托福模拟考试及答案解析五

托福模拟考试及答案解析(5)

(1~13/共54题乂却读理解

CLOUDCLASSIFICATION

1Cloudsoccurinawidevarietyofformsbecausetheyareshapedbymanyprocesses

operatingintheatmosphere.Thebasicrequirementsforcloudformationaremoistairanda

liftingprocess.Whenhumidairisliftedbyrisingcurrents,thewatervaporeventuallyreachesits

dewpoint,thetemperatureatwhichitcondensesintoacollectionofwaterdroplets.Fromthe

ground,weseethesetinyparticlesasacloud.Ifthedropletscontinuetoacquiremoistureand

growlargeenough,theyfallfromthecloudasrainorsnow.

2Cloudsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirform,shape,andaltitude,andbywhetherornot

theyproduceprecipitation.Basedonformandshape,thesimplestdistinctionisbetweenclouds

thathaveaheapedoralayeredlook.Basedonaltitude,themostcommoncloudsaregrouped

intofourfamilies:lowclouds,middleclouds,highclouds,andcloudsexhibitingvertical

development.Low,middle,andhighcloudsareproducedbygentleupliftofairoverbroadareas.

Incontrast,thosewithverticaldevelopmentgenerallycoversmallerareasandareassociated

withmuchmorevigorousuplift.

3AmongthefirstscientiststoidentifytheimportanceofcloudsinmeteorologywasBritish

naturalistLukeHoward,whowasalsothefirsttodeviseasystemforgroupingclouds.Howard

classifiedcloudsbytheirappearance—heapedorlayered—andnamedthethreeprincipal

categoriesofcloudscumulus,stratus,andcirrus.Healsodescribedseveralintermediateand

compoundmodificationsinordertoaccommodatethetransitionsoccurringbetweentheforms.

Developedin1803,theessentialsofHoward'sclassificationschemearestillinusetoday.

Contemporaryweatherforecasterscontinuetodividecloudsintotwomaingroups:heaped

clouds,resultingfromrisingunstableaircurrents;andlayeredclouds,resultingfromstableair

currents.

4Mostheapedcloudsarecumulus:puffywhitecloudscappedwithacauliflower-likedome

createdbyconvection,thetransferofheatbymovingair.Cumuluscloudsformatlowormiddle

altitudes,withbasesrangingfrom1,000to10,000feet(303to3,033meters)abovetheearth.

Low-levelcumuluscloudsaredetachedfromoneanotherandgenerallyhavewell-definedbases.

Theiroutlinesaresharp,andtheyoftendevelopverticallyintheformofrisingpuffs,mounds,

domes,ortowers.Thesunlitpartsarebrilliantwhite;thebaseisrelativelydarkandroughly

horizontal.Cumuluscloudsarecommonlyknownasfair-weathercloudsbecausetheyusuallydo

notproduceprecipitation.However;avariationknownascumulonimbuscanreachgreatheights

andhavedense,glaciatedtopsthatcauseheavyrain,hail,orthunderstorms.

5Stratus,orlayered,cloudsappearaslargesheets,orstrata,withminimalverticaland

extendedhorizontaldimensions.Theairaroundthemisstable,withlittleornoconvection

present.Stratuscloudsspreadlaterallytoformlayersthatsometimescovertheentiresky,tothe

horizonandbeyond,likeaformlessblanket.Stratuscloudshavearelativelylowbase.Theycan

beauniformgraysheet,oralayerofpatchy,shapeless,lowgrayclouds.Thelayermaybethin

enoughforthesuntoshinethrough,butstratuscloudsmayalsocarrydrizzleorsnow,inwhich

casetheyarecallednimbostratus.

