高中英语北师大版选择性必修一UNIT 3 Period 6　Focus on Language-Relative Clauses(4)-Defining and Non-defining Clauses

Period6FocusonLanguage—RelativeClauses(4)—DefiningandNon-definingClauses感知以下课文原句，完成方框下的小题。1．Extinctions，whereentirespeciesarewipedout，arenotunusualinourEarth’shistory.2．Theseincludethethirdmassextinction，knownasthe“GreatDying”，whichkilled90%to96%ofallspecies.3．A2015studybyscientistswhowerebasedatBrownUniversityandDukeUniversityintheUS，lookedathowquicklyspeciesdieoutduetonaturalcauses，thatis，the“backgroundextinctionrate”．4．Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs，scientistswhohavestudiedtheissuebelievethatuptothreequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout.5．...weneedtotakestepstosaveendangeredspecies，includingsettingupspecialareaswhereplantsandanimalscanbeprotected.方框中的黑体单词引导的句子都是定语从句，其中句1和2中主句跟从句用逗号隔开，被称作非限制性定语从句；句3,4和5主从句在一起，被称作限制性定语从句。在限制性定语从句中，关系代词除了用who，whom，which，whose外，也可以用that；在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词可以用who，whom，which，whose，但不能用that。一、定语从句的种类根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1．限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as；关系副词有where，when，why。Thisisthecomputer(that/which)heboughtforhissonyesterday.这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。Thewomanwho/thatsurvivedtheearthquakeisAmy’sEnglishteacher.在地震中幸存的那个女人是埃米的英语老师。2．非限制性定语从句(1)非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开，是对先行词的附加说明，如去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。Thechildren，whowantedtohaveajourneytothevalley，weredisappointedwhenthejourneywascancelled.那些想去山谷旅行的孩子都因旅行的取消而感到失望。Thattheywillgetmarried，whichhasnotbeenannounced，hasspreadaround.他们要结婚的消息还没有被宣布，却已经被传得沸沸扬扬。(2)非限制性定语从句的先行词既可为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个句子或其中一部分，且常译成并列的分句。We’llgraduateinJuly，whenwewillbefree.(先行词为名词)我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。Heoftencomestoschoollate，whichmakeshisteacherangry.(先行词为主句的内容)他经常上学迟到，这使得他的老师很生气。(3)引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who，whom和whose；指物时用which和whose。引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词指时间时用when；指地点时用where。Thisisourheadmaster，whoIthinkhassomethingcrucialtotellyou.这是我们的校长，我认为他有非常重要的事情要告诉你。Myeldersisterhasbecomeadoctor，whichIwantedtobe.我姐姐已经成了一名医生，这是我想成为的。ChaplinlivedthelastyearsofhislifeinSwitzerland，wherehewasburiedin1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。Hefledhishometownin1992，whenhewasonly12yearsold.他于1992年逃离家乡，当时他只有12岁。二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句意义起限定作用，指特定的人或物，从句不可省略，否则原句句意不完整仅作补充或说明，若去掉从句，主句意思依然完整结构要求紧跟先行词，从句与先行词之间不加逗号用逗号与先行词或主句隔开功能修饰先行词修饰先行词或整个主句引导词所有的关系代词及副词关系代词或关系副词，但是关系代词that及关系副词why除外Whenyoureachedthevillage，youwouldfirstfindahousewhosewindowsweremadeofwood.当你到达那个村庄时，你首先会发现一座有着木窗的房子。Theyenjoyedbeautifulsceneryinthemountainarea，wheretheyalsodidsomeclimbing.他们欣赏了这个山区的美景，在那里他们还做了些爬山运动。[巧学助记]定从分类有奥妙，限与非限看逗号；定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系。