北京海淀区2022年高三英语一模试卷及答案

海淀区2022年下学期一模参考答案第一部分知识运用(共两节30分)第一节(共10小题:每小题1.5分，共15分)1.B；2.D；3.C；4.A；5.D；6.B；7.A；8.C；9.C；10.B；第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)11.to；12.won；13.their；14.attending；15.whose；16.imaginations；17.whether；18.hasbeenaccepted；19.shared；20.tochase；第二部分阅读理解(共两节38分)第一节(共14小题:每小题2分，共28分)A篇：21.B；22.C；23.D；B篇：24.D；25.A；26.D；C篇：27.C；28.C；29.A；30.B；D篇：31.C；32.B；33.D；34.A；第二节(共5小题:每小题2分，共10分)35.C；36.B；37.F；38.A；39.G；北京海淀区2022年高三英语一模2022.03.29权威解析：2022年3月29日北京市海淀区高三一模英语光阴似箭：我们刚刚结束了北京市丰台区的高三一模英语考试，3月29日我们又迎来了一年一度的北京市海淀区高三一模英语学科考试！全体同学们，大家感觉都好吧！你们是不是感觉答卷行云流水呢？【其实，海淀区的英语还是有难度的哦，哈哈……不知道你们同意不？】今天，刘凯老师第一时间为大家进行全网独家解析，2022年度北京市海淀区高三英语学科，请大家及时关注新浪微博教育与腾讯教育频道！各位同学们、家长、老师们：大家好。首先我很荣幸参与2022年北京市高三英语一模全网独家解析工作！作为2022年度高三一模解析团队一员在这里向大家问候：祝大家2022年一切顺利！如有纰漏还请市区各位同仁多多指正和补充！我本次参与的解析部分如下：第一模块：语法填空第二部分：完形填空第三部分：写作第二节(20分)假设你是红星中学高三(1)班班长李华。你班即将开展五一劳动节活动。请你给交换生Jjim写一封电子邮件邀请他参加，内容包括：1、活动目的及安排；2、注意事项。注意：1、词数100左右；2、开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。DearJim，Yours，LiHua刘凯老师独家解析：各位同学们，大家不难发现，2022年北京市海淀区高三一模英语学科的作文部分相对往年较容易，题干很明确哦，大家通过读题就不难发现这篇文章的写作要求，我们先观察下写作的背景，你班即将开展五一劳动节活动。请你给交换生Jjim写一封电子邮件邀请他参加。这篇作文是地地道道的应用文——邀请信。在以往，我们没少练习过这样的书信文体——邀请信，回忆下初中【中考】，那时候我们就多次写邀请信的，而2022年3月29日海淀区高三一模英语的作文也是邀请信，你们是不是很开心呢，意不意外，惊不惊喜？加油吧，孩子们，关于邀请信我们就来剖析一下吧！邀请信写作及实战演练邀请信：某个具体活动的邀请信件，要写清楚：1）发出邀请；2）参加活动的具体内容、时间和地点；3）期待对方接受邀请。【刘凯老师总结】行文结构：第一段：……中间段：……首先：……邀请的理由其次：……活动目的及安排与细节展开再次：……我的想法与过往经历尾段：……第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Iwasabouttosleepwhensomeoneknockedonmywindow.Knock,knock.Thenathree-secondpause.Knock,knock.ImmediatelyIknewitwasmybestfriend,Ben.Theknock1wasouremergencycallwhichnevermeansanythinggood.“What'sgoingon?”Irushedtoopenthewindowandasked.“怎么回事?”我冲过去打开窗户。问Benclimbedin.“Badnews.”Hegavemea2look,andIimmediatelyknewwhatitwas.Myheart3.Igavehimanod,andhesighedinresponse.“Whereto?”Iasked.“去哪儿?”我问。“Virginia."“That'sfarfromFlorida.“那离佛罗里达很远。Welookedateachotherknowingwewerethinkingthesame.BothBenandIhadparentsintheair-force.Wewereusedtofrequentmoves.我们看着对方，知道我们的想法是一样的。本和我的父母都在空军服役。我们已经习惯了频繁的搬家。BenandIbecameclosefriendssinceIcrashedintoBen'sstandandsentplasticcupsoflemonadeflyingintotheheavens.Atfirst,I4Florida.Everythingchanged,though,whenI5roller-skatedintoBen'slemonadestand.本和我成了好朋友自从我撞到本的摊位，把塑料杯的柠檬水扔进了天堂。“Itmusthavebeenfate!"weclaimed.ButIthinkthat,maybe,therewassome6inthatlemonade,andthatasitraineddownonus,itcastaspellmakingusfriendsforever.“这一定是命运!”我们断言。“MaybeyourfamilywillgetmovedtoVirginiatoo.”Bensaid.“也许你的家人也会搬到弗吉尼亚去。”本说。“Yeah,maybe."Iknewthechancewaslow,butIchosetohope.Bengrinnedatme.Thoughitlookedsad,Isaw7inhimtoo.