高考英语一轮复习语法复习词成分与句子课件

第一讲

词性、句子成分及基本句型英语词法1.词类英语中有十大词类，可以分为实词和虚词实词，是具备一定词汇意义，在句中可独立担任句子成分的词。虚词，起结构作用，在句中表明词和词或句子中各个部分的关系词。2.词的意义和作用英语中的每个词都有其特定的作用，在句子中承担不同的功能。基数词序数词句子成分句子中最重要的两成分就是主语和谓语。英语中句子成分一般可以分为八种。（1）主语（Subject）它是句子的主体，句子所要说明的人或事，表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”。常用n,pron,num,to-do,v-ing,clause来担任。Theoldlady

toldajokebutitfellflat.Theysaywe`regoingtohaveahotsummer.Smokingisforbiddenintheconcerthall.Whatyoudid

isquiteright.（2）谓语（Predicate）它说明主语的动作或状态的部分。一般由动词(及物和不及物)或动词短语来担任。Actionspeakslouderthanwords.Thechancemaynevercomeagain.Maryhasworkedatthedressshopsince1994.Helaughedathisclassmates.Theparentswereinvitedtoworkshoponthelastdayofcamp.谓语的形式：原形、三单、过去式、情态动词/助动词+dodon't/doesn't/didn't+动词原形、have/has/haddone...be+done（3）宾语（Object）是及物动词的对象或者介词所表示的某种联系的对象。不及物动词后面不能接宾语，加上某个介词后才能加宾语。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语，宾语一般由n,pron,num,to-do,doing,clause来担任。1)Hewantstobuyabook.2)Weshouldlearnfromhim.3)Hegaveme

abook.4)Doyoumindopeningthewindow?5)Hewantstodreamanicedream.6)Weneedknowwhatothersaredoing.

(动词宾语)

(介词宾语)

(间接宾语；直接宾语)

动名词不定式

句子

（4）表语（Predicative）它在连系动词之后表示主语的性质,特征,状态或身份的部分。一般由n,pron,adj,num,to-do,v-ing,clause,prep.phrase来担任。Myfatherisaprofessor.

Who'sthatinthephoto?It'sme.

Everythinghereisexpensive.

Thematchbecameveryexciting.

Myfirstideawasthatyoushouldhideyourfeelings.

Thestoryofmylifemaybeofhelptoothers.Iwastired.Hisplanistoseekworkinthecity.名词n代词pron形容词adj-ing形式的adj-ed形式的adjtodo不定式句子介词短语①状态系动词：②感官系动词：③变化系动词：④持续系动词：⑤表象系动词：⑥终止系动词：

am,is,are,was,werelook,sound,feel,smell,tasteget,grow,become,turn,go,fallkeep,remain,stayseem,

appearprove(证明是),turnout(结果是,证明是)（5）定语（Attributive）用来对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,常用形容词或与之相当的结构来承担,翻译成“……的”Twoboysneedtwopens.HisnameisTom.Theboyneedsaballpen.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboythereneedsapen.Thereisnothingtodotoday.ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.定语位置：单个单词作定语通常位于被修饰词前。复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分词短语/介词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰词后；副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。6.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等常用副词或与之相当的结构来承担。Ileftthevillagefiveyearsago.Iarrivedlatebecauseofthetrafficjam.We'llsendacartofetchyou.Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,singinganddancing.Theeveningpassedquickly.

副短介短to

dodoing

advWhenIwasalittlegirl,mymomtaughtmecooking.

Ifhegoes,sowillI.Idecidedtogowiththem,becauseIhadnothingbettertodo.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.条件状语从句原因状语从句时间状语从句让步状语从句可用作状语的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。（7）宾语补足语：对宾语进行适当地补充说明，才能使句子的意义完整。通常位于宾语之后。

Theyelectedmecaptainoftheteam.

Wetrytomakeourcountrystrong.

Wefoundeverythingingoodorderthere.