三、as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别aswhich指代只能指代整个主句的内容既可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代主句的一部分位置可位于主句之前、之中或之后不能置于主句之前意义正如这，那功能连接上下文，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句Asweallknow，theearthmovesaroundthesun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。Thesinger，aswasexpected，achievedagreatsuccess.正如所期盼的那样，这位歌手取得了巨大成功。Catherinewillattendafriend’swedding，whichsheisbusypreparingfornow.凯瑟琳将参加一个朋友的婚礼，现在她正在为此做准备。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported，hasdecreasedby17%injustoneyear.2．IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withoutwhosehelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.3．Thisisthelargestclockintheworld，theminutehandofwhichissixmeterslong.4．Wehavelaunchedanotherman-madesatellite，which/asisannouncedintoday’snewspaper.5．Asisoftenthecase，Iwasstuckinatrafficjamwhenpickingmysonupfromschool.6．Hisnephewfinishedcollegeattheageof15，whichIfoundhardtobelieve.7．Therearemanywaysthatpeoplecanmakecontributionstotheworld.8．Herparentsboughtacandystoretherethat/whichtheyhaveranfordecades.9．Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedinschool.10．Yourspeechwasheardbyagroupoffivejudges，allofwhomagreedthatitwasthebestonethisyear.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Tobefrank，Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhichyoutalkwithme.说实话，我不喜欢你跟我讲话的方式。2．Theyhavegotthreechildren，allofwhomhaveastrongpassionformusic.他们有三个孩子，所有孩子都很热爱音乐。3．Itwasrainingheavilylastnight，whichpreventedmefromgoingtotheparty.昨晚雨下得很大，这使我不能去参加晚会。4．Asthesayinggoes，“Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”正如谚语所说，“失败是成功之母。”5．ThereasonwhyIamphoningyouistoconsultsomeacademicquestions.我给你打电话是想咨询一些学术上的问题。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．ThetimewhenIfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodforme.2．Theyhavebeenintoasituationwheretheymusttakeimmediatemeasures.3．Marywaslateforclassagain，whichmadetheteacherincrediblyannoyed.4．Asisknowntoeverybody，themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.5．Canyoulendmethecollectionofessaysthat/whichiseditedbyEllenKnight?6．Thecouncildidn’ttellthereasonwhythemeetingwascanceled.7．Thetownhasonlytwohotels，neitherofwhichservesbreakfast.8．Creatinganatmospherewhereemployeesfeelpartofateamisabigchallenge.9．Theybuiltsheltersforthepeoplewhosehousesweredestroyedinthetyphoon.10．Happinessandsuccessoftencometothosewhoaregoodatrecognizingtheirownstrength.Ⅱ.单句写作(定语从句)1．他是那群学生中唯一一个被北京大学录取的人。HewastheonlyoneofthesestudentsthatwasadmittedtoPekingUniversity.2．上周日，我们学校举行了一场五公里越野赛跑，高三的学生都参加了比赛。LastSunday，ourschoolheldafive-kilometercross-countryrunningrace，whenallstudentsinSenior3tookpartinit.3．我把她的名字叫错了，对此我应该向她道歉。Icalledherbythewrongname，forwhichIshouldapologizetoher.4．他开会迟到的原因是遭遇了交通堵塞。Thereasonwhyhewaslateforthemeetingwasthathewasstuckintrafficjams.5．校广播站宣布，由于暴风雨，运动会将被推迟到下周。Asisannouncedontheschoolradiostation，thesportsmeetingwillbeputoffuntilnextweekduetotherainstorm.Ⅲ.