“是的,也许吧。”我知道机会很小，但我还是选择了希望。本朝我咧嘴一笑。“'lhavealemonadestand8foryou.”“ThenI'llpackmyroller-skates.'“那我就带上我的旱冰鞋。”"ThenI'llwearaponcho(雨披)”“那我就穿件雨披”We9.ThehumidFloridanightclosedaroundus,andIfeltatinydropofliquidsolashonmyarm.Iknewitwasprobablyrain,butstill,lthoughtthat,maybe,itwasadropofmagiclemonade,becausenothingonearthcanbreakthe10betweenus.我们都笑了。潮湿的佛罗里达夜晚将我们包围，我感觉到有一小滴液体在我的手臂上。我知道可能会下雨，但我还是想，也许，那是一滴神奇的柠檬水，因为世界上没有任何东西可以打破我们之间的联系。1.A.soundB.patternC.numberD.symbol2.A.playfulB.gratefulC.cheerfulD.meaningful3.A.failedB.softenedC.sankD.relieved4.A.hatedB.missedC.exploredD.appreciated5.A.graduallyB.narrowlyC.constantlyD.accidentally6.A.signB.magicC.flavourD.wish7.A.hopeB.joyC.courageD.support8.A.necessaryB.convenientC.readyD.useful9.A.struggledB.arguedC.laughedD.compromised10.A.ruleB.bondC.barrierD.balance刘凯老师解析：本篇完形填空是一篇记叙文。本次一模的完形填空难度系数还可以，大家很容易领会文章大意！文章大意是：我正要睡觉，这时有人敲我的窗户。咚,咚,然后是三秒钟的停顿。咚,咚,我立刻意识到那是我最好的朋友，本。刘凯老师介绍刘凯，男，蒙古族，黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人。本科为哈尔滨师范大学英语系，硕士为北京理工大学。2010年赴美国宾夕法尼亚大学交流学习；2013年美国亚利桑那大学访问学者；2015年澳大利亚新南威尔士大学ESL研修；2018年加州理工学院语言学双学位获得者；2019年赴澳大利亚麦考瑞大学习；GRE托福考试全球高分获得者；荣获长江商学院EMBA。交流北京市优秀青年教师，北京市级重点高中示范校骨干教师，多年高中一线执教经验，高三年级把关教师，多次参与东城区模拟试题命题工作，教学理念先进，教学成果突出，多篇教学论文获市区级奖项。多篇文章发表在《中国教育报》《中国考试》《北京教育》等报刊上。多次参加高考阅卷工作，参与人民教育出版社、北京教育出版社、外研社等各类高考教学用书的编写工作，有丰富的备考经验，国际核心期刊发表多篇论文。教育部课题研究员，参与国家十二五课题计划，并作出突出贡献，参与初中、高中各年级区级试题的命制，多次承担区级和市级研究课任务。北京市科技英语优秀指导教师，所带学生在各级英语口语、作文竞赛中多次获奖；将扎实的英语基本功和严谨的学术思想作为教学的基础，课堂上善于寓教于乐，信息量大，内容丰富，使学生在和谐的课堂气氛下欣赏英语、享受英语、掌握英语、运用英语。2009-2012年期间，多次受邀在北京广播电台主持英语高考大纲解析及英语新课程改革节目，学术功底深厚，兼具偶像派与实力派特点，教风亲切洒脱，诙谐幽默，思维开阔，屡有奇思妙想，善于引导学生学以致用，对高考动向把握极其准确，深受学生和家长欢迎。尤其擅长英语语法和单词记忆法。海外生活学习十年，社科人文类学科偏爱者；10年雅思教龄，知名教师培训师；指导上万考生快速冲刺雅思写作、阅读，平均分数7.5分；独创“段落清空”、极简化“针对检索式”阅读法等众多高效技法；每年雅思考试均在10次以上；均分8+；真题回忆准确度97%以上；贴近西式思路和语言指导学生写作；善于帮助学生突破学术思维瓶颈。讲授科目有长难句、翻译、四六级考试、阅读和写作；在2014、2015、2017、2019四年考研中，接受其培训的所有考生中有近万名考生取得高分。带给学生的不只是考分的提高，更多的是对英语领悟和感知的突破。纯正的英音、独到的见解、睿智的思维和轻松幽默的语言，为其赢得了广大学生的认同和喜爱。写作资深考研培训讲师；英语四六级考试天团高级讲师；雅思阅读、雅思写作培训主讲名师；六级考试阅卷组成员；深谙命题规律和解题套路，对英语的学习规律和方法见解独特。呼吁国人学习英语的态度：重复是记忆之母。用听，用看，用心去触摸每个单词，你便会有好的记忆。中国人要学好英语就要有一点点变态。上课特点：课堂从不需点名，却无人缺席教学理念：英语教师很幸运也有责任与学生一同叩响世界之门!第二部分阅读理解(共两节38分)第一节(共14小题；每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AOldandunrestoredtheatresareallaroundusandyetsounnoticed.Anewphotobookunveilstheiroftenoverlookedbeauty.我们周围到处都是未修复的老剧院，却无人注意。一本新的相册揭示了它们经常被忽视的美。Proctor'sTheatre,Newark,NewJersey普洛克特剧院，纽瓦克，新泽西州Althoughavailableoutdoorsfromstreetsellers,foodwasbannedintheatrestodisplayrespectability.Inthelate1920s,however,theoperatorsinProctor'sTheatreinNewarkbegantosetupstandstoimprovetheeconomicsituationduringtheGreatDepression.PopcornandCokewouldbecomeasignificantpartofthetheatre'sincome.