2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及解析

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及解析材料题根据以下材料，回答1-20题 Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathasto（江南博哥）dowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It 1 inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen 2 startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But 3 agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe. Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe 4 ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe 5 thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor 6 thistypeofdecline. Theresearcherslookedatdatathat 7 measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand 8 thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople 9 highermeasuresofabdominalfat 10 worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears 11 . Forwomen,theassociationmaybe 12 tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe 13 .Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould 14 thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent 15 formenandwomen.  16 therearestepsyoucan 17 tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental 18 .Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour 19 ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style 20 thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1题答案是   .A.pausesB.returnsC.peaksD.fades正确答案：C参考解析：考查动词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。文章的首段首句为主题句，谈到了流体智力(fluidintelligence)是一种智力类型，它与短期记忆和快速、逻辑和抽象地思考以解决新问题的能力有关。它在年轻时_______，在一段时间内趋于平稳，然后随着年龄的增长开始缓慢下降。pauses意为“暂停”；returns意为“恢复，返回”；peaks意为“达到顶峰”；fades意为“逐渐消退”。综合分析各选项，只有peaks符合题意，故选C。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2题答案是   .A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally正确答案：D参考解析：考查副词辨析+上下文语境。根据上一道题目的分析，不难得出空格处应该是对这种普遍现象的修饰。alternatively意为“要不然，或者(二者择其一)”；formally意为“正式地，正规地”：accidentally意为“偶然地”；generally意为“普遍地”。综合分析各选项，只有generally符合句意，故选D。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3题答案是   .A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.until正确答案：A参考解析：考查句内逻辑关系。空格处所在句子是以转折词But开头，句意：但是   ，衰老是不可避免的，但科学家们发现，大脑功能的某些变化可能并非如此。while意为“虽然”；since意为“因为；当……时”；once意为“一旦”；until意为“直到”。衰老和科学家的发现是对立的观点，所以while符合句意，故选A。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4题答案是   .A.detectionB.accumulationC.consumptionD.separation正确答案：B参考解析：考查名词辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词and将空格处与前文muscleloss并列，形成前后近义词的关系，那么空格处要选择一个与肌肉消失表达意思相近的词。detection意为“侦查，勘察”；accumulation意为“积累，积攒，增加”；consumption意为“消耗”；separation意为“分开，分离”。综合分析各选项，只有accumulation符合句意，故选B。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5题答案是   .A.possibilityB.decisionC.goalD.requirement正确答案：A参考解析：考查名词辨析。句意：这表明生活方式因素________有助于防止或延缓这种衰退。that引导的同位语从句中句子的谓语动词前还有情态动词may表推测，这都是在说明一种不太确定的可能性，所以possibility表示“可能性”符合句意。而其他选项：decision意为“决定”；goal意为“目标”；requirement意为“要求”，均不符合要求。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6题答案是   .A.delayB.ensureC.seekD.utilize正确答案：A参考解析：考查动词辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词or将空格处和前文prevent构成近义词的关系，delay意为“延缓”，和prevent“阻止”是相近表达，符合句意。而其他选项：ensure意为“确保”；seek意为“寻求，请求”；utilize意为“利用，使用”，均不符合要求。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7题答案是   .A.modifiedB.supportedC.includedD.predicted正确答案：C参考解析：考查动词辨析。根据题干和选项特点不难看出句中that引导的是一个定语从句，从句列举了data的具体分类和实验人群，所以定语从句是在具体说明data的内容，included意为“包含，包括”符合句意。而其他选项：modified意为“改变”；supported意为“支持”；predicted意为“预测”，均不符合要求。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8题答案是   .A.devotedB.comparedC.convertedD.applied正确答案：B参考解析：考查动词短语词义搭配和辨析+上下文语境。句意：……并将这些数据与六年来报告的流体智力变化进行了______。compareAtoB意为“将A和B进行比较”；convertAtoB意为“将A转变成B”；applyAtoB意为“将A应用于B”。后文是在进行不同情况的比较来得出答案，所以只有compare符合句意，故选B。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9题答案是   .A.withB.aboveC.byD.against正确答案：A参考解析：考查介词。介词短语部分为后置定语，对前面的middle-agedpeople进行修饰，只有with能体现的是某种状态，指的是腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10题答案是   .A.livedB.managedC.scoredD.played正确答案：C参考解析：考查动词辨析+上下文语境。空格处所在句子指出：腹部脂肪含量较高的中年人在流体智力方面______也越来越低。lived意为“生存，活着”；managed意为“完成”；scored意为“得分”；played意为“表现”。综合分析各选项，只有scored符合句意，故选C。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11题答案是   .A.ranoutB.setoffC.drewinD.wentby正确答案：D参考解析：考查动词短语辨析。ranout意为“耗尽，放弃”；setoff意为“出发，动身，启程”；drewin意为“吸引，拉入”；“wentby”意为“(时间的)流逝，消逝”。…astheyearswentby意为“随着时间的流逝”，符合题意，故选D。查看材料12.【完形填空】第12题答案是   .A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant正确答案：B参考解析：考查形容词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。