2024年人教版高一英语同步讲义（必修第三册）Unit 4 Space Exploration：Period 2 Discovering Useful Structures（学案）（原卷版）

Book3Unit4SpaceExplorationPeriod2DiscoveringUsefulStructures001预习导学不定式作定语和状语002课堂探究[合作探究]1．(教材P40)Lookingupatthestars,peoplehavealwayswantedtolearnmoreaboutspace,andscientistsworkhard(find)answers.2．(教材P40)Theymakevehicles(carry)bravepeopleintospace(find)outthesecretsoftheuniverse.3．(教材P41)Morerecently,ChinahassentChang'e4(explore)thesurfaceofthefarsideofthemoon(make)measurementsandobservations.4．Thankstoyourencouragement,Ifinallygotthechance(face)thechallenge.5．Myambitionis(work)forafirmthatdevelopscomputersoftwarewhenIgrowup.[自我感知]1．句1、2、3为动词不定式作。2．句4为动词不定式作。3．句5为动词不定式作。一、动词不定式的特征与构成动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，无意义，有时可省略。其否定形式为“not＋动词不定式”。不定式既有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。以do为例，动词不定式的时态和语态构成如下：主动语态被动语态意义一般时todotobedone表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后完成时tohavedonetohavebeendone表示动作发生在谓语动作之前进行时tobedoing表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行完成进行时tohavebeendoing表示动作发生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时仍在进行二、动词不定式作定语1．动词不定式常常放在抽象名词attempt,ability,courage,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,plan,way或不定代词something,nothing等后面作后置定语。►Wemusthavethecouragetofacethechallenge.我们必须有面对挑战的勇气。►Doyouhaveanythingtosay?你有什么要说的吗？2．动词不定式常用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词。►Theyarealwaysthefirsttobearhardships,thelasttoenjoycomforts.他们总是吃苦在前，享乐在后。►Itisrecognizedthatheisthebestmantodothejob.人们公认他是做这项工作的最佳人选。3．构成动词不定式的动词与被修饰词之间的关系(1)主谓关系：被修饰词是动词不定式动作的发出者。此时的动词不定式在意义上相当于一个定语从句。►Weneedsomeonetohelpwiththework.＝Weneedsomeonethatcanhelpwiththework.我们需要有人来帮忙做这项工作。(2)动宾关系：被修饰词是动词不定式动作的承受者。►Therearemanyinterestingthingstoseethere.那里有许多有趣的东西可以看。【特别注意】①不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词。如果不定式修饰time/place/way可以省略介词。►Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.他找到了一个适宜居住的好房子。►Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.这个孩子无忧无虑。►Hehasnoplacetolive.他无处安身。②如果不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式，但含义有所不同。►Haveyougotanythingtosend?你要送什么东西吗？(send的发出者是you)►Haveyougotanythingtobesent?你有什么东西需要送吗？(send的发出者是其他人)③动词不定式和所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，并且句子中有名词或代词可以充当该动词不定式的逻辑主语时，要用动词不定式的主动形式表达被动含义；若句子中没有名词或代词可以充当该动词不定式的逻辑主语时，则用动词不定式的被动形式。►Therearefivepairstochoosefrom,butI'matalosswhichtobuy.有五双可以选择，但是我不知道该买哪一个。(choosefrom与pairs之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，tochoosefrom的逻辑主语是I)►Hisfirstbooktobepublishednextmonthisbasedonatruestory.他下个月将要出版的第一本书是根据真实故事改编的。(publish与book之间有逻辑上的动宾关系且句子中无动词不定式的逻辑主语)(3)修饰关系：动词不定式对所修饰的词起到补充、说明的作用。这些被修饰词一般为wish,way,chance,ability,decision,attempt,reason等。►Youshouldgrasptheabilitytosolvethecomplexproblems.你应该掌握解决复杂问题的能力。►Therearevarietiesofwaystomakeotherslaugh.有很多方法逗人们笑。[名师指津]动词不定式作定语有时也表示一种将来的动作。►WeareinvitedtoapartytobeheldinourclubnextFriday.我们受邀参加下周五在我们俱乐部举办的派对。三、动词不定式作状语(1)不定式作原因状语，多用在某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”等的形容词后。►I'mverygladtobeinvitedtoattendthemeeting.我很高兴被邀请参加这个会议。(2)不定式作目的状语，可与soasto/inorderto替换，但soasto一般不可置于句首。►To/Inordertocatchtheearlybus,Igotupearlythismorning.→Igotupearlythismorningto/inorderto/soastocatchtheearlybus.为了赶早班车，我今天早上起得很早。(3)动词不定式作结果状语，常表示“令人意想不到”的结果。动词不定式前有时可以加上only或butonly，以加强语气。►Iwenttoseehim,onlytolearnthathehadleftthecitythenightbefore.我去看他，却得知他已经在前夜离开了这个城市。[名师指津]动词不定式作结果状语，常用于一些特定的结构中：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(too…todo…太……而不能做……,so/such…astodo…如此……以至于做……,…enoughtodo足够……做某事))►Sheissoproudastolookdownuponothers.她如此骄傲以至于看不起别人。►Wearenotoldenoughtovoteandtobevoted.我们太小还不能选举和被选举。(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋todo”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。例句：1.Hisdecisionwaseasytoexplain:momwouldn’thavebeenhappyifI’dlefthimbehind.