虽然在户外可以从街头小贩那里买到食物，但为了显示体面，剧院里禁止吃东西。然而，在20世纪20年代末，纽瓦克的普罗克特剧院的经营者开始设立看台，以改善大萧条时期的经济状况。爆米花和可乐将成为剧院收入的重要组成部分。Proctor’sTheatre,Troy,NewYork普洛克特剧院，特洛伊，纽约OriginallyopenedasProctor'sFourthStreetTheatrein1914,ithostedfamouscomedianssuchasJackBennyandBobHope.From1929,itwassuccessivelytakenover,renamedasProctor'sTroyTheatreandswitchedtoscreeningfilms,Inthe1960s,itbeganplayingsecond-runfilmsbeforeclosingin1977.ItwaslistedontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces(NRHP)in1979.In2010.thetheatrewasrepairedbutiscurrentlynotbeingusedtoday.它最初于1914年作为普罗科特的第四街剧院开放，曾招待过杰克·本尼和鲍勃·霍普等著名喜剧演员。从1929年开始，它被陆续接管，更名为普洛克特特洛伊剧院，并转向放映电影。20世纪60年代，它开始放映第二轮电影，1977年关闭。1979年，它被列入国家历史遗迹名录(NRHP)。在2010年。剧院被修复过，但现在不使用了。RKOKeith’sFlushingTheatre,NewYorkRKOKeith的法拉盛剧院，纽约Originallyopenedin1928.RKOKeith'sFlushingTheatrewasdesignedbyThomasLamb.In1982,itwaslistedontheNRHP.In1986,thetheatrewasboughtandclosedbyitsnewownerwhoplannedtobuildashoppingcentreonthesite,intentionallydamagingthehall.In2019,despitethepreservationefforts,thehallwasknockeddowntomakewayforaresidentialtowerblock.最初于1928年开放。RKOKeith的法拉盛剧院由ThomasLamb设计。1982年，它被列入NRHP。1986年，剧院被它的新主人买下并关闭，他计划在这里建造一个购物中心，故意破坏了大厅。2019年，尽管进行了保护工作，该大厅还是被拆除，为一座住宅楼让路。MetropolitanOperaHouse,Philadelphia/ˌfɪləˈdelfiə/费城大都会歌剧院ThetheatrewasoriginallyopenedasthePhiladelphiaOperaHousein1908.Inthe1920s,itwasrenamedastheMetropolitanOperaHouse,showingsilentfilmsinadditiontohostingvariousoperacompanies.Inthe1940s,itbecameasportsarena.In1954,itwasturnedintoachurch.Inthelate1990s.thebuildingwaspurchasedbyMarkHatcher.Thechurchandthedevelopercametoanagreementonarepairforamusicvenuethatwascompletedandreopenedin2018.剧院最初于1908年作为费城歌剧院开放。在20世纪20年代，它被重新命名为大都会歌剧院，除了主办各种歌剧公司外，还放映无声电影。在20世纪40年代，它变成了一个运动场。1954年，它被改成了教堂。在20世纪90年代末。这栋楼被马克·海切尔买下了。教堂和开发商就音乐场地的修复达成了协议，该场地于2018年完工并重新开放。21.Inthelate1920%,Proctor’TheatreinNewarksetupstandsto_______.在1920%后期，纽瓦克的普洛克特剧院设立了看台A.showrespectfortheguestsB.increasethetheater’sincomeC.promotenewlyreleasedmoviesD.competewiththestreetsellers22.Whatcanweknowfromthepassage?从文章中我们能知道什么?A.RKOKeith'sFlushingTheatreiswellpreserved.B.Proctor'sTheatreinTroyplayssecond-runfilmsnow.C.MetropolitanOperaHousehaswitnessedchangesinitsfunction.D.Proctor'sTheatreinNewarkhasbeenofficiallylistedontheNRHP.23.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?这篇文章的目的是什么?A.Toranktheoldandunrestoredtheatres.B.ToshowthedevelopmentofAmericantheatres.C.Toencouragepeopletoprotecttheoldtheatres.D.Toprovideinformationonoverlookedoldtheatres.BTotheuntrainedeye,apingpongballisjustapingpongball.ToaBeverlyClearyfan.it'stwomotorcyclehelmetsformice.