考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷18（共195题）

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷18（共9套）（共195题）考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷第1套一、阅读（常规阅读理解）(本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。)ThemostthoroughlystudiedintellectualsinthehistoryoftheNewWorldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas"Somuchimportanceattachedtointellectualpursuits."Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland'sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans'theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch—importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeanculture,adjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchesinthedecadeafter1629,therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Thesemenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.Sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope—allcametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:"comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople."OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurches.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane's,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion."Ourmainendwastocatchfish."1、Theauthorholdsthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEnglandA、Puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife.B、intellectualinterestswereencouraged.C、Politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors.D、intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment.标准答案：B知识点解析：细节题。从第一段nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“Somuchimportanceattachedtointellectualpursuits．”可知，B项为正确选项。A项为原文的篡改。C项从原文的表述中无法推出。D项“对于知识的追求享有自由的环境”在原文中根本没有体现。2、ItissuggestedinParagraph2thatNewEnglandersA、experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory.B、broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld.C、paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife.D、wereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations.标准答案：B知识点解析：推断题。第二段中的第二句提到wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeanculture…，题干中的“NewEnglanders”就是文中的“Puritans”，选项中的“broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld”对应文章中的“carriersofEuropeanculture”，因此B项为正确答案。3、TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBayA、werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings.B、gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs.C、abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld.D、createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland.标准答案：D知识点解析：细节题。从第三段中的最后一句话“Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively，reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences，andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness．”可知，D项正确。A项和原文所说的范围不相符，B项在文章中没有提到，C项片面。4、ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoftenA、influencedbysuperstitions.B、troubledwithreligiousbeliefs.C、puzzledbychurchsermons.D、frustratedwithfamilyearnings.标准答案：A知识点解析：细节题。根据题干中JohnDane定位到第四段后半部分。约翰·丹奈的故事叙述了他因为受到宗教感召而移民新大陆。这个故事作为论据，论证了上文表述的观点“那些未受到良好教育的新英格兰人的思想往往带有传统的宗教迷信色彩”。所以A项正确。其他项只作为约翰·丹奈的个人特点被提及，不是未受到良好教育的新英格兰人的共同特点。5、ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEnglandA、weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities.B、weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect.C、camefromdifferentbackgrounds.D、leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreference.标准答案：C知识点解析：推断题。第三段首句提到，马萨诸塞湾的早期移民中包括在英国受过良好教育并具有相当影响力的人；第四段第一句和第三句提到，大多数新英格兰人并未受过良好的教育，他们的思想常常带有传统的宗教迷信色彩；第五段首句提到，还有很多移民没有虔诚的宗教信仰。因此可推知C项正确，intellectualbackgrounds是对文中提到的教育、宗教背景的概括。A项“政治活动”在文中没有涉及。第二、三段提到早期移民被视为欧洲文化的使者，他们中包括著书广泛、具有相当影响力的人。因此排除B项和D项。Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled"AskMarilyn."PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228—thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,what'sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It'snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren'sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant'sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle"HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?",Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership—thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit'sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.6、Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?A、Answeringphilosophicalquestions.B、Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.C、Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.D、Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.标准答案：D知识点解析：细节题。根据题干定位到第一段。答案信息所在的关键句子是IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies，toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut，andtodeducenumericalsequences，amongothersimilartasks。A项“Answeringphilosophicalquestions．”回答哲学问题，文章没有提到；B项“Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes．”把纸张叠成或裁剪成不同形状，与文中不符：C项“Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts．”判断并指出一定概念之间的区别，文中没提到；D项“Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones．"在给出的相似的单词和图片中进行选择，与文中completeverbalandvisualanalogies一致，所以D项正确。7、WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?A、PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.B、MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.C、Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.D、Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.标准答案：C知识点解析：推断题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段。由bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion可知，智商测试现有成人和儿童两个版本，故C项正确。A项“人们不再使用智商分数作为智商高低的指标”：B项“现在人们可以再互联网上获得更多版本的智商测试”与原文表述不符合。D项“科学家已经明确了人类智商中的重要因素”，属于过度推断。8、PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant’sbecauseA、thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.B、creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.C、vosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.D、thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.标准答案：A知识点解析：细节题。根据题干定位到第三段。倒数第二句“SuperhighscoreslikeVOSSavant’sarenolongerpossible，becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers，ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100．”说明现在的记分方法是基于同龄群体分布统计的，与之前的传统方法不同，因此A项正确。B项“现在更强调创造能力而不是分析能力”属于过度推断，C项不能说明原因，D项文章没有提到。9、WecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthatA、testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability.B、IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.C、testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.D、traditionaltestareoutofdate.标准答案：A知识点解析：推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段。第二句说传统智商测试不能评估创造力和实践能力，第四句提到在压力大的情况下，根据智商分数预测出的领导能力与实际情况相反，由此可知A项“测试分数可能不是体现一个人能力高低的可靠指标”为正确选项。B项生拉硬套，C项以偏概全，D项属于过度推断。10、Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtests?A、Supportive.B、Skeptical.C、Impartial.D、Biased.标准答案：B知识点解析：态度题。本题的关键在于第二段。第二段首句“Clearly，intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest．”之后连续三个疑问句，“Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified，andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology，genetics，computerscienceandotherfields?”表明作者对智力测试持怀疑的态度。所以选B项skeptical“怀疑的”。A项Supportive“支持的”，C项Impartial“中立的”，D项Biased“有偏见的”，均不符合。Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter'sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof"whom",forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,"doingourownthing",hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnonstandardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish"onpaperplatesinsteadofchina".Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.11、AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglishA、isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.B、isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.C、hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.D、broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.标准答案：B知识点解析：细节题。根据第二段第二句可知，麦荷特先生擅长语言史以及语言演变，他认为类似“whom”这一类的正式英语词汇的消失没什么大惊小怪的，就像古英语中一些繁琐的词格消失一样。由此可知，麦荷特认为正式英语的退化只是语言发展中的自然现象，故选B项。12、Theword"talking"(Para.3)denotesA、modesty.B、personality.C、liveliness.D、informality.标准答案：D知识点解析：含义题。根据第三段第一句可知，“走自己的路”这一对事物真实性和个人性的崇高信条，已经使正式演讲、写作、诗歌及音乐消亡了，即正式英语已经在退化了。最后一句指出，无论是在书面还是在口语英语中，talking要胜过speaking，spontaneity(即兴发挥)也要胜过craft(精心准备)。由此可知，talking之于speaking就类似于spontaneity和craft的对比，“即兴发挥”就是使用非正式的语言，“精心准备”代表使用正式的语言。因此talking与speaking的对比也就是非正式和正式英语语言应用的对比，talking代表的就是非正式英语，故选D项。13、TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?A、Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.B、BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.C、Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.D、Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.标准答案：A知识点解析：细节题。根据第四段最后一句可知，麦荷特先生认为我们尽管说话不规范，但这不一定就会让我们的思考变得不准确，也就是，他认为逻辑思维和说话方式不是有必然联系的。所以选A项。14、ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’sA、interestintheirlanguage.B、appreciationoftheirefforts.C、admirationfortheirmemory.D、contemptfortheirold-fashionedness.标准答案：B知识点解析：推断题。根据第五段的内容，作者首先描述了俄罗斯人爱好背诵诗歌以及意大利的政客们倾向于精心准备演讲。作者用这些例子来说明以下观点，即“麦荷特为那些虽不实用却很美好的事物的消逝而哀叹”。经过分析得知，在作者的眼里，“俄罗斯人爱好背诵诗歌”和“意大利的政客精心准备演讲”都属于这些“虽不实用却很美好的事物”。由此可以推知，作者对俄罗斯人的做法是抱着欣赏态度的，表达的是对美好事物消逝的哀叹，故选B项。15、Accordingtothelastparagraph,"paperplates"isto"china"asA、temporaryisto"permanent".B、radicalisto"conservative".C、functionalisto"artistic".D、humbleisto"noble".标准答案：C知识点解析：推断题。根据第五段第二、三句可知，麦荷特先生并不觉得正式英语是不可或缺的，也并没提出彻底的教育改革——他只是为那些“虽不实用却很美好的事物”的消逝而哀叹，如今我们过多地用非正式英语去替代正式英语。这虽然令人惭愧，但已经无法避免。由此可知，作者用“纸盘子”和“瓷盘子”来比喻正式英语的退化，联系上文可以推知，“纸盘子”指的是那些“实用却不美好”的事物，即非正式英语；“瓷盘子”则是指那些“不实用却美好”的事物，即正式英语，故选C项。Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandthengohome.Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,"uccellidipassaggio",birdsofpassage.Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasalienstobekickedout.Thatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon'tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday'sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,"moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes,includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.16、"Birdsofpassage"referstothosewhoA、findpermanentjobsoverseas.B、leavetheirhomecountriesforgood.C、immigrateacrosstheAtlantic.D、stayinaforeigncountrytemporarily.标准答案：D知识点解析：细节题。文章第一段即出现了birdsofpassage。第一段最后一句话为Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname，“uccellidipassaggio，”birdsofpassage。此句中They指代前一句的Aboutaquarter…forgood，也就是指那些在移民地工作了一段时间又返回家乡的人们，因此D项“在外国短暂停留的人们”正确。A项“在海外找到了永久工作的人们”、B项“为了某种好处离开家乡的人们”、C项“跨越大西洋移居的人们”均与文章不符。17、ItisimpliedinParagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheUSA、needsnewimmigrantcategories.B、hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants.C、shouldbeadaptedtomeetchallenges.D、hasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeans.标准答案：C知识点解析：推断题。第二段中提到了ourbrokenimmigrationsystem(支离破碎的移民体系)和最后一句“然后我们可以开始解决移民的挑战”，可以知道美国当前的移民体系问题与挑战并存。然后根据文中两个Weneedto…Wecanrecognize…thenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges可知答案为C项“应适应新的挑战”。A项“需要新的移民种类”与原文相反，B项“放松了对移民的控制”原文未提及。D项“已经通过政治手段修复”，原文只是说在如何修复当前的移民体系这个问题上存在长期的政治瘫痪，可见还没有在政治上找到修复的办法。18、Accordingtotheauthor,today’sbirdsofpassagewantA、financialincentives.B、aglobalrecognition.C、opportunitiestogetregularjobs.D、thefreedomtostayandleave.标准答案：D知识点解析：细节题。根据信号词定位到第三段，可知今天的“候鸟”跟随着工作、金钱、观念的潮流在全球各个地方迁徙。