终极版本语法-语法知识总结

环球雅思语法讲义廖蓉PAGEPAGE20Lecture1:Sentencestructure

在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语等

（一）主语：一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。

1.Televisioncanwidenoursights.2.Playinggamesdoesnotrequirestudentstouseanyoftheircreativity3.____________isharmfultothehealth.

4.______________________isagreatpleasure.5.________________________isnotyetdecided.

（二）谓语

谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。有时态，人称，语态的变化。

如：Televisionplaysaneducationalroleinourdailylife.Solvingproblemsinthedormwillenrichtheirsocialexperience.Someschoolshavetriedusingotherformofassessment.（三）宾语

由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。

Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.

Shesaid（that）shefeltsick.

Studiesrevealthatthereisadefinitelinkbetweensmokingandsomeseriousdiseasessuchaslungcancerandheartdisease.

（四）宾语补足语：

在某些及物动词后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思。在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式，分词等可用做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。

如:Iappointedhimthepresidentoftheclass.Wearinguniformsmakeslifedullandmonotonous.Wefindthecomputerveryuseful.Thestressfullifemakesmanypeoplesick.

（五）表语：由名词、形容词、副词、介词，不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。

如：Itishardtocometoanabsoluteconclusion.Thefirstreasonisthatraisingpetsisharmfultopeople”shealth.（六）定语

定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。

单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。

如：TelevisionpresentsavividworldinfrontofusNowadaystherearemoreandmoreyoungpeoplegoingabroadforstudyAnotherfactorwemustconsideristhattelevisionplaysaneducationalroleinourdailylife.说明1：nothing,anything,everything,something

如：Itellhim______________

Hehassomething___________.

（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。

如：Telephoneisveryconvenientespeciallywhenwehavesomethingurgent.

WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.Televisiontellsusthenewsinstantly.(八)：同位语：一个名词或者代词有时可跟一个名词（或起类似作用的其他内容），对前者做进一步的解释，说明指的是谁，是什么。名词做同位语的情况最多，有时候也可以是句子也就是同位于从句。Shopping,anecessaryactivityineverydaylifeismoreconvenientinthecity.Lovecantearstudentsawayfromlearning,thestudents’maintask.Lecture2:Noun.clausesAnalyzethefollowingsentences:1Researchshowsit’snotsomuchhowlongyoustudythatgetsgoodgrades,buthowwellandhowoftenyoustudy.2Unlesswerevieweveryweekwhathadbeenstudiedbefore,wecanforgetover80percentofwhatweread.3Itisdifficulttosayexactlyhowthemusicwecall“rock”or“rockandroll”began.4Theauthordeclaresthatinterpersonalrelationsshouldbetaughtasarequiredcourseineveryschool,alongwithreading,writing,andmathematics.5Tonymadeasuggestionthatweshouldnotstayuplateeveryday.6Thesuggestionthatsheputforwardatthemeetingisverygood.7Itisman’ssocialbeingthatdetermineshisthinking.8IntheUnitedStates,there’sawidespreadbeliefthatstatisticsdon’tlie.Perhapsthat’swhysurveysaresuchanimportantpartofAmericanlife.9Newsthatwasspreadingprovedtobeincorrect.10Thenewsthathewasresigningprovedtobeincorrect.11.WhethermotorcyclesshouldbebannedinGuangzhouhasbecomeanissueofcontroversy.12.Thisessayaimstoexplorewhysomanywhitecollarworkerssufferfrominsomnia13.Whoshouldberesponsiblefortheenvironmentaldegradationisstillunknown.句子练习：1吸烟是一种个人爱好和娱乐（hobbyentertainment）2离家生活，人要忍受孤独和思乡（sufferfrom）3解决交通问题不是一个容易的工作，我不认为任何单位和个人能够很容易的解决它。（trafficjamindividualorganizationsolvehandle）4它给我们带来很多的快乐5广告给我们提供了很多有用的信息（provide）6老年人需要的是精神安慰（spiritualconsolation）7.我们应该做的是告诉孩子们如何正确的解决这些问题（properly）8.一些人认为，与父母相比，学校更应该对孩子的教育负责（beresponsibleforcompare）9.他们想要模仿他们所看到的东西（imitate）10.主要的原因是电视在我们面前展现了一个生动形象的世界（presentvivid）改错：Iamastudentlivedinroom8082Therearemorepeoplegoabroadnowadays3Myroommateissotroublesome,Icanhardlyputupwithhimanymore.4Weartraditionalclothingisawaytorememberourhistoryandculture5.Comparingwiththeadvancedwesterncountries,Chinaisabitslowininformationtechnology句子练习：It_______children______________________bynegativeinfluence.(它使儿童避免受到一些负面影响)Nowadays_________________________________isbecomingmoreandmorepopularinbigcities.(现在，饲养宠物如猫和狗在大城市里正变得越来越流行)Familyplaysanimportantrolein______________________________.(家庭在塑造孩子性格方面起到重要的作用)Acountry__________________________________willneverbecomeapowerfulnation(一个只依靠自己传统的国家将永远不能成为一个强大的国家)Theyspendtoomuchtimeinfrontofthetelevision,____________________________________________(他们在电视前花费了太多的时间，忽略了他们的学习，户外活动，甚至他们的家庭)__________________________________________________________________________________________isamatteroflifeanddeathtoourfuture.()我们是否能够找到新能源来代替传统能源是有关我们将来生死存亡的问题。_______________________________________________________________________________________________________isnotclearyet,butitisaninevitabletrendofhistory,(印刷书籍什么时候将被电子书籍代替现在还不清楚，但是它是不可避免的历史趋势)Withmoreandmorewomentakingpartinfull_timejobs,____________________________________hasbecomeanincreasingprobleminoursociety.(随着越来越多的女性做全职工作，谁来照顾他们的小孩子成为当今社会日益严重的问题)Isimplycan”tunderstand_____________________________________________________(我无法理解为什么有些人坚决地认为乡村生活比城市生活更优越Onequestion_____________is________________________________ismostneededbythesociety.(我们必须回答的一个问题是什么形式的教育是我们社会最需要的)Lecture3:主谓一致（一）动名词，不定式或从句做主语。Readinginthesun___badforyoureyes.Whysomepeoplewouldchoosetoliveinsuburbsorcountryside___alwaysbeenamysterytomeTochangeajob_____tochangeone”stypeoflife(二)表示集体含义的词语作主语。：集合名词：familyclasscrewpublicteamaudience.(三)主语为单数名词或代词，后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,besides,includingMrGreen,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,___cometoChinaGames,aswellaswork,___significanttochildren’sgrowth.（四）、either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,any,no,everyEachofus__anewbook..（五）当两个主语由either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso连接时，Eithertheteacherorthestudents____ourfriends.Neithertheynorhe___whollyright.Notonlyskillsbutalsopatience__neededinordertosolvethatproblem.(六)由“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,therestof,themajorityof+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，如：There___alotofpeopleintheclassroom.Therestofthelecture_wonderful./50%ofthestudentsinourclass____girls.(七)：价值重量长度时间作主语Twenty_fivedollars__toomuchtopayforthatshirtFiftyminutes__notenoughtimetofinishthejob.Twomiles___toomuchtowalk(八)：Lawandorder____tobereestablished.Thewriterandpoet___goingtovisitoursaloontonight.Thewriterandthepoet___goingtovisitoursaloontonight.(九)：定语从句Noonewho___experiencedthatkindofdesperateanxietycausedbyatrafficjaminrush_hourswillneverdenytheimportanceofbetterroadconditions.Myfatherisoneofthosemenwho______tobeverystrict.Heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswho___workinghard.句子练习：有时候换一个工作就意味着改变一种生活方式。那位诗人兼作家今天晚上要来拜访我们的沙龙。句子改错：Iamastudentwholivein……Exploringtheunknownplacesareagreatpleasuretomanypeople.Theabove_metioneddisadvantageswhicharebroughtaboutbyenvironmentalpollutionisverydetrimentalbutoftenmisspeople”attention.Writingaletterormakeregularcallshelpsyoumaintainagoodrelationship. 雅思中易错短语补充：1．agreatmanyagreatdealofmanyaeg.Recently,agreatmanycasesofcampusviolence___reportedintheUSAManyaparentinchinahasexpressedtheirdesireofprovidingtheirchildrenwithamorepractialeducation2.more+N.+thanonemorethanone+N.，Morememembersthanone____protestedagainsttheproposal.Morethanonemember____protestedagainsttheproposal.3.anumberofthenumberofAnincreasingnumberofpeople____beguntochallengeagainsttheexistingpracticeofrequiringstudentstowearuniforms.Thenumberofpeoplewho____beguntoochallengeagainsttheexistingpracticeofrequiringstudentstowearuniforms__increasingrapidly.4.themajoritythemajorityofDespitethefactthatthemajorityofpeople__citylife,Iwouldliketochoosetoliveinthequietcountryside.Despitethefactthatthemajority__againstcitylife,Iwouldliketochooseitbecauseofitsconvenience.5.anaverageoftheaverageofeg,Accordingtothefactsinthetable,anaverageof857accidents___inthemorningeverymonthwhenpeoplegotowork.Accordingtothefactsinthetable,theaverageofaccidentsthat___inthemorningeverymonth__857.6,aseriesofRecently,aseriesofcountermeasures___beentakentohelpsolvetheproblem.Lecture4Tensetime一般进行完成完成进行时态现在work/worksbedoinghas/haveworkedhas/havebeenworking过去workedbedoinghadworkedhadbeenworking将来shall/willworkshallbedoingshallhaveworkedshallhavebeenworking过去将来shouldworkshouldbeworkingshouldhaveworkedshouldhavebeenworking一一般现在时的用法