在外行人看来，乒乓球只是乒乓球而已。献给贝弗利·克利里的粉丝。这是给老鼠的两个摩托车头盔。EversinceIreadCleary'sseriesaboutRalph,themotorcycle-ridingmouse,I'veneverlookedatapingpongball-ortheworld-thesameway.Amazingtothinkthatit'sbeenmorethanfortyyearssinceIcheckedoutTheMouseandtheMotorcyclefrommyschoollibraryinNorthport,andyetthatoneparticularimageisascleartomeasever.自从我读了克利里关于骑摩托车的老鼠拉尔夫的系列小说后，我就再也没有以同样的方式看待过乒乓球——或者世界。令人惊讶的是，自从我在诺斯波特的学校图书馆里借了《老鼠和摩托车》，已经过去四十多年了，但那张特别的图片对我来说还是一如既往地清晰。Andwhyshouldn'titbe?It'sperfect.为什么不是呢?它是完美的。HowIwantedamouseofmyowntorideatoymotorcyclearoundmyhouse!ThankstoCleary'sgenius,atalkingmousefriendseemednotonlypossiblebutprobable.我多么想要一只自己的老鼠在我的房子里骑着玩具摩托车!多亏了克利里的天才，一个会说话的老鼠朋友似乎不仅是可能的，而且是很可能的。Whilemuchofchildren'sliteratureattemptedtoexplaintheworldfromthepointofviewofawiseandgentleadult,Clearycreatedcharacterswhosawtheworldasonlychildrencan.Withgreatinterest,IreadeverybookthatboreBeverlyCleary'sname.SheseemedlikeafriendwhounderstoodmeinwaysIdidn'tyetunderstandmyself.很多儿童文学作品都试图从一个聪明、温柔的成年人的角度来解释世界，而克利里创作的人物则以只有儿童才能看到的视角来看待世界。带着极大的兴趣，我读了每一本以贝弗利·克利里的名字命名的书。她似乎是一个朋友，她对我的理解，虽然我还不了解自己。I'vewritteneightchildren'sbooksandhavealwayskeptBeverly'ssenseofwonderinmind.Idon'trememberatexactlywhatageIdecidedIwantedtowritebooks,butIknowthatbysecondorthirdgrade,myteacherassignedaprojectthatallowedustofocusonwhateverwewanted.Mybestfriendpickeddolphins;Ichosechildren'sauthors.withalargechunkofmyprojectbeingaboutwhoelse?BeverlyCleary!我已经写了八本儿童读物，并一直将贝弗利的好奇心铭记在心。我不记得我是在什么年龄决定写书的，但我知道在二、三年级的时候，我的老师布置了一个项目，让我们能够专注于我们想要的任何事情。我最好的朋友选择了海豚;我选择了儿童作家。我的项目大部分都是关于谁的?贝弗莉佳!Itoldthatstoryrecentlytoaschoolgroup.Oneofthestudentssaid,“That'sfantastic!Youdidyourprojectonchildren'sauthorsandthenyoubecameone!”我最近把这个故事告诉了一个学校小组。其中一个学生说:“太好了!你完成了儿童作家的研究项目，然后你就成了一个作家!”“Yes.”Isaid.“Andmybestfriendwhodidherprojectondolphins---becameadolphin!”“是的。”我说。“我最好的朋友做了一个关于海豚的项目，她变成了一只海豚!”“Really?”thestudentssaidinchorus.“真的吗?学生们异口同声地说。AndthatperfectlysumsupwhyIlovewritingforchildren:thebeliefthatfantastic,magicalthingscanhappen.Bestfriendscanbecomedolphins;micecanridetoymotorcyclesandbecomeourfriends.这完美地总结了我为什么喜欢为孩子们写作:相信奇妙、神奇的事情会发生。最好的朋友可以变成海豚;老鼠可以骑玩具摩托车，成为我们的朋友。That'swhatBeverlyClearytaughtme.Inthehandsofagiftedstoryteller,anythingispossible...andsoveryfunny.这是贝弗利·克利里教我的。在一个有天赋的说书人手中，一切皆有可能。非常有趣。24.TheMouseandtheMotorcycleimpressedtheauthormainlybecause_______.《老鼠和摩托车》给作者留下印象主要是因为深刻A.itrecordedanimals’lifeB.itrevealedthewisdomoflifeC.itencouragedchildrentoraisepetsD.itdescribedtheworldfromchildren'seyes25.Whenlearningtheauthor'sfriendbecameadolphin,thestudentsfelt______.