职称英语-职称英语综合类a级模拟42

职称英语综合类A级模拟42

第1部分：词汇选项

1、Canadadoesnothaveastatereligion,andtheseparationofchurchand"

statehasbeenfirmlyupheld.

A.officiallyB.formallyC.easilyD.solidly

2、Somechildrendisplayanunquenchablecuriosityabouteverynewthingthey

encounter.

A.insatiableB.inherent

C.indiscriminateD.incredible

3、TheeconomycontinuedtoexhibitsignsofdeclineinSeptember.

A.playB.send

C.showD.tell

4、Wehadaveryawfulearthquakeherelastyear.

A.lightB.terrible

C.slightD.obvious

5、Purchasingthenewproductionlinewillbeaprofitabledealforthecompany.

A.beneficialB.tremendousC.

forcefulD.favorable

6、Practicallyallspeciesofanimalscommunicateeitherthroughsoundsorthrough

soundlesscodes.

A.SimultaneouslyB.AlmostC.AbsolutelyD.Basically

7、Thebeachisanidealplaceforaweekend.

A.seasideB.campC.mountainD.resort

area

8、Thepolicemenactedquicklybecauseliveswereatstake.

A.indangerB.indifficultyC.indespairD.out

ofcontrol

9、Hemadeaconsiderablesumofmoneyinrealestate.

A.largeB.positiveC.powerfulD.

realistic

10、Itprovedthattheoldwomanshehadbeentakingcareofwasindeedher

ownmother.

A.turnedoverB.turnedin

C,turneddownD.turnedout

11>Weshalltakethetreasureawaytoasafeplace.

A.cleanB.pretty

C.distantD.secure

12、Intheirproductions,choreographersofmodemdancehaveintroducedhumor,

protestedsocialinjustice,andprobedpsychologicalproblems.

A.solvedB.explored

C.involvedD.disputed

13>Thesisterscan11tolerate,eachother.

A.bearB.hate

C.likeD.criticize

14>Itseemshighlyunlikelythatshewillpasstheexam.

A.veryB.completelyC.usuallyD.mostly

15>DidanyonecallwhenIwasout?

A.everyoneB.someone

C・nobodyD.anybody

第2部分：阅读判断

InSports,RedistheWinningColor

Whenopponentsofagameareequallymatched,theteamdressedinredis

morelikelytowin,accordingtoanewstudy.

BritishanthropologistsRussellHillandRobertBartonoftheUniversity

ofDurhamreachedthatconclusionbystudyingtheoutcomesofone-on-one

boxing,taekwondo,Greco-Roman-wresting,andfreestyle-wrestlingmatches

atthe2004SummerOlympicsinAthens,Greece.

IneacheventOlympicstaffrandomlyassignedredorblueclothingorbody

protectiontocompetitors.Whenotherwiseequallymatchedwiththeiropponent

infitnessandskill,athleteswearingredweremorelikelytowinthebout.

"Wheretherewasalargepointdifference—presumablybecauseonecontestant

wasfarsuperiortotheother—colorhadnoeffectontheoutcome,11Barton

said."Wheretherewasasmallpointdifference,theeffectofcolorwas

sufficienttotipthebalance.n

Inequallymatchedbouts,thepreponderanceofredwinswasgreatenough

thatitcouldnotbeattributedtochance,theanthropologistssay.Hilland

BartonfoundsimilarresultsinareviewofthecolorswornattheEuro2004

internationalsoccertournament.Theirreportwillbepublishedintomorrow's

issueofthejournalNature.

JoannaSetchellzaprimateresearcherattheUniversityofCambridgein

England,hasfoundsimilarresultsinnature.HerworkwiththelargeAfrican

monkeysknownasmandrillsshowsthatredcolorationgivesmalesanadvantage

whenitcomestomating.