6Whilecumulusandstratuscloudsgenerallyformatlowormiddlealtitudes,cirrusclouds

formathighaltitudes.Cirruscloudsaredetachedcloudsthattaketheformofdelicatewhite

filaments,strands,orhooks.Thesecloudscanbeseenatclosehandfromthewindowofajet

planeflyingabove25,000feet(7,600meters).Whenviewedfromtheground,bandsof

threadlikecirruscloudsoftenseemtoemergefromasinglepointonthewesternhorizonand

spreadacrosstheentiresky.Cirruscloudsarecomposedalmostexclusivelyoficecrystals.Their

fibrousappearanceresultsfromthewind"stretching"streamersoffallingiceparticlesinto

featherystrandscalled"mares*tails."Snowcrystalsmayfallfromthicker;darkercirrusclouds,

buttheyusuallyevaporateinthedrierairbelowthecloud.

7AmongtheseveralcompoundcloudtypesdescribedbyLukeHowardarecirrocumulusand

cirrostratusclouds.Cirrocumuluscloudsappearassmall,well-definedwhiteflakesorcotton

patchesinclosehorizontalarrangement.Cirrostratuscloudsareathin,whitelayerresemblinga

veil.Becauseoftheiricecontent,cirrostratuscloudsareassociatedwiththehalosappearing

aroundthesunormoon.

第1题

Accordingtoparagraph1,whathappensatthedewpoint?

A.Moistairdriftsslowlydownward.

B.Thegroundiswarmerthantheair.

C.Freezingrainchangestosnow.

D.Watervaporbecomesliquidparticles.

第2题

Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph2?

A.Toprovideanoverviewofcloudclassification

B.Ibcomparedifferentopinionsofcloudclassification

C.Tojustifythestudyofcloudclassification

D.Todescribetheoriginofcloudclassification

第3题

Thewordvigorousinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto

A.visible

B.forceful

C.predictable

0.gradual

第4题

TheauthordiscussesLukeHowardinparagraph3inorderto

A.namethefirstscientistwhocouldpredicttheweather

B.giveanexampleofanideathatwasnotreadilyaccepted

C.identifythecreatorofasystemforclassifyingclouds

D.tracethedevelopmentofthescienceofmeteorology

第5题

Accordingtoparagraph3,LukeHoward'ssystemofcloudclassificationacknowledgedthat

A.combinationsofdifferentcloudformscouldoccur

B.namingeverytypeofcloudwouldbeimpossible

C.acloud'saltitudewaslessimportantthanitsappearance

D.laterscientistswouldprobablydevelopabettersystem

第6题

CumuluscloudsarecharacterizedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT

A.horizontalbase

B.dome-liketop

C.stableair

D.lowaltitude

第7题

Thewordsharpinparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto

A.distinct

B.frozen

C.invisible

□.straight

第8题

Thewordlaterallyinparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto

A.slowly

B.upward

C.dangerously

D.sideways

第9题

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatstratusclouds

A.aresometimesdifficulttoidentify

B.areunlikelytoproduceprecipitation

C.formlayershighaboveothertypesofclouds

0.differinappearancefromcumulusclouds

第10题

Thewordfibrousinparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto

A.dark

B.layered

C.threadlike

0.changing

第11题

Accordingtothepassage,inwhatwayarestratusandcirrostratuscloudssimilar?

A.Botharecomposedmainlyoficecrystals.

B.Bothhavealayeredappearance.

C.Bothareassociatedwiththunderstorms.

D.Bothformatextremelyhighaltitudes.

第12题

Lookatthefoursquares,A,B,C,andD,whichindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe

addedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Thesestrandsoftenwarnoftheapproachofawarmfrontsignalingtheadvanceofastorm

system.