当得知作者的朋友变成了海豚时，学生们感到A.amazedB.doubtfulC.scaredD.confused26.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?这篇文章主要讲的是什么?A.WhattheauthorcreatedtoattractchildrenB.WhattheauthordidtoturnimpossibleintopossibleC.HowBeverlyClearyarousedchildren'sinterestinreadingD.HowtheauthorwasinspiredtobeawriterbyBeverlyClearyCWhenachunkoficefellfromacollapsingglacier(冰川)ontheSwissAlps’MountEigerin2017,partofthelongdeepsounditproducedwastoolowforhumanearstodetect.Butthesevibrationsheldakeytocalculatingtheiceavalanche's(崩塌)criticalcharacteristics.2017年，当一块冰从瑞士阿尔卑斯山脉艾格尔山上的一座崩塌的冰川上落下时，它产生的部分长而深沉的声音太低，人类的耳朵无法探测到。但这些振动是计算关键特征的关键。冰崩Low-frequencysoundwavescalledinfrasoundthattravelgreatdistancesthroughtheatmospherearealreadyusedtomonitoractivevolcanoesfromafar.Nowsomeresearchersinthisfieldhaveswitchedfocusfromfiretoice:dangerousblockssnappingoffglaciers.Previousworkhasanalyzedinfrasoundfromsnowavalanchesbutneverice,saysBoiseStateUniversitygeophysicistJeffreyJohnson.“Thiswasdifferent,”Johnsonsays.“Asignatureofanewmaterialhasbeendetectedwithinfrasound."Usuallyglaciersmovefartooslowlytogenerateaninfrasoundsignal.whichresearcherspickupusingdetectorsthattrackslightchangesinairpressure.Butacollapse-asudden,rapidbreakingoficefromtheglacier'smainbody-isaprolificinfrasoundproducer.Glacialcollapsesdriveiceavalanches,whichposeanincreasingthreattopeopleinmountainousregionsasrisingtemperaturesweakenlargefieldsofice,Aglacier"canbecomedetachedfromthegroundduetomelting,causingbiggerbreak-offs.”saysUniversityofFlorencegeologistEmanueleMarchetti,leadauthorofthenewstudy.Asthethreatgrows,scientistsseeknewwaystomonitoranddetectsuchcollapses.Researchersoftenuseradartofrackiceavalanches,whichisprecisehutexpensiveandcanmonitoronlyonespecificlocationandneighboringavalanchepaths.Infrasound,Marchettisays,ischeaperandcandetectbreak-offeventsaroundamuchbroaderareaaswellasmultipleavalanchesacrossamountain.Itischallenging,however,toseparateasignalintoitscomponents(suchastrafficnoises,individualavalanchesandnearbyearthquakes)withoutadditionalmeasurements.saysETHZurichglaciologistMalgorzataChmiel.”ThemodelusedbyMarchettiisafirstapproximationforthis,"shesays.Isolatingtherelevantsignalhelpstheresearchersmonitoraniceavalanche'sspeed,pathandvolumefromafarusinginfrasoundMarchettiandhiscolleaguesarenowworkingtoimprovetheirdetectorstopickupmoresignalsacrossat-riskregionsinEurope,andtheyhavesetupcollaborationsaroundthecontinenttobetterunderstandsignalsthatcollapsingglaciersproduce.Theyarealsorefiningtheirmathematicalanalysistofigureouteachicecascade'sphysicaldetails.27.