科技英语写作授课知识点

科技英语写作授课知识点论文人称和时态一、科技论文要求叙述客观，读者关注作者的研究内容和结论，而非作者本人，所以应避免使用。二、论文常用时态1.叙述论文研究之前所进行的工作（通常出现在论文的部分）

具体时间或具体人的一般采用；对以前工作的总结一般采用。Leeetal.[17](report)aso-called‘hardanodization’approachtoobtainhighlyorderedPAAwithawiderangeofporesizesandinterporedistances.Alotofwork(devote)toinvestigatingtheformationmechanismsofPAA[4–8],andconsiderableresearchefforts(direct)towardthefabricationofthePAAwithlong-rangeorderednanoholes[9–18].2.实验经过、实验过程的描述通常采用。Thespectra(record).Thestructure(determine)byneutrondiffractionmethods.

Theelectrolytesolutions(prepare)fromreagentgradechemicalsanddeionizedwater.ThemorphologyofthePAAfilm(characterize)byfield-emissionscanningelectronmicroscopy(FE-SEM,HitachiS-4800).3.图表介绍、公式说明、实验结果、实验结论等通常采用。Fig.3（show)SEMimagesoftheas-preparedsles.InordertofurtherunderstandtheeffectofEGonthemorphologyofPAA,EISmeasurements(carry)outforthefilmsobtainedinEGandaqueoussolutions.Impedancespectraforthefilms(illustrate)inFig.5intheformofBodeplot.ThePAAfilmsformedinbothEGandaqueoussolutions(exhibit）aquasilinearchangeintheimpedancemodulusintheexperimentalfrequencyrangewithaslopecloseto1.总之：•

表示“报道、研究、综述”等，通常用一般现在时

Inthispaperwereport

thesynthesisofRFCcontainingbariumferriteaccordingtoaspecificmethodanditsevaluationofdielectricandmechanicalproperties.Theprobablemodeofevolutionisdiscussed.

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叙述他人已报道的内容用一般过去时或现在完成时

Inthepastdecadepublicattentionmoreandmorefocusedonthepotentialapplicationsofrenewableresources.•

表示研究过程的行为通常用一般过去时

HighDensityPolyethylene(HDPE)waskindlysuppliedbyFIAT(Italy).

TheHDPEwasblendedwiththeLDPE,inthemoltenstateathightemperature(200℃),usingaBrabenderblender,equippedwithrotatingblades.•

表示实验结果及其产生的原因,通常用一般现在时

Tensilestrengthdecreaseswiththeadditionofoxides.Thisisduetothepoorinterfacialadhesionbetweentheoxidefillerandnaturerubber.

如用一般过去时，则表示这一结论仅适用于该研究过程中的特定情况，不具普遍性•

表示计划与预期的结果用将来时

Inthecomingyears,scientistswilltrytocollectsignalsfromouterspace.论文人称与时态论文人称与时态论文人称与时态论文人称与时态科技英语的选词科技语言与口语的区别硫酸钾适用于怕氮作物。

目前，相图的测绘已有许多方法，由于很多物质的热力学数据都已积累不少，一些人就干脆直接通过热力学计算的结果数据绘出相图，特别是采用了计算机之后，即使是较为复杂的相图也不在话下。→硫酸钾适用于不能施用氮化物的作物→相图的测绘有多种方法，甚至可利用现有的热力学数据借助计算机计算相当复杂的相图选用稳重的规范词Askbuycheapsimilarenough2.正式动词替代短语动词

吸收（takein）；熄灭（putout）;维持（keepup）3.避免使用口语或生活中常用的缩略词语lotsof;quiteafew;lab;ad;We’ll;don’t;can’t4.尊重客观事实，不要滥用修辞（夸张、拟人、双关语等）

语句的一致性主谓一致、代词与先行词一致复合主语成为一个整体，或指同一个人、同一个地方、同一件事物，谓语动词用单数

ItsinventorandpractitionerisRobert.“thereis”,“thereare”

