经济学人智库：2024年全球宜居指数 The Global Liveability Index 2024 The worlds most liveable cities

TheGlobalLiveabilityIndex2024

Theworld’smostliveablecities

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THEGLOBALLIVEABILITYINDEX2024

THEWORLD’SMOSTLIVEABLECITIES

HighlightsfromthelatestLiveabilitysurvey:

•EIU’sLiveabilityIndexhasrisenfractionallyoverthepastyear.Declinesinstabilityandinfrastructureacrossanumberofcitiesinadvancedeconomieswereoffsetbystructural

improvementsinhealthcareandeducationinseveralcitiesindevelopingmarkets.

•Forthethirdyearinarow,Vienna(Austria)isnamedastheworld’smostliveablecityinEIU’sLiveabilityIndexfor2024.Thecityreceivedperfectscoresof100forstability,healthcare,educationandinfrastructure,buthasroomforimprovementincultureandenvironment.

•Anacutehousingcrisishaspulleddowninfrastructurescoresofsomeofthetop-rankedcities.MelbourneandSydney(bothAustralia)andVancouver(Canada)havefallenbackwards,butremaininthelistofthetop10mostliveablecities.Toronto(Canada)hasdroppedoffthelist.

•Stabilityhasregisteredthebiggestdeclineofallthefivecategoriesintheindex.Increasing

incidenceofprotestshaveledtowesternEuropeancitiesdominatingthelistofthetoptenfallers,whilethewarwithHamashaspulledTelAviv(Israel)downby20placestobethebiggestfallerinthisyear’sindex.

•Damascus(Syria)isstilltheleastliveableofthe173citiesinthesurvey,withTripoli(Libya)oneplaceaboveit.Followingyearsofcivilwarthathaswreckedtheireconomies,bothcitiesscoreverypoorlyforstabilityandhavenotseenanyimprovementinliveability.

Viennaisstilltheworld’smostliveablecity

Vienna(Austria)haskeptitspositionatthetopofEIU’sLiveabilityIndex2024,forthethirdyear

running.Theassessmentscores173citiesacrosstheworldon30indicatorsdividedintofivecategories:stability,healthcare,cultureandenvironment,educationandinfrastructure,withtheaimofshowinghowcomfortablethesecitiesaretolivein.Thisyear,Viennaonceagaingotperfectscoresof100for

fourofthefivecategories,althoughitsscoreforcultureandenvironmentwasaless-perfect93.5,owingtoalackofmajorsportingevents.

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THEGLOBALLIVEABILITYINDEX2024

THEWORLD’SMOSTLIVEABLECITIES

Toptenpositions

City

LocationRank

Culture&

IndexStabilityHealthcareEnvironmentEducationInfrastructure

Vienna

Austria

1

98.4

100.0

100.0

93.5

100.0

100.0

Copenhagen

Denmark

2

98.0

100.0

95.8

95.4

100.0

100.0

Zurich

Switzerland

3

97.1

95.0

100.0

96.3

100.0

96.4

Melbourne

Australia

4

97.0

95.0

100.0

95.8

100.0

96.4

Calgary

Canada

5

96.8

100.0

100.0

90.0

100.0

96.4

Geneva

Switzerland

5

96.8

95.0

100.0

94.9

100.0

96.4

Sydney

Australia

7

96.6

95.0

100.0

94.4

100.0

96.4

Vancouver

Iwl

Canada

7

96.6

95.0

100.0

97.2

100.0

92.9

Osaka

Japan

9

96.0

100.0

100.0

86.8

100.0

96.4

AucklandNewZealand996.095.095.897.9100.092.9

Source:EIU.Copyright©TheEconomistIntelligenceUnit2024.Allrightsreserved.

ThreemorecitiesinwesternEurope—Copenhagen,ZurichandGeneva—areamongthetopteninthisyear’ssurvey(conductedbetweenFebruary12thandMarch17th),cementingtheregion’sstrong

performance.Infourthplace,MelbourneisoneofthefourAsia-Pacificcitiesinthetopten,whichalsoincludestwoCanadiancities—CalgaryandVancouver.Althoughstilltowardsthetopofourranking,

bothoftheleadingAustraliancities(SydneyandMelbourne)haveslippeddownamidasignificant

shortfallinhousingavailability.Forsimilarreasons,Toronto(Canada)hasdroppedoutofthetopten(to12thposition)aftertwoyears.