Thefindingthatredalsohasanadvantageinhumansportingeventsdoes

notsurpriseher,addingthat"theideaofthestudyisveryclever.n

HillandBartongottheideafortheirstudyoutofamutualinterestin

theevolutionofsexualsignalsinprimates—"redseemstobethecolor,across

n

specieszthatsignalsmaledominanceandtestosteronelevelszBartonsaid.

Forexample,studiesbySetchell,theCambridgeprimateresearcher,show

thatdominantmalemandrillshaveincreasedredcolorationintheirfaces

andrumps.Anotherstudybyotherscientistsshowsthatredplasticrings

experimentallyplacedonthelegsofmalezebrafinchesincreasethebirds,

dominance.

BartonsaidheandHillspeculatedsomespeculatedthat"theremightbe

asimilareffectinhumans.Andifso,itcouldbeapparentinsportingcontests.n

Thepairsaytheirresultsindicatethatsexualselectionmayhaveinfluenced

theevolutionofhumans*responsetocolor.

Setchell,theprimatologist,agrees."AsHillandBartonsay,humansredden

whenweareangryandpalewhenwe*rescared.Theseareveryimportantsignals

tootherindividuals,nshesaid.

Theadvantageofredmaybeintuitivelyknown,judgingfromtheprevalence

ofreduniformsinsports—"thoughitisclearlynotverywidelyappreciated,

n

onaconsciouslevelatleastzBartonsaid.

Headdsthatthefindingofred*sadvantagemighthaveimplicationsfor

regulationsthatgovernsportingattire.IntheOlympicmatcheshesurveyed

forthenewstudy,forexample,itispossiblesomemedalwinnersmayhave

reachedthepedestalwithanunintendedadvantage.

"Thatistheimplication,thoughwecannotsaythatitmadethedifference

inanyonespecificcase,nBartonsaid.

Meanwhile,Setchellnoted—tongue-in-cheek—thataredadvantagemaynot

belimitedtosports."Goingbytherecent[U.S.]electionresultszredis

indeedquitesuccessful,nshesaid.

16、BothHillandBartonwantedtofindoutifcoloraffectstheoutcomeof

sportsmatched.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

17>HillandBartonarebothinterestedinprimates.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

18、Malemandrillsuseyellowcolorationtoattractamate.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

19、Redisnotanadvantageforzebrafinches.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

20>Theredplasticringswereleftonthefinchespermanently.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

21>HillandBartonbelieveathletesinredaremorelikelytowin.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

22、Manyathletesopposethenewregulationsonsportsuniforms.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子

BlastsfromthePast

1Volcanoesweredestructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywere

bigger,butbecausethecarbondioxidetheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreater

ease.

2PaulWignailfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelink

betweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptions

killedofflargenumberofanimals,butallthemassextinctioncoverthe

past300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.To

hissurprise,theolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswere,themoredamage

theyseemedtodo.

3Wignallcalculatedthenkillingefficiency"forthesevolcanoesby

comparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflavathat

theyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsize,oldereruptionswereatleast

10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivals.

4ThePermianextinction,forexample,whichhappened250millionyears

ago,ismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockinSiberiathatcoveranarearoughly

thesizeofwesternEurope.Thosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedout

about10gigatonnesofcarbonascarbondioxide.Theglobalwarmingthatfollowed

wipedout80percentofallmarinegeneraatthetime,andittook5million

yearsfortheplanettorecover.

5Yet60millionyearsagointhelatePalaeocenetherewasanotherhuge

amountofvolcanicactivityandglobalwarmingbutnomassextinction.Some

animalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsof

years.nThemostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatall,nWignallsays.

Heignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendofthe

Cretaceous,265millionyearsago,becausemanyscientistsbelieveitwas

primarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid.

6Wignallthinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemore

recentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsof

CO2.Oceanchemistrymayalsohaveplayedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbroke

upandexposedmorecoastlinetheremayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilica

rocks.Thiswouldhaveencouragedthegrowthofphytop1anktonintheoceans,

increasingtheamountofC02absorbedfromtheatmosphere.