阅读理解MoreattentionisbeingpaidtotheairissueinLondon，especiallywithacontinuinginvestigationintothedeathofEllaKissi-Debrah，a9-year-oldgirlwholivedjustmetersfromoneofthecapital’sbusiestroads.ElladiedinFebruary2013，havingsufferedfrommanyasthmaticattacks(哮喘发作)，andhadbeentakentohospitalfornearly30timesinthethreeyearspriortoherdeath.ShemaybecomethefirstpersonintheUKforwhomairpollutionislistedasthecauseofdeath.Todaylowemission(排放)hashelpedreducedangerouspoisonousairinpartsoftheUnitedKingdomcapitalby94percent，accordingtoanannualreportfromTransportforLondon(TFL)．ThetransportauthoritysaidtheyhadestablishedthedefinedareaswhereaccessbysomepollutingvehiclesisrestrictedorforbiddeninCentralLondoninFebruary，whichcontributedmostlytothechange.TheTFLreportshowedtrafficonroadsfellbyhalfduringlockdown.FiguresshowedabigincreaseinthenumberofpeoplewalkingandcyclinginLondon，withjourneysmadeonfootorbybicycleupfrom29percentbetweenJanuaryandMarch2020to46percentbetweenMarchandJune2020.TFLwillspendatleast75millionpoundsonwalkingandcyclingprogramsacrossthecapitaloverthenextsixmonths.About88.5kilometersofneworupgradedcyclelaneshavebeenbuiltorareunderconstruction.“ThisnewdatashowjusthowimportantwalkingandcyclinghavebeeninhelpingLondonersstayhealthyandsafe，”TFLStreetspacedeliverymanagerHelenCansicksaid.“That’swhyit’scrucialthatwecontinuetoinvesttosupportwalkingandcycling，ensuringthatthecapitalcanbecomeahealthierandmoresustainableplaceforeveryone.”语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了伦敦为降低空气污染、保护市民生命健康采取了很多措施，最终空气质量有所改善。1．WhatdoesEllaKissi-Debrah’sdeathindicate?A．Airpollutionisabigcauseofdeath.B．Childrenoftensufferfromasthma.C．Bigcitiesarepollutedmoreseriously.D．Airpollutionanditseffectaresevere.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，空气污染被列为Ella的死因之一，说明英国的空气污染及其影响非常严重。故选D。2．WhatmainlycontributedtothereducedpoisonousairinpartsofLondon?A．Policyonlockdown.B．Changeintransport.C．Low-emissionzones.D．Reductionineconomy.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第二段的“Todaylowemission(排放)hashelpedreducedangerouspoisonousairinparts...TransportforLondon(TFL)．”可知，低排放有助于减少伦敦地区的有毒空气。故选C。3．WhatdoestheTFLreportshow?A．Short-distancejourneysaremorepopular.B．Thetrafficonroadsincreasesalot.C．WalkingandcyclingareLondoners’firstchoice.D．MoreLondonerschoosetowalkandride.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第三段的“FiguresshowedabigincreaseinthenumberofpeoplewalkingandcyclinginLondon”可知，TFL报告显示，越来越多的伦敦人选择步行和骑自行车。故选D。4．What’sthebesttitleofthistext?A．London’sAirIsNowCleanerB．TrafficRestrictionsTakeEffectsC．WalkingandCyclingHelpStayHealthyD．AirIssueinLondonIsGainingAttention答案A解析标题归纳题。通读全文尤其是最后一段可知，文章主要讲了伦敦为降低空气污染采取了很多措施，最终空气质量有所改善，A项“伦敦现在的空气更干净了”适合作为本文标题。故选A项。Ⅳ.完形填空WhenIwasayoungboyIwaslivinginapoorneighborhoodasafoster(代养的)child.Iwouldoften1tohelpcleanayardorwashsomewalls2somepocketmoneyjusttobuysomeclothesorcandy.OnceIknockedonthedoorofanelderlywomanandaskedifsheneededheryardcleaned.SheaskedwhyIwasnotinschoolandI3hermytorntrousersand4shoes.AndwhenIfinishedthework，shegavemesome5.Shesaid，“Iwantyoutobuysometrousersandnewshoesand6school.Ialsowantyoutocomebackand7mewithyourreportcardandIwill8youwhenIseeyouhaveworkedhardandhavesomegoodmarks.”Ireturnedseveraltimestoseethewomanandshedidjustasshe9.ShelookedatmyreportcardandgavemeahandfulofdollarsandasandwicheverytimeI10showedherIhadan“A”or“B”．