WesternEuropeisthemostliveableregion

WesternEuroperemainsthebest-performingregionforliveability,comingtopinfourcategories,

whilesecond-placedNorthAmericaisbestforeducation.The30westernEuropeancitiesinthisyear’srankingreportedanimpressiveaveragescoreof92outof100.However,theregion’soverallscorehasslippedsincelastyear,owingtoadeteriorationinthestabilitycategory,amidincreasinginstancesofdisruptiveprotests(suchasinGermany,IrelandandBelgium)andcrime.NorthAmericascoresan

averageof90.5forits25cities,butinfrastructurescoreshavefallensincelastyearinCanada,owingtoanongoinghousingcrisis.

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THEGLOBALLIVEABILITYINDEX2024

THEWORLD’SMOSTLIVEABLECITIES

Althoughbothoftheseregionshaveseen

theiraveragescoresslipsincelastyear,allfiveoftheotherregionshaveseentheiraveragescoresrise.Third-placedAsia-Pacifichasseenonlya

marginalimprovement,whilefourth-placed

easternEuropesawthebiggestjumponthebackofimprovementsinhealthcareandeducation.LatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MENA),andSub-SaharanAfricaalsoreceivedhigherscoresforhealthcareandeducation.Thelastoftheseremainstheleastliveableregionintheworld,however.

Damascusisstilltheworld’sleastliveablecity

Thebottomofourliveabilityrankingsis

dominatedbycitiesfromSub-SaharanAfricaandMENA.Damascus(Syria)isstillratedastheleastcomfortablecityintheworldtolivein.Itsscoreisjust30.7outof100inthelatestsurvey,withscores

LiveabilitydeclinesinNorthAmerica&WesternEurope

DevelopingcountriescontinuetoimproveIndexchange,yearonyear

−0.4

Asia-Pacific

EasternEuropeLatinAmerica

MiddleEastandNorthAfrica

NorthAmerica

Sub-SaharanAfricaWesternEurope

World

−0.1

0.1

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.1

.3

−0.20.00.20.4

−0

0.6

Copyright©TheEconomistIntelligenceUnit2024.Allrightsreserved.

Source:EIU.

forstabilityandhealthcareparticularlypoor.TheoverallscoreforDamascusisnearlytenpointslowerthanthenext-worstcity—Tripoli(Libya)—whichalsoscoresbadlyforstability.Evenmoreworryingly,noneofthebottomfourcitieshasseenanyimprovementinitsoverallscoresincelastyear.

HongKonghasclimbeduptherankings,butTelAvivhasfallen

ThebiggestimprovementsincelastyearhasbeenintheislandcityofHongKong.Itsrankinghas

jumpedfrom61stto50th,onthebackofimprovementsinitsscoresforstabilityandhealthcare.OtherAsiancities,includingSingapore,HoChiMinhCityandBangalore,sawtheirhealthcareoreducationindicatorsimprovethisyear,pushingthemuptherankings.

TelAviv(Israel)hasseenthebiggestfalldownourrankingsthisyear,tumblingfrom92ndto112thasitsscoresforstability,cultureandenvironment,andinfrastructuredeteriorated.Thispointsto

thedamageinflictedbytheHamasattackonIsraelinOctober2023,andthesubsequentwaragainstHamasinGaza.IsraelisunderpressuretodeclareaceasefireinGaza,butislikelytocontinueits

campaignthereinsomeformduring2024.

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THEGLOBALLIVEABILITYINDEX2024

THEWORLD’SMOSTLIVEABLECITIES

Bottomtenpositions

Culture&

Environment

CityLocationRankIndexStabilityHealthcareEducationInfrastructure

CaracasVenezuela16444.935.037.545.166.753.6

KyivUkraine16544.540.041.753.275.026.8

PortMoresbyPNG16644.130.041.752.558.346.4

HarareZimbabwe16743.840.029.256.766.735.7

Dhaka

oBangladesh

168

43.0

50.0

41.7

40.5

66.7

26.8

Karachi

■Pakistan

169

42.7

20.0

54.2

35.9

75.0

51.8

Lagos

Nigeria

170

42.2

25.0

37.5

54.4

41.7

53.6

Algiers

cAlgeria

171

42.0

35.0

50.0

45.4

58.3

30.4

Tripoli

司Libya

172

40.1

30.0

45.8

37.5

58.3

41.1

DamascusSyria17330.720.029.240.533.332.1

Source:EIU.Copyright©TheEconomistIntelligenceUnit2024.Allrightsreserved.