1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。Alwaysfrequently,sometimesoften,occasionally,generally,usually,onceaweek.twiceaday,fromtimetotime,nowandthen.Theschool___at9a.m.andfinishesat12a.m.whenthestudents___lunch.Andat10:30there__usuallyatea_breakforabout10minutes

g.

2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。

Theearth______aroundthesun.

Shanghai______intheeastofChina.

3)表示格言或警句中。

Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..我妈妈曾经告诉我生活就像一盒巧克力，我们永远不知道从里面能得到什么。二一般过去时的用法

.1)Itistimeforsb.todosth"

Itistimesb.didsth."

Itistimeforyoutogotobed.Itistimeyouwenttobed.

would(had)rathersb.didsth.I'dratheryoucametomorrow.2）usedto/beusedto

usedto+do：

Scarfusedtotakeawalk.

beusedto+doing：Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.

Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(现在习惯于散步)句子练习：如图表中所示，私家车的数量从3月到7月增加了很多。在过去，我们的村庄里有很多小鸟和一些像兔子一样的小动物。但现在我们很少见到这些了。

三一般将来时

1)begoingto+不定式，表示将来。

a.主语的意图，即将做某事。

Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?

b.计划，安排要发生的事。

Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。

c.有迹象要发生的事

Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm

2)be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.

3)beaboutto+不定式，正要，马上就要。

HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.

注意：beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。句子练习：我下个月准备动身去香港。天气预报说明天天气会变好的。我正准备出发赴约的时候，我的一个朋友突然来拜访我。四现在进行时1．表示进行，持续，未完成的动作。Usingemailsasamainmethodofcommunicationisbecomingmoreandmorepopularovertheworld.Thegiantpanda,thecreaturethathasbecomeasymbolofconservation,isfacingextinctio2.comegoleaveWhenareyouleavingforEngland?Wearegoingforapicnictomorrowiftheweatherisfine.3somepeoplearealwayscomplainingaboutothersMybrotherissoforgetfulandcarelessthatheisforeverlookingforsomething4表示行为，动作的结果。或表示瞬间完成的动作，一般不用于进行时态SeehearnoticeappearseemlookrecognizeEg:IheardaknockatthedoorIamlisteningtotheradioKnowunderstandrememberlikeappreciatelovepreferbelievewantneed.Ithinkthisistrue.Iamthinkingofchangingajob.Ownhavebelong

四现在完成时

1。Itisthefirst/secondtime….that…

ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.

Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.

2。Thisisthe…that…

ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever)seen.

Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing.句子练习：自从电视机发明以后就成为我们生活一个重要的部分。你要的资料已经寄到了你指定的地址。她是我一生唯一爱过的女人。这绝对是我做过的最愚蠢的事情。

五过去完成时

1）表示过去的过去

2）用法

a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。

Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.

b.状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.

c.表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.

3)过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。

HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.

Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.

Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.4）hadjust/barely/hardly/scarcelydone...when.nosooner...than我一打开书才读几行就被深深的吸引了。谈话一结束，警报就响了，我看到一团乌云飘进我的房间句子练习：我一离开家门就开始下雨。吃完饭之后我要了一杯水。在我去英国之前我就学了很多年英语例句：Iwork...I_____________attheproblemthesedaysI________________attheproblematpresentI_____________________attheproblemfor2yearsI_______________atthe...whenIwasachildI____________________attheproblemfromninetotenlasteveningI_______________________attheproblembeforeIgraduatedI____________at..theproblem.inthreeyearsI____________________attheproblemtomorroweveningI_____________________________attheproblemfor4yearsbythetimeIgraduate句子练习：明天这个时候，我们在车间等你这个会议到它结束时将持续了一整周。在我意识到他是谁之前，我已经和他聊了一会了。Exercise1:1I_____(speak)tohimforsometimebeforeIrealizedwhohewas.2Maryalwayshasalotofletterstowrite.She___(write)lettersallafternoonandstill____(notfinish).3Atthistimetomorrowwe_______(wait)foryouintheworkshop.4WhenI____(get),I______(find)thatmyfather_______(buy)anewTV.5Thedoctortoldhimthateverythingthat_____(cando)forthepatientalready____(do).6I_____(happen)tomeethimwhileI_______(attend)ameeting.7Bytheendoflastweek,thirty-fivefamilies_______(move)intothebuilding.8Soonaftertheearthquake,theplace______(convert)intoahospitalwhich____(mark)witharedcrossflag.9Theconference_________(last)afullweekbythetimeitends.10Untilthen,hisfamily________(nothear)fromhimforsixmonths.11Hesaidthathe________(go)toBeijinginafewdays.12It________(rain)everydaysofarthismonth.13ThebuscameafterI________(wait)forabouthalfanhour.Lecture5:passivevoice被动语态在各种时态中的用法一般现在时Importantevents_________________liveontelevision(现场直播)Onthecontrary,somepeople___________bytheconvenienceofthecity(吸引)完成时It________________abeneficialpracticetorequirestudentstowearschooluniform(一直被认为)Blue-eyedpeople______________tohaveastrongerpupilresponsethanbrown_eyedpeople.Bytheendoflastyear,severalhundredmilesoftraffic_freeroutesforcyclists_____________(被建成)3进行时Theyareaddingnewfunctionstothephones．→