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph2andParagraph3?我们能从第二段和第三段中学到什么?A.Infrasoundhasamajorroletoplayindiscoveringnewmaterials.B.Iceavalanchesareabiggerthreattopeoplethanvolcaniceruptions.C.Researchersaretryingtouseinfrasoundindetectingiceavalanches.D.Scientistsemployinfrasoundmoreinmountainareasthaninotherplaces.28.Whichisanadvantageofinfrasoundoverradar?次声雷达的优势是什么?A.Thecombinationwithotherrelevantsignals.B.Theaccuracyinlocatingacertainavalanche.C.Theabilityinpickingupsignalsinwiderareas.D.Thesensitivityintrackingairpressurechanges.29.Theunderlinedword"this"inParagraph4refersto第4段中划线的“this”指的是A.distinguishingdifferentcomponentsofasignalB.detectingmultipleavalanchesatthesametimeC.calculatingthespeedandpathoficeavalanchesD.monitoringthespecificlocationoficebreak-offs30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?下面哪个是这篇文章最好的标题?A.FromFiretoleeB.GlacierWhispersC.NatureisWarningD.SecretofIceAvalanchesDInover25years,DeSimonehasspunhisresearchfindingsintocommercialgoldbylaunchingseveralbusinesses.AsafacultymemberattheUniversityofNorthCarolina,heprovidedscientificadviceandheldequityinthebusinesses.Buthehasneveractuallymanagedhiscompanies,Hisemployersbarhimfromsimultaneouslyholdinganacademicpostandanexecutiveposition.Thedualpolescanpresenthugeconflicts.在超过25年的时间里，德西蒙通过创办几家公司，将他的研究成果转化为商业黄金。作为北卡罗来纳大学(UniversityofNorthCarolina)的教员，他提供科学建议，并持有这些企业的股权。但他从未真正管理过他的公司，他的雇主禁止他同时担任学术职位和行政职位。两极可能会带来巨大的冲突。Conflictsofinterest(COIs)occurwhenanindividual'spersonalinterests-family,friendships.financial,orsocialfactors-couldcompromisehisorherjudgment,decisions,oractionsintheworkplace,anditmakessoundcareersensetothinkabouthowtomanagethem.Researchersshoulddisclosepotentialorexistingconflictsacrossallaspectsofacademiclife.Inmostplaces,COImanagementrunsonanhonorsystem.Researchersdecidewhichfinancialholdingsandrelationshipstodisclosetouniversityadministrators.Journalsandfundersadoptasimilarsystemwhentheyaskauthorsandpeerreviewersaboutpotentialconflictsrelatedtomanuscriptorgrantapprovals.Mostresearchinstitutionsoffertrainingtohelpfacultymemberstounderstandwhatconstitutesapotentialorexistingconflict.Administratorsthendecidewhethertheinterestpresentsaconflict,andwhetherthatconflictcanbehandled.Ifso,theycreateamanagementplantoaddressit.Ifnot,researchersmustabandonthework,partnerwithresearchersatotherinstitutions,orleavetheiruniversityPerceptionplaysapartindefiningapotentialconflict,warnsWalt,achemistatTuftsUniversity.Investigatorswhodevelopatechnologyinthelaboratoryandthentransferittotheircompanycouldcreateaconflictofinterestintheeyesoftheirstudents,Waltsays.Butthepotentialconflictcanbeavoidedbydraftingalicensingagreementthatbarsdiscoveriesfromautomaticallybeingtransferredtotheinvestigator'scompany.Waltcreatedsuchanarrangementtoassurehisstudentsthattheyweren'tactuallyworkingforhisprivatecompanies.Relationshipscanposeconflictswhenconferenceorganizersarechoosingspeakers.MembersoftheAmericanSocietyforHumanGeneticsprogramcommittee,whichselectsabstractsandtalksfortheirannualmeeting,mustrecuse(要求回避)themselvesfromconsideringtalksby,forexample,researchersattheircurrentandpastinstitutions,closecollaboratorsandthosewithwhomtheyhavepersonalorfamilialties.Evendifferingpointsofviewcanplayapart.Scacheri,ageneticistwhochairsthecommittee,saysthatmemberswhohavedisagreedpersonallywithpotentialspeakersmightalsobeobligedtorecusethemselves:“Ifyoufeellikeyoucan'tbeanimpartial(公正的)reviewer,thatisconsideredaCOI.”HandlingCOIscanbeburdensome.COImanagersemphasizethatthegoalisnottosuppressinnovation,buttoexposepotentialconflictssothattheycanbemanaged.“Nothingabouttheprocessismeanttobeprohibitive,”saysGrewal,aCOIofficeratMIT.Herinstitutionwantstoenablegoodscienceandthebettermentofhumanity.“Duringthatprocess.”shesays,“ifyoumakesomemoneythat'sgoodaswell.”31.TheexampleofDeSimoneinParagraph1isusedmainlyto______.第一段中DeSimone的例子主要用于A.raiseaquestionB.reportafindingC.introduceatopicD.presentatheory32.TobetterdealwithCOIs,_______.A.researchershavetoquittheirjobattheuniversityB.researchersshouldreporttheconflictsthatpossiblyexistC.institutionsneedtomonitorthestaff'scareerandrelationshipsD.institutionsshouldtrainresearcherstocreatemanagementplans33.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?我们能从文章中学到什么?A.GrewalconsidersCOImanagementexhaustingandcostly.B.Waltarrangedtotransferdiscoveriesathislabtohiscompanies.C.ConferenceorganizersshouldavoidinvitingunqualifiedspeakersD.Scacheribelievespersonalviewpointsmayimpactareviewer'sdecision.34.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?我们能从文章中推断出什么?A.COIscanbedefineddependingoninterpretations.B.COIsbenefitscientificinnovationandbetterhumanity.C.COIsariseprimarilyduetothepursuitoffinancialgains.D.COIscanbegotridofbypromotingfairnessinworkplaces第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，共10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。Howmuchtimedoyouspenddoingresearchbeforeyoumakeadecision?Therearepeoplewhogoovereverydetailexhaustivelybeforemakingachoice.35Psychologistscallthiswayofthinkingacognitivebias(偏见),atendencytowardaspecificmentalmistake.你在做决定之前会花多少时间做研究?