7VincentCourtillotzdirectoroftheParisGeophysicalInstitutein

France,saysthatWignall1sideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincredibly

hardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpower

ofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheylasted.Anditisimpossible

totellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.

8Courtillotalsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlava

prehistoricvolcanoesproduced,andthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarily

correspondtocarbondioxideorsulphurdioxideemissions.

A.KillingPowerofAncientVolcanicEruptions

B.AssociationofMassExtinctionswithVolcanic

C.CalculationoftheKillingPowerofOlderEruptions

D.AMassExtinction

E.VolcanicEruptionsThatCausedNoMassExtinction

F.AccountingfortheKillingPowerofOlderEruptions

23、Paragraph2

24、Paragraph3

25、Paragraph4.

26、Paragraph5.

A.NecessityfortheTeammatestoImproveTheirOwnSkills

B.EvaluationfromTwoDifferentPerspectives

C.SpectacularPerformanceontheCourt

D.PlayersHoustonCan*tDoWithout

E.YaoMing*sPerformance

F.McGrady*sInjury

27、Paragraph2_______

28、Paragraph3_______

29、Paragraph4_______

30、Paragraph5_______

第4部分：阅读理解

弟扁

WeatherMap

Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthree

offourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecasts

areabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts；todeterminewhether

anindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhethera

frontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodetermine

whetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingon

thoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thuszamostsignificantfunction

ofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphere

atagiventime.

Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.

Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditions

existingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyreveal

inafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStates

weatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstorms,floods,frostsz

droughts,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissues

a30-daynoutlook"whichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelyto

occuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlo6ksarebased

uponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswithoftenSetthestageforthe

developmentofairmasseszfrontszandstorms.

Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweather

predictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellitesz

enormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstorms

overregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensive

experimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.Butthe

limitationsofweathermodificationhavepreventedmeteorologicalresults

exceptintheseedingofsuper-cooled,upslopemountainouswindswhichhave

producedadditionalorographicalprecipitationonthewindwardsideofmountain

ranges.Nevertheless,theyhaveprovidedaclearerunderstandingofthe

fundamentalsofweatherelements.

31>Onecharacteristicofweathermapsnotmentionedbytheauthorinthis

passageis.

A.windspeed

B.thermalchanges

C.fronts

D.barometricpressure

32>Thethirty-dayforecastisdeterminedbyexamining.

A.upperairlevels

B.satellitereports

C.changingfronts

D.dailyairmaps

33、Theobservationofweatherconditionsbysatellitesisadvantageousbecause

it.

A.givesthescientistinformationnotobtainedreadilyotherwise

B.enablesmantoaltertheweather

C.useselectronicinstruments

D.ismodern

34、Aweathermapissynopticbecauseit.

A.summarizesagreatdealofinformation

B.canbeinterpretedaccurately

C.appearsdaily

D.showschangingfronts

35、Atthepresenttime,experimentsarebeingconductedin.

A.30-dayHoutlook"

B.controllingstorms

C.satellites

D.manipulatingweather

弟一^扁

Don*tCountonDung（粪）

Conservationists（自然保护主义者）maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthe

threatenedanimalssuchaselephants,sayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.

Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbers

fromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.

Themistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmany

elephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptre

oftheWildlifeConservationSociety（WCS）inNewYork.

BiologistKatyPayneofCome11UniversityinIthaca,NewYork,agrees,

nWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveis

n

quiteindirect,saysPaynezwhoelectronicallytrackselephants.

Countingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsof

CentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycounting

dungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdung

decaysbecauseit1sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.However,

researcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecay

ratesestablishedelsewhere.

ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfrom

regiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrong

valuescanleadthecensusastray（离开正道），saysPlumptre.

HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdung

intheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and

65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.

IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroon,

theywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.Thiscould

meanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfrom

decayratescalculatedlocally,Plumptresays,nHoweveraccurateyourdung

densityestimatemightbe,thedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult".

Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutover

aregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant*snaturalrange.Theusualtechnique

ofmonitoringonlysmall,protectedareasdistortsnun±）ersbecauseelephants

moveinandoutoftheseregions,hesaysz"Iftheelephantpopulationincreases

withintheprotectedarea,youcannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincrease

orwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached

（入侵偷猎）outside.n

Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensus

studiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasnestsztracksorburrows（地

洞）.

36、Thewordnthreatened**inthefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphcould

bebestreplacedby_______.

A."endangered"

B."frightened"

C."killed”

D."angered"

37、Whydoresearchersestimateelephantnumbersinanareabycountingdung

piles?

A.Becauseelephantsaredifficulttocatch.

B.Becauseitisnotpossibletocountelephantsfromaplane.

C.Becauseitisnotpossibletokeeptrackofelephants.

D.Becauseelephantsareshyanimals.

38>Pilesofdungcan*tberelieduponwhenitcomestoestimatingelephant

numbersbecause_______.

A.theyaredifferentinsize.

B.theyscatteranovertheregion.

C.theyaredifferentindecayrate.

D.theyaredifferentinquality.

39、AccordingtoPlumptreztheregionoverwhichadung-pilecensusiscarried

outshouldbe_______

A.smallenough

B.wellprotected

C.carefullymonitored

D.largeenough

40、Thefirstword"Heninparagraph6refersto.

A.AndrewPlumptre.

B.KatyPayne.

C.AnthonyChifuNchanji.

D.thewriterofthearticle.

第二篇

Fridge

Thefridgeisconsideredanecessity.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhen

packagedfoodfirstappearedwiththelabel：nstoreintherefrigerator.H

InmyfridgelessFiftieschildhood,工wasfedwellandhealthily.Themilkman

camedaily,thegrocer,thebutcher（肉商），thebaker,andtheice-creamman

deliveredtwoorthreetimesaweek.TheSundaymeatwouldlastuntilWednesday

andsurplus（乘余的）breadandmilkbecameallkinksofcakes.Nothingwas

wasted,andwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood.Thirtyyearson,food

deliverieshaveceases,freshvegetablesarealmostunobtainableinthecountry.

Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheart

offoodpreservation.Avastwayofwell-triedtechniquesalready

existed—naturalcooling,drying,smoking,salting,sugaring,bottling...

Whatrefrigerationdidpromotewasmarketing—marketinghardwareand

electricity,marketingsoftdrinks,marketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaround

theglodeinsearchofsearchofagoodprice.

Consequently,mostoftheworld'sfridgesaretoberoundznotinthetropics

wheretheymightproveuseful,butinthewealthycountrieswithmild

temperatureswheretheyareclimaticallyamostunnecessary.Everywinter,

millionsoffridgeshumawaycontinuously,andatvastexpense,busily

maintaininganartificially-cooledspaceinsideanartificially-heated

house—whileoutside,natureprovidesthedesiredtemperaturefreeofcharg.

Thefridge1seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevident,whileits

contributiontohumanhappinesshasbeeninsignificant.Ifyoudon11believe

me,tryityourself,investinafoodcabinetandturnoffyourfridgenext

winter.Youmaymissthehamburgers（汉堡包）,butatleastyou111getridof

thatterriblehum.

41、Thestatement*'InmyfridgelessFiftieschildhood,Iwasfedwelland

healthily.n（Line1,Para.2）suggeststhat_______.

A.theauthorwaswell-fedandhealthyevenwithoutafridgeinhisfifties

B.theauthorwasnotaccustomedtousefridgeseveninhisfifties

C.thefridgewasinitsearlystageofdevelopmentinthe1950s

D.therewasnofridgeintheauthor1shomeinthe1950s

42、Whydoestheauthorsaythatnothingwaswastedbeforetheinventionof

fridges?

A.Peoplewouldnotbuymorefoodthanwasnecessary.

B.Foodwasdeliveredtopeopletwoorthreetimesaweek.

C.Peoplehadeffectivewaystopreservetheirfood.

D.Foodwassoldfreshanddidno