Whilecumulusandstratuscloudsgenerallyformatlowormiddlealtitudes,cirruscloudsformat

highaltitudes.ACirruscloudsaredetachedcloudsthattaketheformofdelicatewhitefilaments,

strands,orhooks.Thesecloudscanbeseenatclosehandfromthewindowofajetplaneflying

above25,000feet(7,600meters).BWhenviewedfromtheground,bandsofthreadlikecirrus

cloudsoftenseemtoemergefromasinglepointonthewesternhorizonandspreadacrossthe

entiresky.Cirruscloudsarecomposedalmostexclusivelyoficecrystals.CTheirfibrous

appearanceresultsfromthewind"stretching"streamersoffallingiceparticlesintofeathery

strandscalled"mares'tails."DSnowcrystalsmayfallfromthicker,darkercirrusclouds,butthey

usuallyevaporateinthedrierairbelowthecloud.

第13题

Selecttheappropriatesentencesfromtheanswerchoicesandmatchthemtothetypeofcloud

thattheydescribe.TWOoftheanswerchoiceswillNOTbeused.Thisquestionisworth3points.

HeapedClouds

LayeredClouds

AnswerChoices

A.Theyformwhereairisstableandnoconvectionoccurs.

B.Theyfallwhenwaterdropletsintheairgrowverylargeandheavy.

C.Theydevelopverticallyintheshapeofdomes,mounds,ortowers.

D.Theyhaveextendedverticalandminimalhorizontaldimensions.

E.Theyareassociatedwithrisingunstablea汗currents.

F.Theycanspreadoutlikeablanketcoveringthewholesky.

G.Theyhaveafluffywhitetopandaflatter;darkerbottom.

下一题

（14~26/共54题）阅读理解

LEADERSHIP

1Ineveryestablishedhumangroup,individualsfillvariousroles,andaveryimportantroleis

thatofleader.Leadersperformcertainfunctionsthatarenecessaryforthegrouptoachieveits

goals.Leadershipisdistributedthroughoutallsegmentsofoursociety:government,business,

organizedlabor;education,socialagencies,theprofessions,themedia,andsoon.Leadershipis

alsodispersedthroughthelevelsofsocialfunctioning,fromthehighestlevelsofnationallifeto

theschoolprincipal,thestoremanager;thelocalunionleader,andtheclubpresident.

2Therelationshipbetweenleadersandfollowersvariesindifferentcultures.Therelationship

alsovariesaccordingtowhetherthegroupororganizationisinatimeofcalmorcrisis,prosperity

orrecession,growthorstagnation.Leadersmustbeconsideredwithintheirculturalandhistoric

context,thesettinginwhichtheyfunction,andthesystemoverwhichtheypreside.Thetop

leaderofanation,thepresidentorprimeminister;symbolizesthenation'scollectiveidentity.For

thisreason,thedeathofanation'stopleadercausesaprofoundsenseofgriefandloss.

3Aleaderisacrucialsymbolofunity.Inahealthysociety,everyactivitytakesplacewithina

setofsharedbeliefsthatdefinethestandardsofacceptablebehaviorgoverningindividual

members.Oneofthetasksofleadershipatalllevelsistoenergizethesesharedbeliefsand

values,andtodrawonthemassourcesofmotivationfortheeffortsofthegroup.Leadersrenew

thesociety'svaluesandkeepthemrelevant.Theyhelpthesocietytounderstanditshistoryas

wellastheproblemsofthepresent.Leadershaveanimportantroleincreatingthemindsetof

thesociety,insettingthesociety'sgoals,andinunitingpeopletowardreachingthesegoals.

Historywilljudgeleadersonhowwelltheyunderstandthesociety'svaluesandonhowthey

adapttraditionstodealwithpresentproblems.

4Onaverybasiclevel,leadershipistheprocessofpersuasionorexamplebywhichasingle

leaderoraleadershipteampersuadesagrouptopursueobjectivesheldbytheleaderorshared

bythemembersofthegroup.Mostleadershiptodayisanattempttoaccomplishpurposes

throughlarge,complex,organizedsystems,suchasthegovernmentministry,theuniversity

system,andtheprofessionalassociation.