Moneyisbeingcollectedforthebroad-bandproject4将来时Weshouldcompeteforoursurvival,otherwise,we____________thetideofthesociety(被淘汰)Everybodyhopesthatanagreementwillbearrivedat.5.情态动词Allthesefactors_____________intoconsideration.Lightrail_____________onregularcity.6只用被动形式的词语Bebasedon,belocated,besituated一些人把广告作为购买他们想要商品的导向，但是这个要基于所有的广告讲事实的基础上。Comparedwith.和大家庭比，小家庭有独特的优势。Benotedfor:Tibet,________________,hadlongbeentheplacethatappearedinmydreamseveryday.andlastsummerIpaidanever_to_be_forgottenvisittoit.7只用主动形式的词语Happentakeplaceproveweighdateblame有些人认为人们之间关系的疏远是现代通讯科技的错。他的意见被证明是错误的。Lecture6:Attributiveclause限制性：由关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词包括：that(物/人)which（物）who（人主/宾格）.whom(宾)Themainreason___________________isthattelevisionpresentsavividworldinfrontofus.(每个人能看到的)Thosepeople__________________________claimthatitviolatespeople”sbasicrightsofworking.(强烈反对这种做法)Therearestillsomepeople_________________________________.(我们应该和朋友一起旅行)Inabigfamilychildrenusuallyhavemoreopportunitiestotalktodifferentmembersofthefamily,_______________________(从他们那里我们能够学到各种技巧和经验)由关系副词引导的定语从句Whenwherewhywhose分别做时间状语，地点状语，原因状语和定语。Weliveinthecountry____________________(人们享受合法权利)Therearenumerousreasons__________________(我支持这个观点)Iliketomakefriendswithpeople_______________________________________________(性格，爱好，和社会地位与我相似的人)（3）只用which不用thatIhituponanarticle______somepeopleholdthatstudentsshouldwearuniformseveryday.Inkindergartens,therearemanyeducationalfacilities_____childrencanbenefit.非限制性：Theywanttoimitatewhattheysee,____________________(这在有时是非常危险的)Itisacontroversialquestion,________________________________(它引起人们的激烈讨论)Theoldpeoplecanlookaftertheirgrandchildren,____________________________________(这一定程度上减少年轻人的压力)改错：MyfavoriteresterauntisMoscow,thatislocatedneartheBeijingExhibitionHall.Wehaveasmallbutcozysitting_roominthatmyfamilysitandtalktospendthecoldwinterevenings.ThisisthemostinterestingmoviewhichIhaveseen.Themotheristhefirstteacherwhichachildcanhaveinhislife.HeistheverymanwhoIhavebeenlookingfor.Thereisnothing/littlewhichcanbedone.7.Allwhichflickersisnotgold.Talkedaboutbypeoplethesedays8.Thefamousactorandhisnewmoviewhicharefrequentlytalkedaboutbypeoplethesedaysneverinterestedme.雅思实例：阅读中：1.Railservicesfallintofourmajorcategories:rapidrail,whichoperatesonexclusiverights-of–wayintunnelsoronelevatedtracks;tram,whichmovewithothertrafficonregularstreets;lightrail,whichisaquieter,moremodernversionoftramsthatcanruneitheronexclusiverights-of–wayorwithothertraffic;andsuburbanorregionaltrains,whichconnectacitywithsurroundingarea.2.Themosttypicalrightsprocedureisadjudication,inwhichdisputantspresentevidenceandargumentstoaneutralthirdpartywhohasthepowertomakeadecisionthatmustbefollowedbybothdisputants.写作中：用定语从句改造shortsimplesentencesThetownfolkenviedHoraceHoracehadcomeintoasmallfortuneWiththefortuneheboughtabighouseWiththefortunehealsoobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryintownHemighthavewrongedhisfriend.HisfriendhadrenderedhimgoodserviceonmanyoccasionsThisthoughttroubledhismind.Hismindhadalreadybeenoverburdenedwithworriesandcares.口语中：Describethemostfamiliarpersontoyouinyourlife.Themostfamiliarpersontomeismyfather.Heisagenerousoldman.Lecture6:Adverbialclauses状语从句是可以和定语从句比拟的另一个使用很广泛的语言现象，大家在作文中用到得很多，通常由一个连接词引导。可分为：时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，条件，比较，让步。