M4U1单元语法-直接引语与间接引语

第页M4U1重点语法：直接引语与间接引语(一)直接引语和间接引语的意义我们转述别人的话时，可以引用别人的原话，被引用的部分称为直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的意思，被转述的部分称为间接引语。间接引语多数构成宾语从句。(二)直接引语转化为间接引语1、人称代词的变化：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。“一随主”：直接引语中有第一人称或被第一人称修饰，变成间接引语时，要与主句中主语的人称保持一致。Eg.TomsaidtoKate，“Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”→TomtoldKatethathehadfinishedhishomework.“二随宾”：直接引语中有第二人称或被第二人称修饰，变成间接引语时，要与主句中宾语的人称保持一致。Shesaidtome，“IwillhelpyouifIfinishmyhomework.”→Shetoldmethatshewouldhelpmeifshefinishedherhomework.“第三人称不更新”：如果直接引语中有第三人称，变成间接引语时，人称不变。TomaskedMike，“Doessheoftencometoschoollate？”→TomaskedMikeif/whethersheoftenwenttoschoollate.2、动词时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语的动词时态变化常根据主句谓语动词的时态而定。⑴主句谓语动词的时态为现在时，直接引语变间接引语时动词的时态不变。Mymothersays，“Iwillcomebackafterwork.”→Mymothersaysthatshewillgobackafterwork.HerteacherhasaskedKate，“DoyouwanttogotoBeijingUniversity?”→HerteacherhasaskedKatewhether/ifshewantstogotoBeijingUniversity.⑵主句谓语动词的时态为过去时态时，直接引语变为间接引语的动词时态变化如下表：直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成进行时过去完成进行时"She'spreparingherlessons,"Isaid.→Isaidthatshewaspreparingherlessons.Isaidtothem,"He'llgetexcited."→Itoldthemthathewouldgetexcited.Hesaidtome,"Janespentallhertimedoingthat."→HetoldmethatJanehadspentallhertimedoingthat.语法拓展时态变化的例外情况:①直接引语如果有表示具体的过去时间的时间状语（如in1992，lastweek）等，在变为间接引语时时态可以不变。Eg.Myfathersaidtome，"Ireadthebookin1986."→Myfathertoldmehereadthebookin1986.②直接引语表达的意思是客观真理时，时态可以不变。Eg.Thegeographyteachersaidtous，＂Theearthturnsaroundthesun."→Thegeographyteachertoldusthattheearthturnsaroundthesun.3、句式的变化:⑴直接引语是陈述句时：间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say，tell，repeat，explain，think等。Eg.Hesaid，"Youareyoungerthanme."→Hesaid（that）Iwasyoungerthanhim.⑵直接引语是疑问句时:①一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句。Eg.Shesaid,"Doyouoftencomeheretoreadnewspapers?"→Sheaskedmeif/whetherIoftenwenttheretoreadnewspapers.②选择疑问句变为whether…or引导的宾语从句。Eg.Iaskedhim,＂Willyoustayathomeorgotoafilmtonight？"→Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldstayathomeorgotoafilmthatnight.③特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。Eg.Heasked，＂Wheredoyoulive？"→HeaskedmewhereIlived.⑶直接引语是祈使句时：间接引语为不定式作ask，tell，beg，order，warn，advise等动词的宾语补足语（don't变为not）。Eg.Theteachersaidtotheboy,＂Openthewindow."→Theteachertoldtheboytoopenthewindow.Hisfathersaidtohim，＂Don'tleavethedooropen."→Hisfathertoldhimnottoleavethedooropen.注意一下有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest，insist，ask，advise等动词加以转述。Eg.Hesaid，＂Let'sgotothetheatre."→Hesuggested(our)goingtothetheatre.或Hesuggestedthatwe(should)gotothetheatre.Eg."Whydon'tyoutakeawalkaftersupper？＂heasked.→Headvisedmetotakeawalkaftersupper.⑷直接引语是感叹句时：间接引语用what或how引导，也可以用that引导。Eg.Shesaid,"Whatalovelydayitis!"→Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.→Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.4、其他方面的变化见下表(直接引语→间接引语)：①指示代词this→thatthese→those②时间状语now→thenago→before/earliertoday→thatdayyesterday→thedaybeforetomorrow→thenext/followingdaythedayaftertomorrow→intwoday'stime③地点状语here→there④方向性动词bring→takecome→go5、语序的使用：间接引语中总是使用陈述语序。Eg.Sheasked,＂Whatisit？What'sgoingtohappennow？"→Sheaskedwhatitwasandwhatwasgoingtohappenthen.Eg.Theboywa