5Leadershiprequiresagreatdealofenergy,effort,commonsense,andcourage,andeffective

leadersareskilledinfiveessentialareas.Thefirstoftheseisagreementbuilding.Leadersmust

beskilledinconflictresolution,compromise,achievingconsensus,andbuildingcoalitionsboth

withintheorganizationandwithotherorganizations.Thesecondessentialskillconcernsthe

exerciseofpower.Leadersmustknowhowtousethepowerthatcomestothemnaturally

throughtheirpositionasleader.Theymustalsoknowhowtoutilizeotherlegitimateformsof

power,suchasthepowerofthemediaandpublicopinion.Third,leadersmustbeskilledin

networking,theexchangeofinformationandideasandthecreationofconnectionswithother

organizations-relationshipsthatarenecessaryforaccomplishingresults.Fourth,leadersmust

beflexible.Theymusthavethejudgmentandabilitytochangestrategieswhenonestrategydoes

notworkorwhencircumstanceschange.Finally,leadersmustbeskilledinorganizationbuilding.

Theymusthaveavisionofwherethewholeorganizationshouldbegoing,andtheymust

establishthesystemsthatwillmovetheorganizationtowhereitshouldbe.

6Eachoftheseessentialskillsinvolvescommunication.Infact,ifonehadtonameasingle,

all-purposeinstrumentofleadership,itwouldbecommunication.Ifanorganizationistoremain

vital,itmusthavefluidandopencommunicationamongallitsparts.Theremustbeeasy

communicationfromleaderstofollowers,butalsoreturncommunication,including

disagreement.Leadershavetorecognizeandrespondtoallofthesignalscomingtowardthem.

Communicationandinfluencemustflowinbothdirections,andintheprocess,leadersboth

shapefollowersandareshapedbythem.

第14题

Accordingtotheauthor,whyistheroleofleaderimportanttoanygroup?

A.Leaderspersonallyknoweverymemberofthegroup.

B.Leadershavemoreskillsthantheirfollowershave.

C.Leadersdecidewhichvaluesthegroupshouldhave.

□.Leadersmotivatethegrouptoaccomplishitsgoals.

第15题

Theworddispersedinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

A.learned

B.distributed

C.avoided

D.admired

第16题

Paragraph2supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipindifferentcontexts?

A.Thenatureoftheleader-followerrelationshipdependsonthecontext.

B.Wecanjudgeleadersindifferentcontextsbyonesetofstandards.

C.Leadersareimportantsymbolsinsomecontextsbutnotinothers.

D.lnmostcontextsthereareonlyafewleadersbutmanyfollowers.

第”题

Whydoestheauthormentionthepresidentorprimeministerinparagraph2?

A.Tocontrastdifferentsystemsofnationalleadership

B.Ibgiveexamplesofleaderswhorepresentawholenation

C.Toshowthatpeopleareinterestedintheirleaders'privatelives

D.Toexplainwhypeoplewantstrong,respectableleaders

第18题

Accordingtotheauthor,whyisaleaderasymbolofunity?

A.Aleaderisresponsibleforeveryactivityinthesociety.

B.Aleaderhasthemostimportantjobinthesociety.

C.Aleadermustestablishconnectionswithoutsidegroups.

D.Aleaderenergizesandrenewsthesociety'ssharedvalues.

第19题

Thewordmindsetinparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto

A.attitude

B.structure

C.happiness

D.inteligence

第20题

Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentencein

paragraph3?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessential

information.

A.Wecanunderstandthevaluesofanysocietybystudyingthehistoryofitsleaders,especially

howtheymanageproblems.

B.Onlyasociety'stopleadercanjudgewhichvaluesandtraditionsshouldbepreservedfor

futuregenerations.

C.Leaderswillberememberedfortheirabilitytosolveproblemswithinthesociety'ssystemof

valuesandtraditions.

D.ltisimportantforleaderstohaveextensiveknowledgeoftheirsociety'shistory,culture,and

traditions.