IClausesoftime（时间状语）1WhenTomreturns,I’llgivehimthekey.2Whilehewaswritingacomposition,thetelephonerang.3Johnsangasheworked.4Thebusesdon’tleaveuntilalltheplacesaretaken.Hehadnoideahowdifficulttheexperimentwouldbeuntilhewashalfwaythroughit.NotuntilMaryhadheardthatsound,wasshereallyfrightened.We’llstayheretillitstopsraining.5HehaswrittentomefrequentlysinceIwasill.6Onceyouunderstandthisrule,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.7Jacklefttheroomthemoment/assoonas/theminute/immediatelythathesawme.8Jackhadnosoonerseenmethanhelefttheroom./NosoonerhadJackseenmethanhelefttheroom.9Ifoundhispenafterhehasleft.10ImustfinishthisletterbeforeIgohome.IIClausesofcondition（条件状语）1Ifitrainstomorrow,Ishallnotgotherewithyou.2Unlessyoureturnthosebookstothelibraryimmediatelyyouwillhavetopayafine.3Supposinganyonerings,askhimtoleaveamessage.4Youmaykeepthebookafurtherweekprovided/providing(that)nooneelserequiresit.5Icanlendyousomemoneyonconditionthatyoureturnitnextmonth.6Takeahatwithyouincasethesunisveryhot.7Youmayborrowthisbookaslongasyoupromisetogiveitback.IIIClausesofconcession（让步状语）1Nogoalswerescored,thoughitwasanexcitinggame.2Althoughtheyarepoortheyarehappy.3Greatas/thoughtheauthorwas,heprovedabadmodel.Ridiculousasitseems,thetaleistrue.Tryashewould,hecouldnotlifttherock./MuchasIlikeice-cream,Inevereatmuchatatime.4Hobalwaysenjoyssailing,evenif/eventhoughtheweatherisrough.5Marylooksprettywhethershewearsblueorgreen.6WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcomings./WhileIsympathizewithyourpointofview,Icannotacceptit.7Whomever/Nomatterwhomheis,hemustnotbreakthelaw.IVClausesofcontrast（对照状语）1Youliketennis,whileI'dratherread.2Heearns$8000ayearwhereasshegetsatleast$20,000.Somepeoplelikefatmeat,whereasothershateit.VClausesofcause（原因状语）1Tomwillsucceedbecausehehasworkedhard.2AsMaryisnotready,wemustgowithouther.3Sincetheweatherhasimproved,thegamewillbeheldasplanned.4Nowthattheweatherhasimproved,we’llbeabletoenjoythegame.5Seeingthathecouldnotpersuadetheothermembersofthecommittee,hegavein.6Consideringthathe’sbeenlearningEnglishonlyayear,hespeaksitverywell.7Aircannotbeanelementinthatanelementcannotbeseparated.VIClausesofresultandpurpose（结果状语和目的状语）1Theywrotethenoticesinseverallanguagessothatforeigntouristscouldunderstandthem.2Johnissoshyandawkwardthateveryonenoticeshim./Soterriblewasthestormthattheroofswereallripped.3Ipostedthelettertodaysothatshecouldgetittomorrow.4Hespokeasclearlyashecouldinorderthateveryonecouldunderstand.5Peopleevacuatedthebuildinglestthewallshouldcollapse.VIIClausesofmannerandcomparison（方式状语和比较状语）1TomisastallasJohn(is)./Tomisnotso/astallasJohn(is).2Tomworks(just)ashardasJohn(works).3Tomhas(almost)asmanyEnglishbooksasJohn(has).4Jackhasmorefriendsthanhisbrothers(hasfriends)./Iagreewithyoumorethan(Iagree)withRobert.5Thehouseismuchtallerthanthatone.6Goldisheavierthananyothermetal.7JaneisnomorecarefulthanTom.JaneisnotcarefulthanTom.8JaneisnolesseligiblethanTom.Thepriceofthebookisnolessthan(asmuchas)$8.9LineAisfivetimeslongerthanLineB.ntimes+n./pronThisbookisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.ntimes+as+adj./adv.+asThisbookisthreetimesaslongasthatone.ntimes+-er+thanThisbookisthreetimeslongerthanthatone.Mercuryweighsabout14timesmorethanwater.10WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.11HetalksasifhewenttoJapan.12Themorelearnedamanis,themoremodestheis.Inlearningalanguage,themorepracticewehave,themoreweremember,thefewermistakeswearelikelytocommit.13Idon’tknowanythingabouthisjourneyexceptthathewillstay5daysinLondon.Lecture7:V-ing/V-ed1.