Andoverthenextyearsshecontinuedtobethis11influenceinmylifebutI12knewhername.Later，Imovedfromthatneighborhoodintoadifferenthome.Iwillofcoursenever13thehugedifferencethiswonderful14madeovermylifewithher15；thisissomethingIhopetodomyselfinthislifetimeoverandoveragain.语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在一位陌生老太太的鼓舞下变得越来越好的故事。1．A.happen B．offerC．apply D．agree答案B解析happen发生；offer主动提出；apply应用；agree同意。根据下文“OnceIknockedonthedoorofanelderlywomanandaskedifsheneededheryardcleaned.”可知，作者主动找活干。2．A.inchargeof B．inplaceofC．inexchangefor D．inpreparationfor答案C解析inchargeof负责；inplaceof取代；inexchangefor交换；inpreparationfor为……做准备。根据下文“AndwhenIfinishedthework，shegavemesome.”可知，作者通过工作来换钱。3．A.selected B．showedC．carried D．left答案B解析select选择；show展示；carry携带；leave离开。根据“SheaskedwhyIwasnotinschool”可知，老人询问作者不去学校的原因，此处指作者把自己的贫穷展示给老人看。4．A.special B．strongC．worn-out D．clean-washed答案C解析special特殊的；strong强壮的；worn-out破损的；clean-washed洗干净的。根据上文“Iwaslivinginapoorneighborhood”“torntrousers”可知，作者是个穷孩子，穿着破旧的裤子和鞋子。5．A.food B．moneyC．clothes D．trousers答案B解析food食物；money钱；clothes衣服；trousers裤子。根据下文“Iwantyoutobuysometrousersandnewshoesandschool.”可知，老人给的是钱。6．A.returnto B．leaveforC．adaptto D．lookfor答案A解析returnto返回；leavefor动身去；adaptto适应；lookfor寻找。根据下文“whenIseeyouhaveworkedhardandhavesomegoodmarks”可知，老人想让作者回到学校。7．A.challenge B．impressC．visit D．treat答案C解析challenge挑战；impress给……留下印象；visit参观，探望；treat招待。根据句中的“comeback”可知，老人是想让作者回来看望她。8．A.reward B．comfortC．thank D．repay答案A解析reward奖励；comfort安慰；thank感谢；repay偿还。根据下文的“gavemeahandfulofdollarsandasandwich”可知，老人给的是奖励。9．A.hoped B．recordedC．waited D．promised答案D解析hope希望；record记录；wait等待；promise保证。根据下文“gavemeahandfulofdollarsandasandwicheverytimeIshowedherIhadan‘A’or‘B’”可知，老人信守承诺。10．A.proudly B．carefullyC．anxiously D．nervously答案A解析proudly自豪地；carefully细心地；anxiously焦虑地；nervously紧张地。根据“showedherIhadan‘A’or‘B’”可知，得了“A”或“B”应该很自豪。11．A.typical B．positiveC．extra D．common答案B解析typical典型的；positive积极的；extra额外的；common普通的。老人的做法对作者产生了积极的影响。12．A.still B．evenC．also D．never答案D解析still仍然；even甚至；also也；never从不。根据“Andoverthenextyearsshecontinuedtobethisinfluenceinmylife”和转折词but可知，作者一直不知道老人的名字。13．A.forget B．believeC．receive D．compare答案A解析forget忘记；believe相信；receive收到；compare比较。根据“thisissomethingIhopetodomyselfinthislifetimeoverandoveragain”可知，作者永远不会忘记老太太给自己带来的改变。14．A.guest B．partnerC．stranger D．relative答案C解析guest客人；partner搭档；stranger陌生人；relative亲戚。根据上文“butIknewhername”可知，作者不知道她的姓名，她只是个陌生人。15．A.dream B．trustC．principle D．inspiration答案D解析dream梦想；trust信任；principle原则；inspiration鼓舞，启发。由上文语境可知，一个陌生老太太鼓励作者去上学，并在作者取得好成绩时奖励作者，由此可知，是老人的鼓舞使得作者变得更好。Ⅴ.语法填空Anewresearchsuggestsplantingtreesandotherplantsnearfactoriescouldreducepollutionbyalmostone-third.The1.(add)ofplantlifemayevencostlessandbemoreeffectivethantechnology2.(design)tocutpollution.Thefindings3.(report)inthepublicationEnvironmentalScience&Technology.TheleadauthorofthestudywasBhavikBakshi，4.isaprofessorofchemicalandbiomolecular(生物分子)engineeringatTheOhioStateUnive