Ishouldadviseyoutogetthechance.Isawhimgoingupstairs.Theyfoundthehousebrokenin.名词形容词介词短语todo不定式现在分词doingdone过去分词（8）同位语(Appositive)：把一个名词（短语）、代词或从句放在另一名词或代词后，用以说明前者的性质或情况，指代同一事物，这样的名词/代词或从句叫同位语。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.

(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）Weallarestudents.

(all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）Ourmonitor，LiQiang,isawarm-heartedguy.Iheardthenewsthatwehadwonthecompetition.1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：

Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys.Don’ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!句式分类英语句式简单句并列句复合句2、按句子结构分，可分三种：英语句式简单句并列句复合句只含有一个主谓结构的句子1.Bill

came.2.Ilikebasketball.5.Itmakesmehappy.4.MyfriendlentmesomeCDs.

主谓宾(SVO)主谓(SV)主谓宾宾(SVOO)主谓宾宾补(SVOOc)3.Thesongsoundsbeautiful.主系表(SVP)1.The5typesofsimplesentences五种简单句1.

Thesun

hasrisen.2.He

willleave

tomorrow.不及物动词SV

常见的vi有：rise,matter,begin,come,go,happen,appear,work,cometrue,takeplace,live等。主语+不及物动词(短语)

升级：SVA(主语+谓语+状语)1)Everything│goes│well. 2)He│hasbeenstanding│there.3)They│talked│forhalfanhourlastnigh 4)Hisparents│haveworked│inthecompanyfortenyears.1.Tom

likes

football.2.Mary

isreading

astorybook.及物动词SVO主+谓+宾升级：主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+A)1)Thegirl/enjoys/reading/inthemorning.2)I│saw│her│justnow.3)She│stopped│teachingEnglish│twoyearsago.4)She│respondedto│myletter│quickly.1.你们看起来气色很好。Youlookverywell.3.他们成了朋友。Theybecamefriends.2.他的手摸上去很冷。Hishandsfeelcold.4.我们的任务是好好学习。Ourdutyistostudyhard.5.Jim

在那儿。Jimisthere.6.她可能在Jim家。

ShemaybeatJim’s.SVP主+系+表Canyou______methisbook?giveshowpasslendofferhandSVIODO主+谓+宾+宾Ican______youthekite.makebuyget常见可接双宾语的动词：tell,teach,bring,send，return，offer,pay,award等。间宾直宾Ifoundhim_________(interest)inscience.2.Thebosskeepsthem_________(work).3.Imakemyself__________(understand)bystudents.4.They│kept│thedoor│green.5.We│call│him│hero.6.He│made│thegirl│cryjustnow.7.He│asked│me│tocomebacksoon.interestedworkingunderstoodSVOOc主+谓+宾+宾补该句式常用于三类动词:①使役动词:keep,make,let,have,leave,get..②感官动词:see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,find,catch,lookat,listento,smell...③ask/tell/order/request/permit/persuade/...sbtodosth;等。consider/elect/appointsb(tobe)…Therebe+主语+状语此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际语意。be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：现在有thereis/are…

过去有therewas/were…

将来有therewillbe…；

现在已经有therehas/havebeen…

2.并列句：

句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用分号，and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。

e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.

3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,yet,while等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriceharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.3）复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。从句包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）定语从句和状语从句等。句型：1.主句+连词+从句；2.连词+从句+主句e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.复合句定语从句状语从句名词从句主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句句子成份综合练习1、Youshouldstudyhard.2、Theteachergotveryangry.3、Theboytoldmehisstory.4、Weelectedhimourmonitor.5、Thesunkeepsuswarm.6、Itoldhimtoopenthewindow.7、Wewatchedthetrainleavingthestation.状语表语间宾+直宾宾语+宾补宾语+宾补宾语+宾补宾语+宾补8.Ithinkitdifficulttofinishtheworkthismorning.9.Thereseemslittlehopesofsuccess.10、Toourjoy,theyarrivedsafe.11、Thefactisveryclearthatourteamwillwinthegame.12.Aftergraduationhewillworkwherehecamefrom.宾语+宾补主语状语同位语从句时间和地点状语Youaresittingbesideadog.The