空格处所在句子用分号隔开，分号代表前后两句话讨论的是一个问题，有可能相同也有可能相反。分号前说免疫系统对于女性来说的作用，后文是用男性来进行比较，说免疫系统对于男性的变化没什么作用。前后是相反的观点，所以免疫系统对女性是有影响的。superiorto意为“优于，胜于”；attributableto意为“归因于…”；parallelto意为“平行于，与……平等”；resistantto意为“抵抗”。综合分析各选项，只有attributable符合句意，故选B。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13题答案是   .A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled正确答案：C参考解析：考查非谓语动词词义辨析。空格处所在句子是在表达对于男性而言，免疫系统没有对其产生影响，didnotappeartobeinvolved，意为“似乎不涉及在内”，符合题意。而其他选项：restored意为“恢复，修复”；isolated意为“隔离”；controlled意为“控制”，均不符合要求。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14题答案是   .A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explain正确答案：D参考解析：考查动词辨析+句意理解。空格处句意：人们希望未来的研究能够_____这些差异。alter意为“改变，变更，更改”；spread意为“开展，传播”；remove意为“移除，清除”，explain意为“解释，说明”。综合分析各选项，只有explain符合句意，故选D。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15题答案是   .A.compensationsB.symptomsC.demandsD.treatments正确答案：D参考解析：考查名词辨析。人们希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异，并可能导致对男性和女性不同的对待方式。compensations意为“补偿”；symptoms意为“症状”；demands意为“要求，需求”；treatments意为“处理，对待”。综合分析各选项，只有treatments符合句意，故选D。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16题答案是   .A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.Instead正确答案：B参考解析：考查段落之间的逻辑关系。therearesteps体现出有一些措施可供参考，可见空格处所在段落体现本段与上一段之间的递进关系。Likewise意为“同样地，也”；Meanwhile意为“同时”；Therefore意为“因此”；Instead意为“代替，而不是”。综合分析各选项，只有Meanwhile符合句意，故选B。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17题答案是   .A.changeB.watchC.countD.take正确答案：D参考解析：考查定语从句+短语搭配。本句中，“youcan”的前面省略了定语从句关系词that，从句修饰steps，takestepstodo短语表示采取措施做某事，故take符合题意。而其他选项：change意为“改变”；watch意为“注意，观察”；count意为“数数”，均不符合要求。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18题答案是   .A.well-beingB.processC.formationD.coordination正确答案：A参考解析：考查固定短语搭配。physicalandmentalwell-being意为“身心健康”，故选A。而其他选项：process意为“进程，流程”；formation意为“形成，组成”；coordination意为“协调，配合”，均不符合要求。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19题答案是   .A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space正确答案：A参考解析：考查名词辨析+句意理解。空格所在处意思是给大家推荐两种生活方式，保持或提高你的有氧运动水平。level意为“水平”；love意为“喜爱”；knowledge意为“知识”；space意为“空间”。综合分析各选项，只有level符合句意，故选A。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20题答案是   .A.designB.routineC.dietD.prescription正确答案：C参考解析：考查名词辨析+定语从句。空格处后面that引导定语从句，对前面的名词进行修饰，那么空格处应该填入一个表示饮食习惯的词。design意为“设计”；routine意为“行程，流程”；diet意为“饮食习惯”；prescription意为“处方”。综合分析各选项，只有diet符合题意，故选C。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题 HowcanBritishtrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation. Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth. However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered. TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothatevenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.查看材料21.【阅读理解PartA】Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaseinrailpassengerfares   .A.willeasetrainoperators’burdenB.haskeptpacewithinflationC.isabigsurprisetocommutersD.remainsanunreasonablemeasure正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键信息thisyear和increaseinrailpassengerfares可以定位到原文第一段。该段最后一句提到“Thisyear’srise，anaverageof2.7percent，maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s，butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation”，即今年的平均涨幅为2.7％，可能比去年略低，但仍远高于官方衡量通胀的消费者物价指数(CPI)。由此可知，作者认为今年火车费用上涨仍然是不合理的措施，故选D。查看材料22.【阅读理解PartA】ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor   .A.cardriversB.railtravelersC.localinvestorsD.ordinarytaxpayers正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键信息stockbroker和paragraph2可以定位到原文第二段该段第一、第二句提到“Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.WhytheargumentgoesshouldacardrivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey”，即历届政府都允许这种增长，理由是投资和运营铁路网的成本应由使用铁路网的人承担，而不是由一般纳税人承担。他们认为，为什么一个在林肯郡领养老金的汽车司机必须补贴一个从萨里郡来的股票经纪人每天的通勤费用?由此可知，一般纳税人对应的是领养老金的汽车司机，使用铁路网的人对应的是股票经纪人，故选B。查看材料23.【阅读理解PartA】ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators   .A.areofferingcompensationtocommutersB.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunionsC.havefailedtoprovideanadequateserviceD.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键信息trainoperators和Paragraph3可以定位到原文第三段。该段第二句提到“Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork，butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel”，即火车运营商大肆宣传他们正在对铁路网进行的改进是非常好的，但是乘客们应该能够期望他们现在支付的大笔旅行费用能达到基本的服务水平。由此可知，乘客并没有享受到充足的服务，故选C。查看材料24.