动名词做主语、宾语、表语_____________________isbeneficialtothestudentsnotonlyacademicallybutaslopsychologically.。Manystudentsarenotusedto______________________________.Familyplaysanimportantrolein______________________________.（2）分词做状语、定语Smokingcostsalargesumofmoney,____________________________又给吸烟者的家庭带来巨大的经济负担。Youvisitedmeinhehospital,________________.带着鲜花Theyspendtoomuchtimeinfrontofthetelevision,_________________________________________忽略了他们的学习、户外活动，甚至他们的家庭_________________________,thesamefamilyhasauniqueadvantage.和大家庭比Nowadays,therearemoreandmoreyoungpeople___________________出国留学的Acountyonly___________________________willneverbecomeapowerfulnation.只依靠自己传统的Youcanalwaysseeyoungpeopleandevenadultsaddictedtothecomputergames.Thecommoditiesandservice_________________havebecomemorediversified.由社会提供的商品和服务Childrenarehurtbypets_______________________被他们家所饲养Therearesomedisadvantages_______________________.(由饲养宠物引起)不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语Itishardto___________________________Thepracticeofcensorshiphelpsmaintainastableandorderlysociety.Whatweshoulddois__________________________________________Todispellonelinessandkillthetime,theycancultivatesomeotherhobbiessuchasgrowflowers,collectingstampsandlearningtopaint.Itbringsusseriousproblems_________..不定式的一般体、进行体、完成体和被动语态Iamgladtohavethischancetogoabroad.Iamgladtobeworkingwithyou.Itisnicetohavetalkedtoyou./Iamsorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime.Shedoesn’tliketobetreatedasaguest.不带to的不定式的使用场合I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.(hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldsooner,mightaswell,cannotbut)Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.I’veheardtellofhim.(makedo,makebelieve,letgoof,hearsay,heartell…)Johnmadehertellhimeverything.(make,have,let…+object+不定式)Isawthepolicemanmoveyourcar.(see,feel,smell,hear,watch…+object+不定式)Ihelphim(to)carrytheheavybox.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Thereisnochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Whyarguewithhim?/WhynotgiveMarysomeflowers?使用V-ing和V-ed2应注意的问题1)Waitingforabus,astonehitme.Madeofplastic,Ididn’texpectthechairswouldbesostrong.2)forget,remember,regretHehasforgottenmeetingherlastyear./Hehasforgottentomeether.try+Ving/toVTrypressingthegreenbuttonandseeifthemachinewillstart.Hetriedtodothesuminhishead.mean+Ving/toVSuccessmeansworkingveryhard.Johnmeanttodrivethere,buthiscarbrokedown.demand,deserve,need,require,wantThematterdemandslookinginto.=Thematterdemandstobelookedinto.Advise,allow,encourage,permit+V-ing/toVMr.Smithdoesn’tpermitgoingtosleepinclass.Mr.Smithdoesn’tpermithisstudentstogotoesleepinclass.3)noneed,nopoint,nogood,nouseIt’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.4)Inoticedaconcernedlookinhiseyes.Allpartiesconcernedwillbepresent.Lecture8:subjunctivemoodindicativemood（直陈语气）陈述事实imperativemood（祈使语气）提出请求、命令等subjectivemood（虚拟语气）表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况II虚拟语气1在条件从句和结果主句中的用法1)Iftherewerenogravity,weshouldnotbeabletowalk.IfsheknewGerman,shewouldreadMarxandEngelsintheoriginal.IfIhadknownofyourarrival,Ishouldhavemetyouatthestation.Ifshehadn’tbeensostrictwithherself,shewouldn’thavemadesuchgreatprogress.WhatwouldhappenifIputthepaperonthefire?IfitwereSundaytomorrow,mybrotherwouldgoskatingattheBaihaiIfIshoulddoit,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.IfIweretoseehertomorrow,Iwouldtellheraboutyourdecisions.2)Wish-IwishIhadamillionnowbecaus