高三英语一轮复习外刊改编语法填空题百日Day+15+ Day+16

原创外刊改编语法填空题打卡Day15Wenowknowwhywemessupwhenthestakesarehigh The

prospect

ofarewardusuallymotivatesustoperformbetter,butaparticularlybigonecanhavetheoppositeeffect——likelosingatapenaltyshoot-out.Now,researchershaveidentifiedapotentialbrain

mechanism

thatmaycauseusto

choke

underpressure. In2021,AdamSmoulderatCarnegieMellonUniversity,Pennsylvania,andhiscolleaguesshowedthatnon-human

primates

canalsofailtocarryoutataskwhenitseeminglymatters_____1______(much).Theresearcherstrainedthreerhesusmonkeystoperformadifficultreachingtaskinreturn_____2______areward——sugarywater——andfoundthattheyperformedworstwhentherewardwasmost

plentiful. Tobetterunderstandwhythishappens,thesameresearcherstrainedadifferentgroupofrhesusmonkeystoreachforasmallmovingtarget,whichrequiredfastand

accuratemovements,inexchangefordifferentquantitiesofsugarywater.Theyusedmicroelectrodestorecordtheactivityof

neurons

intheanimals’motorcortex,thebrainregion_____3______plansand

executes

movements. Theteamfoundthatindividualcellsinthisregionweresensitivetothesizeoftheexpectedrewardand“tuned”theirresponsesaccordingly–increasingtheiractivityin

anticipation

oflargerrewardsanddecreasingit_____4______theyexpectedsmallerones.Whenlookingatthe

coordinated

activityoftheregion’scells,theresearchersalsofoundneural“signatures”forplannedmovements,witheachofthemonkeys’upcomingreachesbeingassociatedwithadistinctpatternofneuralactivitythat

corresponded

toplanningtheexecutionofthemovement. Butwhenthemonkeysexpecteda

jackpot

reward,thedifferencebetweenthesignaturesforeachplannedreachmovementdecreaseddramatically.Themovementplanninginformationthatwas

encoded

inthecellpopulationbrokedown,makingthepatternsthat_____5______(associate)witheachpossiblemovementharderto

distinguish

fromoneanother.Thissuggeststhatreward-relatedinformation

interacts

withtheformationofmotorcommandsignalsinthemotorcortex,saytheresearchers. Theanticipationofarewardthereforeappears_____6______(boost)ourmotorplanningsothatweexecutethebestpossiblemovementtoachievethisprize,buttheexpectationofahugerewardseemsto

interfere

withthisprocess,making_____7______hardertoselectthebestmotorcommand._____8______(consequence),themovementmaynotbeprepared,orexecuted,aswellasitcouldbe. Whythisoccurs,however,isunclear.“We’dreallylovetofindoutifit’sthe

dopamine

—aneurotransmitter_____9______(involve)in

pleasurable

rewardsandmotivation—systemgoing

haywire

thatthrowsthemotorcortexoffbalanceatthekeymoment,”saysstudyauthorAaronBatistaattheUniversityofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Theresearchersexpectthat_____10______similar

neurologicalmechanismoccursinpeople.“Monkeyschokeunderpressureinwayssimilartohowhumansdo,andthe

cerebralcortices

ofmonkeysandhumansaresimilar,”saysBatista. Withfurtherresearch,theresultsmaypointtowaysthatwecouldonedaywarnpeopleiftheymaybeabouttounderperformwhilestressed,hesays.“Itis

tantalising

tothinkthatifwecouldeventuallyfindsomesignatureof(chokingunderpressureusing)mobileimaging,wecouldinformpeopleofwhetherornottheyarelikelytochoke,”saysBatista.Wenowknowwhywemessupwhenthestakesarehigh The

prospect

ofarewardusuallymotivatesustoperformbetter,butaparticularlybigonecanhavetheoppositeeffect——likelosingatapenaltyshoot-out.Now,researchershaveidentifiedapotentialbrain

mechanism

thatmaycauseusto

choke

underpressure. In2021,AdamSmoulderatCarnegieMellonUniversity,Pennsylvania,andhiscolleaguesshowedthatnon-human

primates

canalsofailtocarryoutataskwhenitseeminglymattersmost(much).Theresearcherstrainedthreerhesusmonkeystoperformadifficultreachingtaskinreturnforareward——sugarywater——andfoundthattheyperformedworstwhentherewardwasmost

plentiful. Tobetterunderstandwhythishappens,thesameresearcherstrainedadifferentgroupofrhesusmonkeystoreachforasmallmovingtarget,whichrequiredfastand