句型，主语为复合主语时，谓语动词与靠近的主语一致Therewasateacherandseveralstudentsinthelaboratory.Therewereseveralstudentsandateacherinthelaboratory.用or,nor(或者either…or,neither…nor)连接的复合主语，有时用复数，有时用单数。复合主语中两主语均是单数时，谓语动词用单数；两个主语均是复数时，谓语动词用复数Thedesigneroranotherscientistusuallyannouncesthedecision.Neitherbanksnorindependentagenciesofferappropriatelifeinsurancepolicies.复合主语中一个主语是复数，另一个是单数，谓语动词与靠近的主语一致Neitherthequalitynorthepriceshavechanged.Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.集合名词指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；指集体中各个体时用复数

Thatdata

isreliable.Donotformconclusionuntilthedata

havebeengathered.代词与先行词一致

Thepurposeistobringtogetherseveralmanuscriptsbyactivescientistsandengineersandpublishtheminasingleissue.平行结构一致性原则Manufacturingprocessesmaybeclassifiedasunitproductionwithsmallquantitiesbeingmadeandmassproductionwhichproduceslargenumbersofidenticalparts.ThenanoparticlesdispersedintheSolutionAwererelativelylarge,deepcolorandvariedinshape.Theresultssuggestedthatduringtheprecarbonization,thetensionhadanabruptdecreasebefore480℃,andthenincreasedrapidly,whichcoulddividetheprocessintotwosections.科技英语句子特征Thecrudepetroleumoilobtainedfromwellconsistsofamixtureofhydrocarbonsandeachoftheseisachemicalcompoundofcarbonandhydrogen.BorninBeijing,Chinain1930,YuanLongpingcameupwithanideaforhybridizingriceinthe1960s,whenaseriesofnaturaldisastershadplungedChinaintoanunprecedentedfamine.语句结构严谨合理统一句子成分间或段落中各个句子之间的协调一致，一个句子的各个部分或段落内的各个句子都从属于一个中心，不存在游离于中心思想之外的句子。

•

违反主从关系：主从颠倒、主从并列

•

意思不完整或不明确：成分残缺，结构混乱，表达不充分，表达不具体包括意连（句子内在意义的逻辑关系）、形连（使用转换词语）叙述主体对象突然改变，逻辑衔接欠妥Amicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdeveloped.AnI-Vcharacteristiccurvecanbeautomaticallyacquiredin5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.Amicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdeveloped,whichcanautomaticallyproduceanI-Vcharacteristiccurvein5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.AmicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdevelopedanditcanautomaticallyproduceanI-Vcharacteristiccurvein5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.悬垂结构及比较对象问题Splittingtheatom,manynewelementswerediscoveredbySeaborg.TheresultsindicatedthatthecontentofironinSleAwashigherthanSleB.

语句连贯性(coherence)完整性

Thelaboratoryneededanoperator.Preferablysomeonewithintelligenceandexperience.→Thelaboratoryneededanoperator,preferablysomeonewithintelligenceandexperience.Suchcommentsneithercontributenordetractfromhisreputation.→Suchcommentsneithercontributetonordetractfromhisreputation.单义性（1）两个句子不以逗号连接

Nooneisbornwithknowledge,knowledgemustbetaughtandlearned.→Nooneisbornwithknowledge;knowledgemustbetaughtandlearned.