Liveabilityisunderpressure

Overall,theaveragescoreacrossthe173citiesinoursurveyhasincreasedto76.1outof100,butthe

improvementisonlymarginal,heldbackbygeopoliticalconflicts,civilunrestandahousingcrisis

acrossmanyofthecitiesinoursurvey.TheconflictintheMiddleEasthaspulledTelAvivdownthe

rankings,whiletheongoingwarbetweenRussiaandUkrainecontinuestokeepKyivamongour

bottomtencities.AnincreasingincidenceofprotestsinEuropearoundcausesrangingfromagriculturetoimmigrationpolicieshasdamagedthestabilityscoresofcitiesintheregion.

Meanwhile,thecost-of-livingcrisisdragsoninmanycountries,withhousingcostsemergingasoneofthestickiestelementsofinflation.ThesituationisparticularlyworryinginAustraliaandCanada,

wheretheavailabilityofrentalpropertiesisatanall-timelowandpurchasepriceshavecontinuedtorisedespiteinterest-rateincreases,furtherfuellinganti-immigrationsentiment.Sinceweconductedoursurvey,therehavebeenmoreinstancesofcivilunrestanddemonstrationsaroundtheworld—riotsinNouméa(NewCaledonia)andcampusprotestsacrosstheUS—suggestingcontinuingstresson

liveabilitythatisunlikelytoeaseinthenearfuture.

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THEGLOBALLIVEABILITYINDEX2024

THEWORLD’SMOSTLIVEABLECITIES

Biggestmoversuptherankingsinthepast12months

City

Location

Rank

Index

Rankmove

Indexmove

HongKong

HongKong*

50

90.2

11

2.1

Singapore

Singapore

26

92.9

8

0.8

Budapest

Hungary

32

92.0

7

0.9

HoChiMinhCity

★

Vietnam

133

61.9

7

1.6

Belgrade

Serbia

94

74.5

6

0.9

Bucharest

Romania

94

74.5

5

0.8

Sofia

Bulgaria

103

73.1

5

1.6

Atlanta

US

29

92.3

4

0.0

Pittsburgh

US

30

92.1

4

0.0

Beijing

China

81

78.8

4

0.7

KuwaitCityKuwait9374.640.8

*HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion(SAR)ofthePeople’sRepublicofChina

Source:EIU.Copyright©TheEconomistIntelligenceUnit2024.Allrights

reserved.

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THEGLOBALLIVEABILITYINDEX2024

THEWORLD’SMOSTLIVEABLECITIES

Biggestmoversdowntherankingsinthepast12months

City

Location

Rank

Index

Rankmove

Indexmove

TelAviv

Israel

112

70.7

−20

−4.4

Miami

US

47

90.4

−8

−0.7

Dublin

llIreland

39

91.1

−7

−1.3

Munich

Germany

27

92.7

−6

−1.3

Hamburg

Germany

27

92.7

−5

−1.2

Stuttgart

Germany

30

92.1

−5

−1.3

Brussels

Belgium

35

91.4

−5

−1.3

Berlin

Germany

21

93.6

−4

−1.3

Dusseldorf

Germany

33

91.9

−4

−1.3

Barcelona

Spain3591.4−4−1.2

Source:EIU.

Copyright©TheEconomistIntelligenceUnit2024.Allrightsreserved.

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THEGLOBALLIVEABILITYINDEX2024

THEWORLD’SMOSTLIVEABLECITIES

AboutEIU’sliveabilitysurvey

Howdoesitwork?

Theconceptofliveabilityissimple:itassesseswhichlocationsaroundtheworldprovidethebestortheworstlivingconditions.Assessingliveabilityhasabroadrangeofuses,frombenchmarkingperceptionsofdevelopmentlevelstoassigningahardshipallowanceaspartofexpatriaterelocationpackages.Ourliveabilityratingquantifiesthechallengesthatmightbepresentedtoanindividual’slifestyleinany

givenlocation,andallowsfordirectcomparisonbetweenlocations.

Everycityisassignedaratingofrelativecomfortforover30qualitativeandquantitativefactors

acrossfivebroadcategories:stability,healthcare,cultureandenvironment,education,and

infrastructure.Eachfactorinacityisratedasacceptable,tolerable,uncomfortable,undesirableor

intolerable.Forqualitativeindicators,aratingisawardedbasedonthejudgementofin-houseanalystsandin-citycontributors.Forquantitativeindicators,aratingiscalculatedbasedontherelative

performanceofanumberofexternaldatapoints.