accuratemovements,inexchangefordifferentquantitiesofsugarywater.Theyusedmicroelectrodestorecordtheactivityof

neurons

intheanimals’motorcortex,thebrainregionwhich/thatplansand

executes

movements. Theteamfoundthatindividualcellsinthisregionweresensitivetothesizeoftheexpectedrewardand“tuned”theirresponsesaccordingly–increasingtheiractivityin

anticipation

oflargerrewardsanddecreasingitwhentheyexpectedsmallerones.Whenlookingatthe

coordinated

activityoftheregion’scells,theresearchersalsofoundneural“signatures”forplannedmovements,witheachofthemonkeys’upcomingreachesbeingassociatedwithadistinctpatternofneuralactivitythat

corresponded

toplanningtheexecutionofthemovement. Butwhenthemonkeysexpecteda

jackpot

reward,thedifferencebetweenthesignaturesforeachplannedreachmovementdecreaseddramatically.Themovementplanninginformationthatwas

encoded

inthecellpopulationbrokedown,makingthepatternsthatwereassociated(associate)witheachpossiblemovementharderto

distinguish

fromoneanother.Thissuggeststhatreward-relatedinformation

interacts

withtheformationofmotorcommandsignalsinthemotorcortex,saytheresearchers. Theanticipationofarewardthereforeappearstoboost(boost)ourmotorplanningsothatweexecutethebestpossiblemovementtoachievethisprize,buttheexpectationofahugerewardseemsto

interfere

withthisprocess,makingithardertoselectthebestmotorcommand.Consequently(consequence),themovementmaynotbeprepared,orexecuted,aswellasitcouldbe. Whythisoccurs,however,isunclear.“We’dreallylovetofindoutifit’sthe

dopamine

—aneurotransmitterinvolved(involve)in

pleasurable

rewardsandmotivation—systemgoing

haywire

thatthrowsthemotorcortexoffbalanceatthekeymoment,”saysstudyauthorAaronBatistaattheUniversityofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Theresearchersexpectthatasimilar

neurologicalmechanismoccursinpeople.“Monkeyschokeunderpressureinwayssimilartohowhumansdo,andthe

cerebralcortices

ofmonkeysandhumansaresimilar,”saysBatista. Withfurtherresearch,theresultsmaypointtowaysthatwecouldonedaywarnpeopleiftheymaybeabouttounderperformwhilestressed,hesays.“Itis

tantalising

tothinkthatifwecouldeventuallyfindsomesignatureof(chokingunderpressureusing)mobileimaging,wecouldinformpeopleofwhetherornottheyarelikelytochoke,”saysBatista. 我们为什么会在重要的时刻会失误？ 一般来说，期待奖励会激励我们表现得更好，但过大的奖励可能会产生相反的效果——比如在点球大战中失利。现在，研究人员已经发现了一种可能导致我们在压力下发挥失常的潜在脑机制。 2021年，宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆大学的亚当·斯莫尔德和他的同事们发现，非人类灵长类动物也可能在看似最重要的任务中失败。研究人员训练了三只恒河猴，让它们完成一项困难的伸手动作，以获得奖励——含糖水。结果发现，当奖励最多时，它们的表现最差。 为了更好地理解为什么会出现这种情况，同样的研究人员训练了另一组恒河猴去触碰一个小型移动目标，这需要快速准确的动作，并以不同量的含糖水作为奖励。他们使用微电极来监测动物运动皮层神经元的活动，这个脑区负责规划和执行动作。 研究团队发现，这个脑区的部分细胞对预期奖励的大小很敏感，并相应地地“调整”它们的反应——预期奖励越大，活动就越增加；预期奖励越小，活动就越减少。当观察到这个脑区细胞的协调活动时，研究人员还发现了计划动作的神经“特征”，每只猴子即将伸手的动作都对应着一种独特的神经活动模式，这对应于计划执行动作。 但是，当猴子期待获得头奖奖励时，计划不同伸手动作的神经活动模式之间的差异显著减少。神经细胞群中编码的动作计划信息被破坏了，导致与各种可能动作相关的模式更难以区分。研究人员指出，这表明与奖励相关的信息与大脑运动皮层中的运动指令信号的形成发生了相互作用。 因此，对奖励的期待似乎可以增强我们的动作规划，使我们执行最佳动作以获得奖励，但是，对巨大奖励的期望似乎会干扰这个过程，让我们难以选择最佳的动作命令。所以，这个动作可能没有准备好，或者没有执行好。 这种情况为什么会发生还不清楚。研究报告的作者之一、匹兹堡大学的亚伦·巴蒂斯塔表示：“我们非常想知道，是否是多巴胺系统（一种与愉悦奖励和动作有关的神经递质）失控了，导致在关键时刻运动皮层的平衡被打破了”。研究人员认为人类身上也有类似的神经机制。巴蒂斯塔表示：“猴子在压力下也会像人类一样发挥失常，猴子和人类的大脑皮层相似”。 他说，通过进一步的研究，这些结果可能会指出一些方法，让我们有朝一日能够在人们压力下可能表现不佳之前提醒他们。巴蒂斯塔说：“如果我们能够最终利用移动成像技术找到压力下失误的某种标志，那就太令人心动了。这样我们就能告诉人们他们是否有可能会失误”。生词积累prospectn.展望；前景；希望；前途mechanismn.机制；机械装置；方法；机件chokev.（因紧张等而）失败，失灵，失去作用；阻塞；哽噎plentifuladj.大量的；众多的；充足的；丰富的executev.执行；实施；实行；处死anticipationn.预期；期望；预计；预料coordinatev.协调；使协调；使相配合encodev.把…译成电码（或密码）；把…编码；把…译成外语interactv.相互作用；交流；相互影响；沟通interferev.干涉；干预；介入tantalizingadj.挑逗性的；逗引性的；原创外刊改编语法填空题打卡Day16 TheNursingWorkforceNeedsMoreMen Inlessthantwoyears,theUScouldfaceashortageofupto450,000nurses.Thehealth-caresystemwon’tbeabletofillthisgapwithhalfthepotentialworkforce