第21题

Accordingtothepassage,animportantgoalofleadershipis

A.topersuadeagrouptopursueitsobjectives

B.tolearnfromthemistakesofpastleaders

C.torecordthehistoryofanorganization

D.toimprovethewaysthatvaluesaretaught

第22题

Thewordexerciseinparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto

A.benefit

B.limit

C.change

D.use

第23题

Accordingtothepassage,aleadermusthaveallofthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPT

A.theabilitytomanagedisagreement

B.auniversityeducation

C.avisionfortheorganization'sfuture

D.goodcommunicationskills

第24题

Thewordinstrumentinparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto

A.study

B.tool

C.problem

D.history

第25题

Lookatthefoursquares,A,B,C,andD,whichindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe

addedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Effectivetwo-waycommunicationiscriticaltotheproperfunctioningoftheleader-follower

relationship.

AEachoftheseessentialskillsinvolvescommunication.BInfact,ifonehadtonameasingle,

all-purposeinstrumentofleadership,itwouldbecommunication.CIfanorganizationisto

remainvital,itmusthavefluidandopencommunicationamongallitsparts.DTheremustbe

easycommunicationfromleaderstofollowers,butalsoreturncommunication,including

disagreement.Leadershavetorecognizeandrespondtoallofthesignalscomingtowardthem.

Communicationandinfluencemustflowinbothdirections,andintheprocess,leadersboth

shapefollowersandareshapedbythem.

第26题

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.Completethe

summarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthe

passage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenot

presentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Theroleofleaderisimportanttoanyorganizationand

thereforerequirescertainleadershipskills.

AnswerChoices

A.Leadershipinvolvessettinggoalsandunitingpeopletoaccomplishthesegoals.

B.Leadershipismoreimportantwhentheorganizationisinatimeofcrisis,recession,or

stagnation.

C.Thedeathofanationalleadercausesanintensereactionofgriefandlossinthenation.

D.Effectiveleadersunderstandandpracticethevaluesheldbytheorganization.

E.Leadersneedexcellentcommunicationskillsforagreementbuilding,networking,and

motivatingpeople.

F.Universitiesmusthavedegreeprogramsinleadershiptodeveloptheleadersofthefuture.

上一题下一题

（27~40/共54题）阅读理解

Directions:Readthepassage.Thenanswerthequestions.Giveyourself20minutestocomplete

thispracticeset.

REFLECTIONINTEACHING

Teachers,itisthought,benefitfromthepracticeofreflection,theconsciousactofthinking

deeplyaboutandcarefullyexaminingtheinteractionsandeventswithintheirownclassrooms.

EducatorsT.WildmanandJ.Niles(1987)describeaschemefordevelopingreflectivepracticein

experiencedteachers.Thiswasjustifiedbytheviewthatreflectivepracticecouldhelpteachers

tofeelmoreintellectuallyinvolvedintheirroleandworkinteachingandenablethemtocope

withthepaucityofscientificfactandtheuncertaintyofknowledgeinthedisciplineofteaching.

WildmanandNileswereparticularlyinterestedininvestigatingtheconditionsunderwhich

reflectionmightflourish—asubjectonwhichthereislittleguidanceintheliterature.They

designedanexperimentalstrategyforagroupofteachersinVirginiaandworkedwith40

practicingteachersoverseveralyears.Theywereconcernedthatmanywouldbe"drawntothese

new,refreshingconceptionsofteachingonlytofindthatthevoidbetweentheabstractionsand

therealitiesofteacherreflectionistoogreattobridge.Reflectiononacomplextasksuchas

teachingisnoteasy."Theteachersweretakenthroughaprogramoftalkingaboutteaching

events,movingontoreflectingaboutspecificissuesinasupported,andlateranindependent,

manner.