原文中的prefer与题干中的want构成同义复现，因此正确答案为D项“留下和离开的自由”。stayandleave即是原文中的comeandgo。A项片面，吸引短暂移民者的不仅仅是金钱(financialincentives)，还有工作(work)和观念(idea)。B项“全球的认可”、C项“得到一般工作的机会”原文均未提及。19、TheauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreatedA、asfaithfulpartners.B、withlegaltolerance.C、witheconomicfavors.D、asmightyrivals.标准答案：B知识点解析：推断题。依据出题顺序，本题答案从第四、五段中寻找。本题可用排除法。第四段“…withoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever”可见他们不必是faithful(忠诚的)，排除A项。“Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthere”可见不是把他们看作rivals(对手)，排除D项。第五段提到我们应该适应这个新的移民世界，管理移民需要多种手段并产生多种结果，即我们对待新移民要包容，而不是简单地排斥或是把他们仅看作经济上的参与者，因此排除C项，选B项。20、ThemostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbeA、ComeandGo:BigMistakeB、LivingandThriving:GreatRiskC、LegalorIllegal:BigMistakeD、Withorwithout:GreatRisk标准答案：C知识点解析：主旨题。文章第二段第二句中提到“我们把新移民分成两类：合法的和不合法的”，同时作者认为“我们需要超越合法与不合法的严格定义”，这说明从合法和不合法的角度对移民分类是错误的。整篇文章都是围绕这个中心展开，因此答案选C项。BigMistake指的并非是移民留下或者离开，因此A项错误。B项和D项说的是Risk(风险)，原文并未提及。考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷第2套一、阅读（常规阅读理解）(本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。)Allmenarecreatedequal,orsoreckonedThomasJeffersonashedraftedAmerica'sDeclarationofIndependencein1776.SubsequentAmericanshavehadreasontoquestionthefoundingfather.Sotoohavepeopleinthelandfromwhichthenewnationgaineditsfreedom.AmericaandBritainareamongthemostunequalcountriesintherichworldandBritain,atanyrate,ismoreunequalnowthanitwasagenerationago.ThatistheconclusionofastudycommissionedbyHarrietHarman,theequalitiesminister.ClassandmoneyhavealwaysstronglyaffectedhowpeopledoinlifeinBritain,withwell-heeledfamiliesbreedingaffluentchildrenjustastheoffspringofthedesperatelypoortendtoremainpoor.AllthatwassupposedtohaveceasedattheendoftheSecondWorldWar,withthebirthofawelfarestatedesignedtomeetbasicneedsandpromotesocialmobility.Butdespitedevotingmuchthoughtandmoremoneytoimprovingthelotofthepoor,governmentshavefailedtoboostthoseatthebottomofthepileasmuchasthoseatthetophaveboostedthemselves.Thenewstudy,ledbyJohnHillsoftheLondonSchoolofEconomics,found,forexample,thattherichesttenthofhouseholdsreceivedincomemorethanfourtimesthatofthepooresttenth;justagenerationago,itwasthreetimesasmuch.Internationally,onlysixofthe30membersoftheOECD,aclubofmainlyrichcountries,showgreaterinequality.Wealthisdistributedfarmoreunequallythanincome,withtherichesttenthinBritainholdingassetsworthalmost100timesthoseofthepoorest.Althoughthestudyfoundthatsomeofthewidestgapsbetweensocialgroupshavediminishedovertime,deep-seateddifferencesbetweenhavesandhave-notspersist,ruiningthelifechancesofthelessfortunate.Politiciansofallstripestalkupequalityofopportunity,arguingthatitmakesforafairerandmoremobilesociety,andamoreprosperousone.Thegoalofgreaterequalityofoutcomesalsohasitsboosters.In"TheSpiritLevel",epidemicdiseaseexpertsKatePickettandRichardWilkinsonclaimthatmoreequalsocietiesarehealthierthanunequalones,aswellashappier.Notallagree,butinacountrywheretheNationalHealthServiceaccountsforalmostafifthofpublicspending,itisworthconsidering.Thedifficultyarisesinputtingthesenotionsintopractice,throughseveretaxincreasesforthemiddleclassandwealthy,orexpandinggovernmentintervention.Thesehavenotrecentlybeenvote-winningpropositions,buttherecessionthatBritainisnowlimpingawayfrommayhavechangedthings.1、AccordingtoHarrietHarman,inBritain,A、inequalityhasdisappeared.B、therich-poorgaphasnarrowed.C、varioussocialinequalitiesspringup.D、theunequalsituationhasworsened.标准答案：D知识点解析：事实细节题。由HarrietHarman定位至第一段后半部分，其中④句讲到英围社会贫富差距比几十年前更大，即不平等现象加剧了，D项与之相符。2、WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph2?A、ClassandmoneydetermineeverythinginBritain.B、GapbetweenpoorandrichremainsafterWorldWarII.C、BasicneedsaremetinBritainthankstothewelfarepolicy.D、TheBritishgovernmentmakesfeweffortstohelpthepoor.标准答案：B知识点解析：段落理解题。