onthesidelines:Moremustbedoneto

recruit

menintonursing. Currently,

nurses______1______(comprise)

about12%ofmen,upfromlessthan3%in1970.Boostingtheirnumberwouldnotonlyeaseshortages,______2______offerapathwaytogoodjobsfora

demographic

thathasbeenexitingtheworkforceinalarmingnumbersinrecentyears.Employmentgrowthinsometraditionallymalesectors,suchasmanufacturing,hasallbut

vanished. Yetmentraditionallyhaven’tenterednursingbecause,muchliketeaching,it’s

stigmatizedasafemaleprofession—theterm“malenurse”isacaseinpoint.Meninnursingtendtobecareer-switchers,andoftenincludeformermembersofthe

military,policeofficersandfirefighters.______3______short,theyaremainlycivic-minded

workersdrawntothesix-figuresalaries,careerprogressionandflexibleschedules,withtheaddedbonusofnothavingtositbehindadesk. Recruitingmoreofthemcouldhave

pronounced

benefits.Ampleresearchsuggeststhat______4______(diverse)inthehealth-careworkforceimprovescare.Studieshaveshownthatvisitsarelongerandpatientsaremoresatisfiedwhentheysharethesameraceor

ethnicity

astheirprovider,whichcanhavea

cascade

ofpositive______5______(effect)includingimprovedcommunication,deepertrustandstricter

adherence

tomedicaladvice.Evidencethatpatientsprefersame-genderprovidersisalsostartingtoemerge. Theneedsamongthepatientpopulationcan’tbe

overstated.NativeAmerican,BlackandHispanicmenexperiencedthebiggestdeclinesinlifeexpectancyduringthepandemicandremainamongtheleastrepresenteddemographicsinthenursingworkforce.Maleschoolnurses(andteachers)arealsoatthefrontlinesofa

burgeoning

teenmental-healthcrisis:Adolescentboysarebothlesslikelytoseektreatmentand______6______(likely)todieby

suicide.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhaslongidentifiedtheneedforgender-specificcareforteenboys,______7______mighthaveahardertime

______8______(confide)

inwomen. Althoughaddressingthenursingshortagehasstrong

bipartisan

support,increasingmalerepresentationhasbeenlargelyabsentfromdiscussions.That’samistake.Tostart,lawmakersshouldfollowthetestedmodelofencouragingwomeninSTEM.Recentlegislation,forexample,directedtheNationalScienceFoundationtochannelmoreofitsK-12fundingto

elementary

andpre-K-agestudentstoencourageSTEMcareersearlierinthe

pipeline. Somenursingschoolsengagemiddle-andhigh-schoolersintheircommunitiestoreduce

stigma

andhighlightnursingasaviablecareerpath;theyshouldmakeeveryefforttoincludemalefacultyandnursingstudentsas

rolemodels.Althoughitmightprovepolitically

unpalatable,targetingscholarshipfundingandloan-forgivenessprogramstomalenursingstudentswouldalsomakesense. Ofcourse,menaren’t