WildmanandNilesobservedthatsystematicreflectiononteachingrequiredasoundabilityto

understandclassroomeventsinanobjectivemanner.Theydescribetheinitialunderstandingin

theteacherswithwhomtheywereworkingasbeing"utilitarian...andnotrichordetailedenough

todrivesystematicreflection."Teachersrarelyhavethetimeoropportunitiestoviewtheirown

ortheteachingofothersinanobjectivemanner.Furtherobservationrevealedthetendencyof

teacherstoevaluateeventsratherthanreviewthecontributoryfactorsinaconsideredmanner

by,ineffect,standingoutsidethesituation.

Helpingthisgroupofteacherstorevisetheirthinkingaboutclassroomeventsbecamecentral.

Thisprocesstooktimeandpatienceandeffectivetrainers.Theresearchersestimatethatthe

initialtrainingoftheteacherstovieweventsobjectivelytookbetween20and30hours,withthe

samenumberofhoursagainbeingrequiredtopracticetheskillsofreflection.

WildmanandNilesidentifythreeprinciplesthatfacilitatereflectivepracticeinateaching

situation.Thefirstissupportfromadministratorsinaneducationsystem,enablingteachersto

understandtherequirementsofreflectivepracticeandhowitrelatestoteachingstudents.The

secondistheavailabilityofsufficienttimeandspace.Theteachersintheprogramdescribedhow

theyfounditdifficulttoputasidetheimmediatedemandsofothersinordertogivethemselves

thetimetheyneededtodeveloptheirreflectiveskills.Thethirdisthedevelopmentofa

collaborativeenvironmentwithsupportfromotherteachers.Supportandencouragementwere

alsorequiredtohelpteachersintheprogramcopewithaspectsoftheirprofessionallifewith

whichtheywerenotcomfortable.WildmanandNilesmakeasummarycomment:''Perhapsthe

mostimportantthingwelearnedistheideaoftheteacher-as-reflective-practitionerwillnot

happensimplybecauseitisagoodorevencompellingidea."

TheworkofWildmanandNilessuggeststheimportanceofrecognizingsomeofthedifficulties

ofinstitutingreflectivepractice.Othershavenotedthis,makingasimilarpointaboutthe

teachingprofession'sculturalinhibitionsaboutreflectivepractice.ZeichnerandListon(1987)

pointouttheinconsistencybetweentheroleoftheteacherasa(reflective)professionaldecision

makerandthemoreusualroleoftheteacherasatechnician,puttingintopracticetheideasof

others.Morebasicthantheculturalissuesisthematterofmotivation.Becomingareflective

practitionerrequiresextrawork(Jaworski,1993)andhasonlyvaguelydefinedgoalswith,

perhaps,littleinitiallyperceivablerewardandthethreatofvulnerability.Fewhavedirectly

questionedwhatmightleadateachertowanttobecomereflective.Apparently,themost

obviousreasonforteacherstoworktowardreflectivepracticeisthatteachereducatorsthinkitis

agoodthing.Thereappeartobemanyunexploredmattersaboutthemotivationtoreflect—for

example,thevalueofexternallymotivatedreflectionasopposedtothatofteacherswhomight

reflectbyhabit.

第27题

PARAGRAPH1

Teachers,itisthought,benefitfromthepracticeofreflection,theconsciousactofthinking

deeplyaboutandcarefullyexaminingtheinteractionsandeventswithintheirownclassrooms.

EducatorsT.WildmanandJ.Niles(1987)describeaschemefordevelopingreflectivepracticein

experiencedteachers.Thiswasjustifiedbytheviewthatreflectivepracticecouldhelpteachers

tofeelmoreintellectuallyinvolvedintheirroleandworkinteachingandenablethemtocope

withthepaucityofscientificfactandtheuncertaintyofknowledgeinthedisciplineofteaching.

