwithfivecharacteristicsofrealexperts:knowledge,experience,communicationability,connectednessandcuriosity.Nowlet’scometothemrespectivelyindetail.Clearlybeinganexpertrequiresanimmenseworkingknowledgeofyoursubject.Partofthisismemorizedinformation,andpartofitisknowingwheretofindinformationyouhaven’tmemorized.Inadditiontoknowledge,anexpertneedstohavesignificantexperienceworkingwiththatknowledge.Heorsheneedstobeabletoapplyitincreativeways,tobeabletosolveproblemsthathavenopre-existingsolutionstheycanlookup—andtoidentifyproblemsthatnobodyelsehasnoticedyet.Expertisewithouttheabilitytocommunicateitispracticallypointless.Beingtheonlypersonintheworldwhocansolveaproblem,timeaftertimeaftertime,doesn’tmakeyouanexpert,itmakesyouaslavetotheproblem.Itmightmakeyoualiving,butit’snotgoingtogiveyoumuchtimetodevelopyourexpertise—meaningsoonerorlater,someonewithknowledgeandcommunicationabilityisgoingtofigureoutyoursecret,teachittotheworld,andleaveyoutothedustbinofhistory.Expertiseisultimatelysocial.Expertsareembeddedinawebofotherexpertswhoexchangenewideasandapproachestoproblems,andtheyareembeddedinawidersocialwebthatconnectsthemtopeoplewhoneedtheirexpertise.Expertsarecuriousabouttheirfieldandrecognizethelimitationsoftheirownunderstandingofit.Theyareconstantlyseekingnewanswers,newapproaches,andnewwaysofextendingtheirfield.Then,let’smoveontothistopic:Howtobecomeanexpert?Sometimesbecominganexpertjustkindofhappens,whichishowIbecameanexpertinanthropologyandcounterinsurgencywithoutreallytrying.Butmostofthetime,wecarefullypursueexpertise,whetherthroughschooling,self-education,on-the-jobtrainingorsomeotheravenue.There’sno“quickandeasy”pathtoexpertise.Thatsaid,peopledobecomeexpertseveryday,inallsortsoffields.Youbecomeanexpertbyfocusingonthesethings:Firstly,thatisperpetuallearning.Beinganexpertmeansbeingaware,sometimespainfullyaware,ofthelimitationsofyourcurrentlevelofknowledge.Theresimplyisnopointaswhichyou’re“done”learningyourfield.Investyourselfinalifelonglearningprocess.Constantlybeonthelookoutforideasandviewsbothwithinandfromoutsideyourownfieldthatcanextendyourownunderstanding.Then,buildstrongconnectionswithotherpeopleinyourfield.Seekoutmentors—andmakeyourselfavailabletothelessexperienced.Also,learntopromoteyourselftothepeoplewhoneedyourskills—theonlywayyou’llgainexperienceisbygettingoutanddoing,whichiswhat’swecallednetworking.Furthermore,notjustinthe“gainexperience”sensebutinyourthe“practicewhatyoupreach”sense.Youwouldn’ttrustapersonalorganizerwhoalwaysforgotyourappointments,orasearchengineoptimizationexpertwhosesitewaslistedonthe438thresultspageinGoogle,right?Yourdailypracticeneedstoreflectyourexpertise,orpeoplewillnottrustyouasanexpert.So,practiceisnecessary.Thefourththingispresentationskills:Learntousewhatevertechnologiesyouneedtopresentyourexpertiseinthebestpossibleway.Andby“technologies”Idon’tjustmeanwebdesignandPowerPoint,Imeanwriting,drawing,publicspeaking—eventhewayyoudresswilldeterminewhetheryou’retakenforanexpertoraknow-it-allschmuck.Lastly,remembertoshare:10yearsago,nobodyknewtheyneededexpertbloggersontheirstafftopromotethemselves.5yearsago,nobodyknewtheyneededSEOexpertstogetattentionfortheirwebsites.Ahandfulofearlyexperts—expertsthat,insomecases,didn’tevenknowwhattheywereexpertsin—sharedenoughofwhattheyknewtomakepeopleunderstandwhytheyneededexperts.Shareyourknowledgewidely,sothatpeopleunderstandwhytheyneedanexpert,andyoudon’tbecomeaone-trickponywhoistheonlypersonwhocanfixaparticularproblem.Tosumupbriefly,we’vediscussedwhatallexpertisandhowtobecomeone.Hopeallofyouhaveenjoyedthislecture.Thankyou.ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]46.（）正确答案：otherareas/fields参考解析：讲座的主题是提高英语学习动机的方法（techniquesforimprovingyourmotivationforlearningEnglish）。讲座开始时演讲者提到，这些在英语学习中常用到的方法，也被用于非英语学习领域中，用来激发我们的动力。可知答案为otherareas或otherfields。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]47.（）正确答案：nativespeakers参考解析：关于学习英语的动力，录音中提到，设想你可以与本族语者流利交流；设想其他人渴望像你一样说一口流利的英语；设想自己能与世界各地的人用邮件交流。对照题目，可知答案为nativespeakers。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]48.（）正确答案：Writingemail参考解析：关于学习的动力其中包括设想自己能与世界各地的人用邮件交流，对照题目可知答案为Writingemail。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]49.（）正确答案：notperfect/imperfect参考解析：关于如何提高英语学习的动机。录音中提到，你很棒，你已经懂得了一些英语知识，但是你的英语可能还不够完美。对应题目，可知答案为notperfect或imperfect。转折词后的信息是为常考点，考生应注意做笔记，尤其是涉及观点的句子。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]50.（）正确答案：pronunciation参考解析：录音中提到许多可能存在的错误，如发音不好，词汇量不足，现在完成时和条件从句的语法问题等。由此可知答案为pronunciation。举例处为常考点，应做好笔记。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]51.（）正确答案：widely/popularlyused参考解析：此题涉及提高英语学习的动机的方法。录音中提到，英语是世界流行语，随处可用。对照题目，可知答案为widelyused或popularlyused。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]52.（）正确答案：English-languagewebsites参考解析：此题考查提高英语学习动机的第二个方法，就是任何时候能用英语就用，可以用Google找到英文网站，查询有趣的信息，故答案为English-languagewebsites。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]53.（）正确答案：watchingAmericancartoons参考解析：关于英语网站的内容，录音中提到你可以观看美国动画片，玩冒险游戏，阅读有趣英文书籍。结合题目，可知答案为watchingAmericancartoons。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]54.（）正确答案：effectivemethods参考解析：第二点建议尽可能的使用英语，同时如果你也使用有效的学习方法，你的英语进步速度会超出你的想象。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]55.（）正确答案：get/becomeinterested参考解析：关于提高英语学习动机的第三个方法。演讲者提到，如果你试着谈论你觉得无聊的话题，渐渐地就会发现它很有趣。由此可知答案为get/becomeinterested。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]56.（）正确答案：Spendingmoney参考解析：关于提高英语学习动机的第四个方法，就是要在英语学习上花钱。如果你在某样东西上花了钱，你就会想使用它。结合题干，可知答案为Spendingmoney。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]57.（）正确答案：increases参考解析：录音中提到，如果你想要提高学英语的欲望，可以买本新字典，买有趣的英语书籍，或订阅英语有线电视。由此可知答案为increases。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]58.（）正确答案：impulse参考解析：录音中提到在英语学习上花钱是有帮助的，因为它给你开始学习的动力，由此可知，答案为impulse。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]59.（）正确答案：action参考解析：此题考查提高英语学习动机的第五个方法。录音中演讲者最后提到，必须记住，学习英语需要行动。由此可知答案为action。ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglish[填空题]60.（）正确答案：success参考解析：关于英语学习中需要的行动，演讲者提到，只要你在生活中稍做改变，从此拒绝拖延，马上付诸行动，你就会获得成功。文中关键词successful是形容词，此处应填入名词，故答案为success。【录音原文】ImprovingYourMotivationforLearningEnglishHi,everyone.Intoday’slecture,wewillsharethetechniquesforimprovingyourmotivationforlearningEnglishasaforeignlanguagetogether.WeusedthemallthetimewhenwewerelearningEnglishandwestillusethemwhenweneedtoboostourmotivationinareasotherthanEnglish.Imagineyoucantalktonativespeakerjustlikeyoutalkinyourfirstlanguage.ImagineotherpeoplewantingtospeakEnglishaswellasyoudo.