2023-2024学年人教版英语八年级下册语法专题动词不定式

Nocross,nocrown.不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。动词不定式(一)动词不定式的基本形式动词不定式的基本形式是“to＋动词原形”，有时可以不带to;动词不定式的否定形式是“not＋动词不定式”。动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。但动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式及其宾语和状语构成不定式短语，如：toseetheanimals,nottokillwhalesorelephants等。(二)动词不定式的作用动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。动词不定式所表示的多是将来的行为、未来的动作。1．作主语。(1)动词不定式置于句首。如：Toprotectourworldismoreandmoreimportant.作主语的动词不定式(尤其当主语较长时)常常用it替代，it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，构成句型：It's＋adj./n.(for/ofsb.)＋todosth.如：It'sourdutytostopthekilling.It'ssadtothinksomanyanimalsareonthevergeofextinction.【注意】如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在不定式前加for组成短语；但如果表语是nice,kind,clever,polite等描述行为者的品质、性格的形容词，则在不定式前加of组成短语。如：It'sharmfulforchildrentoeatsomethingdirty.It'sniceofyoutosayso.2．作宾语。(1)在find,think,make后跟动词不定式(短语)作宾语时，如果其后有宾语补足语，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后，即构成句型：主语＋谓语＋it＋宾语补足语(一般为形容词)＋动词不定式(短语)。如：Hefounditdifficult主谓形宾宾补toclimbsuchahighmountain．动词不定式短语作真正的宾语（2）特殊记忆：可接不定式或者动名词形式做宾语eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(remembertodosth.记得做某事（还未做）,rememberdoingsth.记得做过某事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(forgettodosth.忘记做某事（还未做）,forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(goontodosth.继续做（另一件事）,goondoingsth.继续做（同一件事）))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(stoptodosth.停止手上的事去做另一件事,stopdoingsth.停止正在做的事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(trytodosth.尽力去做某事,trydoingsth.尝试做某事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(regrettodosth.对即将做的事表示遗憾（未做）,regretdoingsth.对做过的事表示后悔（已做）))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(meantodosth.打算做某事,meandoingsth.意味着做某事))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(needtodosth.需要去做某事（主动含义）,needdoingsth.需要做某事（被动含义）))（3）只接不定式做宾语的单词补充总结：wanttodowouldliketodoagreetodofailtodohopetodowishtodoexpecttodo。promisetododecidetodoplantodolearntodo。preparetodofailtodorefusetodobereadytodobesorrytodobepleasedtodobesurprisedtodobegladtodobeafraidtodobesuretodocan’twaittodo迫不及待地要做某事makeupone’smindtodo下决心做某事3．作宾语补足语。(1)常见的后面接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：tell，ask，allow，want，wish，teach，invite邀请，expect期待，help，advise建议，force强迫，like，encourage鼓励等。如：Theheadteacheraskedthestudentstoobeytherules.补充总结：wantsb.todosth.wouldlikesb.todosth.advisesb.todosthtellsb.todosth.asksb.todosth.expectsb.todosth.allowsb.todosth.invitesb.todosth.allowsb.todosth.允许某人做某事remindsb.todosth.提醒某人做某事helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾语补足语，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有：一感(feel)、二听(hear,listento)、三让(let,make,have)、四看(lookat,see,watch,notice)。但变被动语态时必须加上to。如：Finishyourhomeworkfirst,orIwon'tletyougoout.Hewasseentoentertheoffice.注意：使役动词/感官动词+do/doing的用法辨析：hear/listento/lookat/see/watch/noticesb.+dosth.表示看见、听见某人做过某事了；或表示看见、听见某人经常做某事hear/listento/lookat/see/watch/noticesb.+doingsth.表示看见、听见某人正在做某事Let/make/havesb.+dosth.表示让/使某人做某事注意：当这些动词本身用于被动语态时，后面必须加to.如:Thebossmadehimworkthewholenight.