immune

tothebroaderforcesdrivingthenursingshortage.Inparticular,nursingschoolsaresoresource-strappedthattheyturnthousandsofqualified______9______(apply)awayeachyear.Stateandfederaleffortstoboostthenumberofnursing

instructors,increase

stipends

(andforgiveloans)fordoctoralstudents,andbroadenaccesstotrainingfacilities(inpersonoronline)need______10______(accelerate). Yetarenewedfocusonrecruitingmencanonlyhelp.Bringingmento

parity

inthefieldwouldaddsome3.5millionnursestoday.Hittingevenafractionofthatfigurewouldbeasignificant

milestone

andimprovethelivesofmillionsofAmericans.It’salong-terminvestmenttheindustrycanjustify.TheNursingWorkforceNeedsMoreMen Inlessthantwoyears,theUScouldfaceashortageofupto450,000nurses.Thehealth-caresystemwon’tbeabletofillthisgapwithhalfthepotentialworkforce

onthesidelines:Moremustbedoneto

recruit

menintonursing. Currently,

nursesarecomprised(comprise)

about12%ofmen,upfromlessthan3%in1970.Boostingtheirnumberwouldnotonlyeaseshortages,butofferapathwaytogoodjobsfora

demographic

thathasbeenexitingtheworkforceinalarmingnumbersinrecentyears.Employmentgrowthinsometraditionallymalesectors,suchasmanufacturing,hasallbut

vanished. Yetmentraditionallyhaven’tenterednursingbecause,muchliketeaching,it’s

stigmatizedasafemaleprofession—theterm“malenurse”isacaseinpoint.Meninnursingtendtobecareer-switchers,andoftenincludeformermembersofthe

military,policeofficersandfirefighters.Inshort,theyaremainlycivic-minded

workersdrawntothesix-figuresalaries,careerprogressionandflexibleschedules,withtheaddedbonusofnothavingtositbehindadesk. Recruitingmoreofthemcouldhave

pronounced

benefits.Ampleresearchsuggeststhatdiversity(diverse)inthehealth-careworkforceimprovescare.Studieshaveshownthatvisitsarelongerandpatientsaremoresatisfiedwhentheysharethesameraceor

ethnicity

astheirprovider,whichcanhavea

cascade

ofpositiveeffects(effect)includingimprovedcommunication,deepertrustandstricter

adherence

tomedicaladvice.Evidencethatpatientsprefersame-genderprovidersisalsostartingtoemerge. Theneedsamongthepatientpopulationcan’tbe

overstated.NativeAmerican,BlackandHispanicmenexperiencedthebiggestdeclinesinlifeexpectancyduringthepandemicandremainamongtheleastrepresenteddemographicsinthenursingworkforce.Maleschoolnurses(andteachers)arealsoatthefrontlinesofa

burgeoning

teenmental-healthcrisis:Adolescentboysarebothlesslikelytoseektreatmentandmorelikely(likely)todieby

suicide.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhaslongidentifiedtheneedforgender-specificcareforteenboys,whomighthaveahardertime

confiding(confide)

inwomen. Althoughaddressingthenursingshortagehasstrong

bipartisan

support,increasingmalerepresentationhasbeenlargelyabsentfromdiscussions.That’samistake.Tostart,lawmakersshouldfollowthetestedmodelofencouragingwomeninSTEM.Recentlegislation,forexample,directedtheNationalScienceFoundationtochannelmoreofitsK-12fundingto

elementary

andpre-K-agestudentstoencourageSTEMcareersearlierinthe

pipeline. Somenursingschoolsengagemiddle-andhigh-schoolersintheircommunitiestoreduce

stigma

andhighlightnursingasaviablecareerpath;theyshouldmakeeveryefforttoincludemalefacultyandnursingstudentsas

rolemodels.Althoughitmightprovepolitically

unpalatable,targetingscholarshipfundingandloan-forgivenessprogramstomalenursingstudentswouldalsomakesense. Ofcourse,menaren’t

immune

tothebroaderforcesdrivingthenursingshortage.Inparticular,nursingschoolsaresoresource-strappedthattheyturnthousandsofqualifiedapplicants(apply)awayeachyear.Stateandfederaleffortstoboostthenumberofnursing

instructors,increase

stipends

(andforgiveloans)fordoctoralstudents,andbroadenaccesstotrainingfacilities(inpersonoronline)needtobeacceleated/accelerating(accelerate). Yetarenewedfocusonrecruitingmencanonlyhelp.Brin