（2）句子不应粘连（run-onsentence）

Thesensorrequireslittlemaintenanceitcanbeplaceindifficult-accessareas.→Thesensorrequireslittlemaintenance,soitcanbeplaceindifficult-accessareas.省略句较多Oxygenhasanionicvalenceof-2,andchlorinehasanionicvalenceof-1.Letthepressureoftheairpersq.bedonotedbyP,anditstotalvolumebedenotedbyV.Denmarkalreadygetsafifthofitselectricityfromwind,andGermanygetsatenthofitselectricityfromwind.省略句较多Ifitisalloyedwithtin,copperformsaseriesofalloyswhichareknownasbronze.Themetalalloyswhichareusedinsidetheenginemustbeabletowithstandthehightemperatureandpressureswhicharegeneratedduringitsoperation.Ceramicmaterialsareinorganicmaterialswhichconsistofmetallicandnonmetallicelementswhicharechemicallybondedtogether.Sinceitiscomposedofseveraldifferentpuresubstances,airisamixture.科技英语阿拉伯数字与数词的使用方法基数词数字小于10时用数词（即全拼英文单词），10以上用阿拉伯数字，这一点中英文是相似的；序数词由“第一”(first)到“第九”(ninth)全部拼写，序数词第10以上前面部分用数字（即由阿拉伯数字和序数词词尾构成）。如：threeflasks30flasksseventrees10treesthirdflaskseighthexlefirstcentury12thflasks33rdexle21stcenturysixfold20‐fold在某一系列或范围内只要含有数字10以上的就全部使用数字。如：5-15experiments

句子开头用全拼数量词，如：Threemicrogramsofslewasdissolvedin20mLofacid.Fiftysleswerecollected,butonly22weretested.叙述中引用两个带有编号的项目，使用“and”。如：Figures1and2refs23and24compoundsIandII·使用endash表示范围，或3项以上的系列。如：Tables1–4temperaturesof100–125℃Refs3–5eqs6–9sles5–10pages237–239pp165–172但如以“from…to”或“between…and”的字样表示则不使用endash。如：from20to80,notfrom20–80between50and100mL,notbetween50–100mL注意中、英文标点的差别

中文英文书名号《》“

”

或用不同字体

顿号、,凡中文使用顿号处英文均使用逗号句号。（科普读物）..（学术论文）省略号……

…破折号——emdash“–”

成对使用，注释Allthreeexperimentalparameters―temperature,time,andconcentration―werestrictlyfollowed.

表示范围的一字线和波纹线endash“–”表示范围

半字线“–”

构成复合词endash“–”

构成对等复合词(Oxidation–reduction)

hyphen“-”

构成不对等复合词(light-year）

其它注意事项数字与单位之间空一格(单位是温度和%的除外)，如25kg，35cm，5%缩略词的复数形式应该置于点之前。Figs.1and2showthisprocess.Thewell-groundedreadermayskipChaps.1,2,and3.Eqs.5and6areveryuseful.Theanswerstoalltheseexercisesaregivenonpp.11to14.3.上下标、大小写等改写下列句子，注意科技英语的修辞习惯1.Thetotalareaundernaturalprotectionreaches19330hectares,andwhichaccountfor2.01%ofthetotalofChina.2.Cokehasprovedtobemoreefficientthananyfuelwehavetried.3.Theboilpointofthesolutionishigherthananyofitsseparatecomponents.4.A80-lbforcemustbeusedhere.5.GivingVandI,wecanfindoutR.6.Speedisequaltodistancedividingtime.改写下列句子，使其更符合科技英语规范1.Aninitialanalysisofthedeviceparametershasbeenmadeandtheresultsobtainedaresatisfactory.2.Anelectronisaboutaslargeasanucleus,anditsdiameterisabout10-12cm.3.Sapproximateseanditserrorislessthan10-7.4.Anewmethodforsolvingthisproblemispresented.Thismethodissimpleandpracticable.5.Becausecomputersareaccurateinoperationandhighinspeed,theyhavefoundwideapplicationsinallfields.6.Acapacitorisadeviceanditconsistsoftwoconductorswhichareseparatedbyaninsulator.7.Thepriceforthisinstrumentisexpensive.8.Becausethisdeviceissmallinsize,lightandcheap,ithasfoundwideapplicationsinmanyfields.根据科技英语规范，改写下段错误。Weusezirconiumfoilasanodicelectrodeandplatinumfoilascathodicelectrode。Thedistancebetweenanodicandcathodicelectrodeswas20mm.Weuse20KGNaOHaqueoussolutionaselectrolyte.Fig.1,2showstheXRDpatternofsleAandsleBannealedatdifferenttemperature.It’