(变为被动语态)Hewasmadetoworkthewholenightbytheboss.4．作定语(1)不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰的词之后。(2)如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，不定式后面需有相应的介词。如：TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein．【注意】不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。如：Haveyougotanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式tosend的动作执行者是“你”)Haveyougotanythingtobesent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？(不定式tobesent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)5．作表语。(1)常放在系动词be之后。如：Toseeistobelieve.(2)不定式作表语时通常表示主语的具体内容、目的等。如：Thefirstthingforustodoistoimproveourpronunciation.6．作状语。(1)作目的状语。既可放在句首，也可放在句末。如：Tokeephealthy,weshouldeatwell.＝Weshouldeatwelltokeephealthy.(2)作原因状语。如：I'msorrytohearthat.(3)作结果状语。如：Timistooexcitedtosayanything.【注意】①“疑问词＋不定式”结构常用于把复合句转换为简单句。如：Idon'tknowhowIcanimprovemyreadingskills.＝Idon'tknowhowtoimprovemyreadingskills.常接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语的动词(短语)有：decide，know，consider，forget，learn，remember，show，understand，see，wonder，hear，findout，explain，tell等。②要表达诸如“这个问题很难回答”“这些苹果不好吃”之类的意思时，一般采用“sth.＋be＋adj.＋todo”的结构。如：Theproblemisverydifficulttosolve.③特殊结构的不定式归纳总结结构例句too…to…太……而不能……Heistooexcitedtofallsleep.adj./adv.＋enoughto………足够……Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.疑问词＋不定式作主语Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.作宾语Hedidn'tknowwhattosay.作表语Thequestioniswheretofindthewater.专项训练：一、选择题1.Mymotheroftentellsme_____toomuchjunkfood.A.noteat B.nottoeat C.don'teat D.noteating2.Wedecided_____athomebecauseitwasraininghard.A.stay B.tostay C.staying D.stayed3.Theteacheraskedus_____carefullyinclass.A.listen B.tolisten C.listening D.listened4.I'mtootired.Ireallydon'tfeellike_____anything.A.do B.doing C.todo D.done5.It'simportant_____Englishwell.A.Learn B.learning C.tolearn D.learned6.Shewants_____asingerwhenshegrowsup.A.be B.tobe C.being D.been7.Thedoctoradvisedhim_____lessandexercisemore.A.eat B.toeat C.eating D.ate8.Pleasetellhim_____thewindow.A.notopen B.nottoopen C.don'topen D.notopening9.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.Idon'tknowwhat_____first.A.do B.doing C.todo D.done10.Theyareplanning_____apartyfortheirteacher.A.have B.tohave C.having D.had11.Thebookistooheavyforme_____up.A.topick B.picking C.pick D.picked12.Hewasmade_____hishomeworkagain.A.do B.todo C.doing D.done二、用所给动词的适当形式填空1.Iwant______(go)shoppingwithmyfriendsthisafternoon.2.Sheaskedme______(help)herwithherEnglish.3.It'stimeforus______(start)ourclass.4.Hehopes______(become)adoctorinthefuture.5.Theyplan______(visit)theGreatWallnextweek.6.Theteachermadehim______(read)thetextaloud.7.I'msorry______(hear)thatyouareill.8.Sheislearning______(drive)acar.9.Myfatherusedto______(smoke),butnowhedoesn't.10.Ittakesmehalfanhour______(walk)toschooleveryday.三、完成句子1.对我们来说，每天锻炼身体很重要。Itisveryimportantforus____________everyday.2.我不知道该选哪一个。Idon'tknow________________________.3.她想要邀请她的朋友们来参加她的生日聚会。Shewantsto______herfriends______herbirthdayparty.4.这个男孩太小了，不能独自去上学。Theboyistooyoung____________toschoolbyhimself.5.我很高兴能帮助你。Iamveryglad____________you.四、句型转换1.Shelikesswimmingbetterthanrunni