Thescoresarethencompiledandweightedtoprovideascoreof1-100,where1isconsidered

intolerableand100isconsideredideal.Theliveabilityratingisprovidedbothasanoverallscoreandasascoreforeachcategory.Toprovidepointsofreference,thescoreisalsogivenforeachcategoryrelativetoNewYorkandanoverallpositionintherankingof173citiesisprovided.

Thesuggestedliveabilityscale:

Companiespayapremium(usuallyapercentageofasalary)toemployeeswhomovetocitieswhere

livingconditionsareparticularlydifficultandthereisexcessivephysicalhardshiporanotablyunhealthyenvironment.

Wehavegivenasuggestedallowancetocorrespondwiththerating.However,theactualleveloftheallowanceisoftenamatterofcompanypolicy.Itisnotuncommon,forexample,forcompaniestopayhigherallowances—perhapsuptodoubleoursuggestedlevel.

Ratingdescription

Rating

Description

Suggestedallowance(%)

80-100

Therearefew,ifany,challengestolivingstandards

0

70-80

Day–to–daylivingisfine,ingeneral,butsomeaspectsoflifemayentailproblems

5

60-70

Negativefactorshaveanimpactonday-to-dayliving

10

50-60

Liveabilityissubstantiallyconstrained

15

50orless

Mostaspectsoflivingareseverelyrestricted

20

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THEGLOBALLIVEABILITYINDEX2024

THEWORLD’SMOSTLIVEABLECITIES

Howistheratingcalculated?

Theliveabilityscoreisreachedthroughcategoryweights,whichareequallydividedintorelevant

subcategoriestoensurethatthescorecoversasmanyindicatorsaspossible.Indicatorsarescoredasacceptable,tolerable,uncomfortable,undesirableorintolerable.Thesearethenweightedtoproducearating,where100meansthatliveabilityinacityisidealand1meansthatitisintolerable.

Forqualitativevariables,an“EIUrating”isawardedbasedonthejudgementofin-houseexpertcountryanalystsandafieldcorrespondentbasedineachcity.Forquantitativevariables,aratingiscalculatedbasedontherelativeperformanceofalocationusingexternaldatasources.

Category1:Stability(weight:25%oftotal)

Indicator

Source

Prevalenceofpettycrime

EIUrating

Prevalenceofviolentcrime

EIUrating

Threatofterror

EIUrating

Threatofmilitaryconflict

EIUrating

Threatofcivilunrest/conflict

EIUrating

Category2:Healthcare(weight:20%oftotal)

Indicator

Source

Availabilityofprivatehealthcare

EIUrating

Qualityofprivatehealthcare

EIUrating

Availabilityofpublichealthcare

EIUrating

Qualityofpublichealthcare

EIUrating

Availabilityofover-the-counterdrugs

EIUrating

Generalhealthcareindicators

AdaptedfromWorldBank

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THEGLOBALLIVEABILITYINDEX2024

THEWORLD’SMOSTLIVEABLECITIES

Category3:Culture&Environment(weight:25%oftotal)

Indicator

Source

Humidity/temperaturerating

Adaptedfromaverageweatherconditions

Discomfortofclimatetotravellers

EIUrating

Levelofcorruption

AdaptedfromTransparencyInternational

Socialorreligiousrestrictions

EIUrating

Levelofcensorship

EIUrating

Sportingavailability

EIUratingof3sportindicators

Culturalavailability

EIUratingof4culturalindicators

Food&drink

EIUratingof3culturalindicators

Consumergoods&services

EIUratingofproductavailability

Category4:Education(weight:10%oftotal)

Indicator

Source

Availabilityofprivateeducation

EIUrating

Qualityofprivateeducation

EIUrating

Publiceducationindicators

AdaptedfromWorldBank

Category5:Infrastructure(weight:20%oftotal)

Indicator

Source

Qualityofroadnetwork

EIUrating

Qualityofpublictransport

EIUrating

Qualityofinternationallinks

EIUrating

Availabilityofgoodqualityhousing

EIUrating

Qualityofenergyprovision

EIUrating

Qualityofwaterprovision

EIUrating

Qualityoftelecommunications

EIUrating

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LIVEABILITYPRODUCTS

LiveabilityRankingandOverview

ViewEIU’scompleteliveabilityrankingandaveragescoresforall173citiesacrossfivebroadcategories:stability,healthcare,cul