他的决定很容易解释：如果我把他留下，妈妈会不高兴的。2.Astheoldsayinggoes,“flowersarepleasanttolookatbuthardtogrow.”正如谚语所说：“看花容易栽花难。”3.Thelongsentenceisdifficultforyoutoremember.正常句子对你来说很难记。003随堂小练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Idon'tknowwhatIshouldsay________(make)yousoexcited!2．Theboyisoldenough________(take)careofhimself.3．Shereturnedonly________(find)thattheywereholdingapartyathome.4．Afterawhile,Ifoundtherewasnothing________(see)inthedark.5．Doyouhaveanything________(take)toyourson?6．Shetoldmethatshehadalotofwork________(do)thatday.7．Noonecouldputforwardapracticalway________(solve)theproblem.8．Heisthedoctor________(do)theoperationonyourbrother.9．Everythingiswellprepared.Andthisistherighttime______(start)．10．Thisissueisofsuchimportancenot________(ignore)it.11.Thenewtechnologycouldenablemorepeople________(access)theculturalrelicsdespitethedistance.12.Halfwaythroughhistalk，thespeakerstoppedanddecided__________(create)agroupactivity.13.IknewDubyaandhiswifewell,butIdidn’tthinkwewerecloseenough_______(share)Thanksgivingdinner.14.Duringtheonlineclassesperiod,parentsneedtokeepaneyeontheirchildren______(ensure)theystayfocused.15.Activitiesthererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(远足)andaccommodationsaim_________(have)alowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.16.Mary’ssister,FrancesToddWallace,oftencameover__________(plant)flowersinthefrontyard.17.Itispossible_________(walk)orbiketheentire14kilometers.004培优提升语法填空Text1阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。TheTianzhou5cargospacecraftlaunched1November12thdocked(对接)withtheTiangongspacestationaroundnoon,2(set)aworldrecordforthefastestmeetanddockingoperationsbetweenthetwospacecraft,accordingtotheChinaMannedSpaceAgency.TheTianzhou5wasplacedintoalow-EarthorbitbyaLongMarch7rocket3tookoffat‘10:03a.m.attheWenchangSpaceLaunchCenterinHainanProvince.Aftercargocraftenteredtheorbit,it4(travel)twohoursandsevenminutestomeetwiththeTiangongspacestation5thendockedwiththemassivestationat12:10p.m.,theagencysaid.Theoperationhasbecomethe6(fast)meetanddockingprocessforspacecraftintheworld,replacingtheoldrecordsetbytheRussianspacecraftSoyuzMS-17onOctober14th,2020,whenitusedthreehoursandthreeminutessince7(it)liftofftomeetandconnectwiththeInternationalSpaceStation.Themannedspaceagencysaidthefastmeetanddockingarekeyto8(establish)thecapabilitytotransportsuppliestothespacestationinanemergency.Thecargoshipiscarryingabout5.3metrictonsof9(material),includinglivingandmissionnecessities,scientificequipmentaswellasamini10(experiment)satellite.Thecraftalsocarriesnearly1.4tonsofpropellantsfortheTiangongstation,thedesignerssaid.Text2阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。BEIJING—TaikonautsoftheShenzhouXIVcrewwillcarryout24in-orbitmedicalexperimentsduringtheirsix-monthstayinChina’sspacestation,accordingtotheChinaMannedSpaceAgency.Thesespacemedicalexperimentsaremainlydesignedtostudyhowthe11(weight)environmentandspaceflightsaffecttaikonauts,saidLiYinghui,deputychiefdesignerofChina’smannedspaceprogramtaikonautsystem.12(compare)withpreviouscrewedmissions,theShenzhouXIVwillcollectbodyfluidsamples,13(include)taikonauts’blood,urine,andsaliva(唾液).Thetrio(三人组)willalsousespecialmethodstomeasuremuscle14(lose)andanalyzeurinemetabolites(代谢物).Lialsonotedthatthebodydata15(collect)bythepreviousShenzhouXIIandShenzhouXIIItaikonautshaslaid16goodfoundationfortheresearchbytheShenzhouXIVcrew.ChinaonJune5th,2022launchedthethree-personShenzhouXIVmission,17isthethirdcrewforthecountry’sspacestationproject.Thetaikonauttriowillcooperate18thegroundteam19(complete)theassemblyandconstructionoftheTiangongspacestation.Theywillalsoworkinitsexperimentcapsulesforscientific20(explore)oflife,ecology,andbiotechnology.Text3阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。