Theword"justified"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.supported

B.shaped

C.stimulated

0.suggested

第28题

Accordingtoparagraph1,itwasbelievedthatreflectioncouldhelpteachers

A.understandintellectualprinciplesofteaching

B.strengthentheirintellectualconnectiontotheirwork

C.usescientificfacttoimprovedisciplineandteaching

D.adoptamoredisciplinedapproachtoteaching

第29题

PARAGRAPH2

WildmanandNileswereparticularlyinterestedininvestigatingtheconditionsunderwhich

reflectionmightflourish-asubjectonwhichthereislittleguidanceintheliterature.They

designedanexperimentalstrategyforagroupofteachersinVirginiaandworkedwith40

practicingteachersoverseveralyears.Theywereconcernedthatmanywouldbe"drawntothese

new,refreshingconceptionsofteachingonlytofindthatthevoidbetweentheabstractionsand

therealitiesofteacherreflectionistoogreattobridge.Reflectiononacomplextasksuchas

teachingisnoteasy."Theteachersweretakenthroughaprogramoftalkingaboutteaching

events,movingontoreflectingaboutspecificissuesinasupported,andlateranindependent,

manner.

Theword"flourish"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.continue

B.occur

C.succeed

D.apply

第30题

Allofthefollowingarementionedabouttheexperimentalstrategydescribedinparagraph2

EXCEPT:

A.Itwasdesignedsothatteacherswouldeventuallyreflectwithouthelpfromothers.

B.ltwasusedbyagroupofteachersoveraperiodofyears.

C.ltinvolvedhavingteacherstakepartindiscussionsofclassroomevents.

D.ltinvolvedhavingteachersrecordinwritingtheirreflectionsaboutteaching.

第31题

Accordingtoparagraph2,WildmanandNilesworriedthattheteacherstheywereworkingwith

mightfeelthat

A.thenumberofteachersinvolvedintheirprogramwastoolarge

B.theconceptsofteacherreflectionweresoabstractthattheycouldnotbeapplied

C.theideasinvolvedinreflectionwereactuallynotnewandrefreshing

□.severalyearswouldbeneededtoacquirethehabitofreflectingontheirteaching

第32题

PARAGRAPH3

WildmanandNilesobservedthatsystematicreflectiononteachingrequiredasoundabilityto

understandclassroomeventsinanobjectivemanner.Theydescribetheinitialunderstandingin

theteacherswithwhomtheywereworkingasbeing"utilitarian...andnotrichordetailedenough

todrivesystematicreflection."Teachersrarelyhavethetimeoropportunitiestoviewtheirown

ortheteachingofothersinanobjectivemanner.Furtherobservationrevealedthetendencyof

teacherstoevaluateeventsratherthanreviewthecontributoryfactorsinaconsideredmanner

by,ineffect,standingoutsidethesituation.

Theword"objective"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.unbiased

B.positive

C.systematic

0.thorough

第33题

Accordingtoparagraph3,whatdidtheteachersworkingwithWildmanandNilesoftenfailtodo

whentheyattemptedtopracticereflection?

A.Correctlycalculatetheamountoftimeneededforreflection

B.Providesufficientlydetaileddescriptionsofthemethodstheyusedtohelpthemreflect

C.Examinethoughtfullythepossiblecausesofeventsintheirclassrooms

0.Establishrealisticgoalsforthemselvesinpracticingreflection

第34题

PARAGRAPH4

Helpingthisgroupofteacherstorevisetheirthinkingaboutclassroomeventsbecamecentral.

Thisprocesstooktimeandpatienceandeffectivetrainers.Theresearchersestimatethatthe

initialtrainingoftheteacherstovieweventsobjectivelytookbetween20and30hours,withthe

samenumberofhoursagainbeingrequiredtopracticetheskillsofreflection.

Howisparagraph4relatedtootheraspectsofthediscussionofreflectioninthepassage?

A.Itdescribesandcommentsonstepstakentoovercomeproblemsidentifiedearlierinthe

passage.

B.ltchallengestheearlierclaimthatteachersrarelyhavethetimetothinkabouttheirownor

others