从第二段整段可以看出，英国贫富差距的问题并没有随着政府的努力而消失，这个问题时至今日依然存在，而③句的But更是表明贫富差距并没有因为二战而结束，故选B项。3、JohnHills’studyhasfoundthatA、therichestreceiveincomefourtimesmorethanthepoorest.B、BritainisanOECDmemberwiththehighestrateofinequality.C、wealthdistributionismoreunequalthanincomedistribution.D、mostgapsbetweensocialgroupshavedisappearedovertime.标准答案：C知识点解析：事实细节题。由JohnHills’study迅速定位至第三段，该段③句指明英国财富的不均衡比收入不均衡更加显著，C项与之相符,为正确答案。4、ItisindicatedinParagraph4thatBritishpoliticiansA、onlyindulgeinemptytalks.B、advocatefaireropportunities.C、boosttheequalityofoutcomes.D、ignoretherealneedofthepoor.标准答案：B知识点解析：推理判断题。第四段②句表明，政客们都大肆宣扬机会均等能带来更加平等、流动性更强和更加繁荣的社会．由此不难判断B项为正确答案。5、KatePickettandRichardWilkinsonholdthatfairercountriesA、enjoyahigherlevelofwell-being.B、areoftenmoremobileandprosperous.C、featurestrongergovernmentintervention.D、canberealizedbyseveretaxincreases.标准答案：A知识点解析：事实细节题。由KatePickett和RichardWilkinson定位至第四段④句，该句中claim后面的that从句表明，生活在更加平等社会的人更健康．更愉快，故选A项。On26March,theItalianSenateapprovedabillthatwouldgivephysiciansinthecountrytherighttooverridethelivingwillsofpeoplewhoareinapersistentvegetativestate,andtotrytokeepthepatientsalivethroughartificialnutrition.Themeasurehascausedintensecontroversy.Manycountrieshavelaws,orestablishedcodesofmedicalpractice,thatprotecttheexpressedwishesofanindividualtodeclinetreatmentiftheybecomeseverelyincapacitatedandincapableofcommunicating.InmostUSstates,forexample,adoctormustnegotiatewithrelativesviaanethicscommitteeifheorshebelievesthatapatientincapacitatedinthiswaycouldbenefitfromadditionaltreatment.TheItalianbill,however,explicitlyallowsphysicianstooverrulesuchlivingwills.Italsodeclaresthatartificialnutritionisnotaclinicalintervention.Curiously,theproposedlawappliesonlytopatientsinthetypeofprolonged,deepcomaknownasapersistentvegetativestate,andnottothosewithother,similarlyincapacitatingillnesses.Thisisbecausethebillhasbeenpromptedbytherecentandmuch-publicizeddeathofEluanaEnglaro,whospent17yearsinavegetativestateafteracaraccidentattheageof21.Herfather,arguingthathisdaughterhadvoicedadesiretobeallowedtodieifincapacitated,hadpressedherreluctantdoctorstoceaseartificialfeeding.Heeventuallytooklegalaction,winninginonecourtafterthenextinfightingoffallthedoctors'appeals.InFebruary,hefinallyhadhermovedtoahospitalthatwaspreparedtoremovethefeedingtube.PrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconiissuedanemergencydecreetoblocktheprocess,buttheItalianpresidentrefusedtosignit.TheconstitutionalcrisiswasavertedwhenEnglarodiedon9February.SurveyshaveindicatedthatalargemajorityofItaliansdonotsupporttheideathatlivingwillscouldbeignoredButmostrelevantscientificsocietieshavebeenquietTheFederationofItalianPhysicianspublishedonlyamildstatement,aftertheSenatevote,suggestingthatitshouldhavebeenconsulted.AstragicasEnglaro'ssituationwas,media-fuelledemotionisnotagoodbasisforlawmaking.TheItalianconstitutionsaysthatnoonecanbeforcedtoundergomedicaltreatmentwithouthisorherapproval.TheItalianparliamentmustnowensurethatthebillisimbuedwithasuitablelevelofscientificandlegalsophistication,andthatitmeetsthisconstitutionalprovision.Discussionneedstoembracetherequestedwiderconsultationwiththemedicalcommunityandprovisionsshouldbemadeforcare-givers'conscientiousobjection.Butaphysicianwhoseconscienceprecludeshisorherpersonallyremovingafeedingtubeshouldnothavethelastsayinthelifeordeathofapatientwhosewishesareclearlystated.6、Theword"override"(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeansA、protect.B、scorn.C、ignore.D、respect.标准答案：C知识点解析：词义理解题，这类题型需要根据上下文推断出词义。本段讲到法案规定医生有权——病人的死亡意愿，而下段讲到此法案引起了激烈争论，因为很多国家支持个人放弃治疗的意愿，两者意思相反，故判断此处是赋予医生“忽视”病人意愿的权力，C项正确。7、InParagraph2,USstatesarecitedasanexampletoshowthatA、theexpressedwishesofanindividualareprotectedbylawsorcodesofmedicalpractice.B、adoctormustdiscusswithrelativesofthepatientwhenprovidingadd