China21(launch)theShenzhou-16mannedspaceship,sendingthreeastronautsto22(it)spacestationcombinationforafive-monthmissiononMay30th.AccordingtotheChinaMannedSpaceAgency,about10minutesafterthelaunch,theShenzhou-16separated23therocketandentereditsdesignedorbit.Thecrewmembersareingoodshapeandthelaunchisacomplete24(succeed).ThecrewconsistsofJingHaipeng,ZhuYangzhuandGuiHaichao.Theywillwitnessthedockings(对接)oftheTianzhou-5cargocraft25theShenzhou-17mannedspaceship,aswellasthedeparturesoftheShenzhou-15mannedspaceshipandTianzhou-5.26animportantmomentinthehistoryofChinaspacestation!27wecansee,Shenzhou-16crewarenowenteringtheTianhecoremodule,whileShenzhou-15crewarenowwaiting28(welcome)themontheotherside.Aftertheswiftautomatedrendezvous,theShenzhou-16spaceshipdockedontheTianhecoremodulefrombelow.Thewholespacestationconsistsofsixspacecraft,29(include)twolabmodules,two30(man)spaceshipsandtheTianhecoremoduleandtheTianzhou-6cargoship.Text4阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Fiftyyearsago,Chinasuccessfullylauncheditsfirstsatellite,Dongfanghong1,andstarted31newchapterinspaceexploration.32(mark)its50thanniversary,theChinaNationalSpaceAdministrationannouncedthenameforthecountry’sMarsplanetaryexplorationprogramonApril24.Themission,TianwengotitsnamefromalongpoemTianwen33(write)byQuYuan,afamouspoetoftheWarringStatesPeriod.Inthepoem,Quraisedaseriesofquestions34

(concern)thesky,stars,naturalphenomena,mythsandtherealworld,reflectinghisdoubtsontraditionalideas35hispursuitoftruth.Sofar,China36(make)remarkableprogressinspaceexploration.In1970,Chinalaunched37(it)firstman-madeEarthsatellite,becomingthefifthcountryintheworldtolaunchman-madesatellites38(independent).Overthepastfewyears,China’smissions,includingtheShenzhouandChangeseriesweredesignedtoexploreouterspace,expandedmankind’sunderstandingofEarthandtheuniverse.Thistime,theTianwenserieswillcarryoutthefirstMarsexplorationmission,39representsamilestoneforChina’smovetowarddeepspace.WiththenamesdeeprootsinChinesetraditionalculture,Tianwenshowsthe40(determine)andperseveranceofChinesepeopletomovefurtherintodeepspace.Text5阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Sinceancienttimes,humanbeingshavetriedtoexplorespaceandfindotherlifeforms.Theyeventended41(improve)themoon’senvironmenttosupportlife.Itwasthefirsttimethattheyhadgrownplantsinthelunarsoil.Thescientistssaidtheyhadnoideawhetheranything42(grow)inthemoondirt.Theywantedtoseeifitcouldbeusedtogrowfood.Theresultssurprisedthem.Ferlisoneofthe43(professor)intheUniversityofFlorida’sinstitute,andhewas44(amaze)attheresults.“Plants45(actual)growinthesoilofthemoon,”hesaid.Ferlandotherresearchersplantedthalecress(拟南芥),asmallfloweringplantinlunarsoil.Thegoodnewswasthatalltheseedsgrew.Thebadnewswasthatafter46firstweek,thelunarsoilputtoomuchpressureontheplants,47(cause)thentogrowslowly.Themajority48themoonplantsendedupstunted—meaningsmallornotfullydeveloped.Thelongerthesoilwasexposedtosolarradiationandwindonthemoon,the49(bad)theplantsseemedtobe.Thesoil,50wascollectedbytheApollo11mission,wastheleasthelpfulforgrowthbecauseithadbeenexposedforacouplebillionyears.阅读理解Whatdoyoudowhennobodyisaroundtotakeyourpicture?Youtakeaselfie(自拍照).Butwhataboutselfiesinspace?Lastyear,NASAastronautBuzzAldrinwhofamouslybecamethesecondmantowalkonthemooninJuly1969,saidthathetookthefirstselfieinspaceduringtheGeminiXIImissionin1966.“Forme,itneedstobedigitaltobeaselfie,”arguesJenniferLevasseur,whoisinchargeoftheSmithsonianNationalAirandSpaceMuseum.AccordingtoLevasseur,theideaofaselfieisdirectlylinkedtoInternetcultureandthehumanwishtointeract(互动)onsocialplatforms.“Thethingthatmakesaselfieissharingit,”shesays.Still,astronautshavebeencarryingcamerasaboardspacevehiclessincethe1960s,andthey’vetakenplentyofpicturesofthemselvesalongtheway.Astronautshadtopullthefilmmagazines(胶卷暗盒)outandleavetheircamerasbehindwhentheyreturnedtoEarth,becauseearlyspacemissionshadaweightlimitonthereturntrip.A