有些人在做出选择之前会仔细检查每一个细节。但相当多的人会迅速得出结论。心理学家称这种思维方式为认知偏差，即倾向于某种特定的心理错误。Tostudy“jumping”,weexamineddecision-makingpatternsamongmorethan600peoplefromthegeneralpopulation.Wefoundthatjumpersmademoreerrorsthannon-jumpersonproblemsthatrequirethoughtfulanalysis.36InaquizaboutUScivics,theyoverestimatedthechancethattheiranswerswererightsignificantlymorethanotherparticipantsdid-evenwhentheiranswerswerewrong.Sowhatisbehind"jumping"?Psychologicalresearcherscommonlydistinguishbetweentwopathwaysofthought:automaticsystem,whichreflectsideasthatcometothemindeasily,spontaneouslyandwithouteffort,andcontrolledsystemincludingconsciousandeffortfulreasoning.Jumpersandnon-jumpersareequallyinfluencedbyautomaticthoughts._37Itisthecontrolledsystemthathelpspeoplecounterbalancementalbiasesintroducedbytheautomaticsystem.Asaresult,jumpersweremorelikelytoaccepttheconclusionmadeatfirstblushwithoutfurtherquestioning.Alackofcontrolledthinkingisalsomorebroadlyconnectedtotheirproblematicbeliefsandfaultyreasoning.38Amethodcalledmetacognitivetrainingcanbeusedtotargettheirbiases,whichcanhelppeoplethinkmoredeliberatively.Inthistraining,participantsareconfrontedwiththeirownbiases.Theycanlearnaboutthemisstepsandotherwaysofthinkingthroughtheproblemathand.Ithelpstochipawayatparticipants’overconfidence.Ineverydaylife,thequestionofwhetherweshouldthinkthingsthroughorinsteadgowithourgutisafrequentandimportantone,39Sometimesthemostimportantdecisionwemakecanbetotakesomemoretimebeforemakingachoice.A.Happily,theremaybesomehopeforjumpers.B.Also,jumpershadproblemswithoverconfidence.C.Butafairnumberofindividualsarequicktojumptoconclusions.D.Itiscertainlypossibleforthemtooverthinkthingstotakeadecision.E.WeplantocontinuetheworktotraceotherproblemsintroducedbyjumpingF.Thejumpers,however,didnotengageincontrolledreasoningtothesamedegreeasnon-jumpers.G.Recentstudiesshowthatevengatheringjustalittlebitmoreevidencemayhelpusavoidamajormistake.第三部分书面表达(共节32分)第一节(共4小题，第4041题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分、共12分)阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。Youmightnothaveheardofthe"freshstarteffect",butifyou'veevermadeaNewYear'sresolution.You’refamiliarwithit.Itreferstothehumantendencytotakeactiontowardsachievingagoalafteraspecialoccasionorkeydatehaspassed.你可能没听说过“新开始效应”，但如果你曾下过新年决心的话。你对它很熟悉。它指的是在特殊场合或关键日期过后，人们为了实现目标而采取行动的倾向。Thefreshstarteffectissimple.Mostpeoplewanttoimprovethemselvesinsomeway.Whenwehitimportantmilestones.We’reoftenlikelytoreflect:arewewherewethoughtwe’dbebyacertainage?Wasthisyearasuccessfulyear,ordidwewasteit?Annuallandmarkslikebirthdays,orthestart