【阅读理解PartA】Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface   .A.thelossofinvestmentB.thecollapseofoperationsC.areductionofrevenueD.achangeofownership正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键信息ifunabletocalmdownpassengers可以定位到原文第四段。该段最后一句话提到“Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow，butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder”，即国有化的威胁目前或许已经被化解，但如果乘客的合理愤怒不能在短时间内得到解决，它将卷土重来。国有化指的是铁路将被收归国有，即如果铁路不能平复乘客的心情，铁路的所有权将会变为国有，故选D。查看材料25.【阅读理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?B.ConstantComplainingDoesn’tWorkC.CanNationalisationBringHope?D.Ever-risingFaresAren’tSustainable正确答案：D参考解析：文章整体是在针对铁路费用的上升做出讨论，A项和c项只是在文章中有所提及，不宜作为题目；B项与文章内容关系不大。符合题意的只有D项。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题 LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwhenIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram. In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They’realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren. ButCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity. That’sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon’tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays. Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates. Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia'sphase—inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestloss.Withthat,“Weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays. That’slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests. Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody’sguess.FerrarosuggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment.“Evenifthisprogramdidn'treducepoverty”,Ferrarosays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.”查看材料26.【阅读理解PartA】Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto   .A.facilitatehealthcarereformB.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroffC.improvelocaleducationsystemsD.lowerdeforestationrates正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键信息CCTprograms和aimto可以定位到原文第二段。该段第二句提到“CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs，thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty”，即这些社会援助项目被称为有条件现金转移(CCTs)，旨在减少不平等，打破贫困循环。由此可知，CCT项目有两个目的：一是减少不平等，二是改善贫困，B项是对第一个目的的同义改写，即帮助贫困家庭改善现状，故选B。查看材料27.【阅读理解PartA】ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat   .A.cattleraisinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorB.CCTprogramshavehehelpedpreservetraditionallifestylesC.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmersD.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键信息thestudybasedontheareainMexico可以定位到原文第四段。该段第三句提到“Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview”，即先前唯一一项基于墨西哥某个地区的因果关系分析研究支持传统观点。根据该段第一句可知，传统观点是“economicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty”，经济增长可能与环境退化有关，而保护环境有时与更严重的贫困有关。由此可知，这一研究是为了表明经济增长倾向于导致森林毁坏，故选D。查看材料28.【阅读理解PartA】InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout   .A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTsB.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviationC.therelationofCCTstoitsforestlossD.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键信息Ferraro和intendsto可以定位到原文第五段。该段第二句提到“FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation”，即费拉罗想知道印尼的扶贫计划是否影响到森林砍伐，故选C。查看材料29.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat   .A.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountriesB.itwillreduceregionalinequalityC.itcanprotecttheenvironmentD.itcanbenefitgrainproduction正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键词Indonesia可以定位到原文第六段。该段最后一句话提到“…weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation”，即CCT项目与森林砍伐减少30％有关。由此可知，CCT项目能够保护环境，故选c。查看材料30.【阅读理解PartA】Whatisthetextcenteredon?A.Theeffectsofaprogram.B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.C.Theprocessofastudy.D.Thetransferabilityofastudy.正确答案：A参考解析：本文讨论的核心问题是CCT项目对环境起到的积极作用，而没有提到争论观点，故选A。研究只是为了证明CCT项目与森林砍伐率之间的关系，不是本文的核心内容，故排除C、D项。材料题根据以下材料，回答31-35题 Asahistorianwho’salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I’vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centutyprudery?).I’vefoundquiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter. Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof‘SmilingVictorians’makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend? Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm. Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday’sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile. Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,”ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular‘pearlywhites’wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed). Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunks,tramps,andmusichallperformersmightgumandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll’sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever.”查看材料31.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor’spostsonTwitter_____.A.changedpeople’simpressionoftheVictorians.B.highlightedsocialmedia’sroleinVictorianstudies.C.re-evaluatedtheVictorian’snotionofpublicimage.D.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键信息postsonTwitter可以定位到原文第一段。该段第二句提到“…sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter——theyhavebeencausingquiteastir”，即自从我开始在推特上发布这些照片——它们已经引起了相当大的轰动。接着下文讲到了人们发现维多利亚时期的人们确实会微笑，由此可知，作者在推特上发布的照片改变了人们对维多利亚时期英国人的印象，故选A。查看材料32.【阅读理解PartA】WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键信息theVictorianportraitshehascollected可以定位到原文第二段。该段第一句提到“Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof‘SmilingVictorians’makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900…”，即作者收集的“微笑的维多利亚人”在1840年至1900年间创作的大量摄影作品中只占很小一部分，由此可知，这些照片在那个时代的照片中很稀有，故选B。查看材料33.【阅读理解PartA】WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键词1890s可以定位到原文第四、第五段。第四段最后一句提到了我们必须在其他地方寻找维多利亚人仍然不愿意微笑的解释。接着第五段第一句话提到“Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin”，即一种解释可能是由于一个俗气的微笑表现出的尊严的丧失。然后作者进一步做出解释，在真正的牙科诞生之前，口腔往往处于令人震惊的卫生状态。由此可知，维多利亚人在照片中没有微笑是因为牙齿状况不健康，故选D。查看材料34.【阅读理解PartA】MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas   .A.adeep-rootbeliefB.amisguidedattitudeC.acontroversialviewD.athought-provokingidea正确答案：A参考解析：根据题干关键词MarkTwain可以定位到原文第六段。这道题真正想问的是引用马克·吐温的例子是为了证明什么核心观点。第六段最后一句提到“EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe‘nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever’”，即哪怕是马克·吐温，一个喜欢开怀大笑的人，当谈到摄影肖像时，也说“没有什么比一个永远固定的愚蠢的微笑更糟糕的了”。由此可知，当时的人们坚信不应该在照片中露出微笑，故选A。查看材料35.【阅读理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographsdifferently?C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?正确答案：A参考解析：文章第一段就提出了核心话题，即在维多利亚时期的照片中，人们都不笑。第二段提出了问题，即如何解释这一趋势。接下来几段从摄影技术和口腔卫生方面探讨这一现象形成的原因。由此可知，本文主要回答了为什么大多数维多利亚时期的人们在照片中都表情严肃的问题，故选A。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答36-40题 Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.That’swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheInternet. Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill—inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither. Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals’streamingservicesbutnottheirown. OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodembroadbandservice,”andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto“avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism.” Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC’sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission’spowertopreemptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC’sabdication. Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.查看材料36.【阅读理解PartA】Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandproviderswould   .A.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrolB.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetworkC.showpartialityintreatingclientsD.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals正确答案：C参考解析：根据题干关键词concern可以定位到原文第一段。该段第一句提到“Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals”，即从宽带发展初期起，消费者和网络公司的拥护者就担心，销售宽带连接的有线电视和电话公司有能力和动机支持附属网站而不是竞争对手。由此可知，宽带供应商在提供服务时会有偏向性，故选C。查看材料37.【阅读理解PartA】Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC   .A.stickstoanout-of-dateorderB.takesananti-regulatorystanceC.hasissuedaspecialresolutionD.hasallowedthestatestointervene正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干关键词FCC可以定位到原文第二段。该段第一句表明阻力来自宽带提供商、反监管保守派和法院三方，而通信委员会既不是宽带供应商，也不是法院，因此属于反监管保守派，故选B。查看材料38.【阅读理解PartA】WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?A.Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.B.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.C.ItisundertheFCC’sinvestigation.D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.正确答案：B参考解析：根据题干可以定位到原文第三段。该段第一句提到“Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo—streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV”，即该委员会认为，其他机构将防范反竞争行为，比如像美国电话电报公司这样的宽带提供商，以牺牲网飞和苹果电视为代价，支持自己的视频流服务。由此可知，AT&T公司参与反竞争的举措当中，故选B。查看材料39.【阅读理解PartA】JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt’sdecision   .A.focusesontrivialitiesB.conveysanambiguousmessageC.isatoddswithitsearlierrulingsD.isoutoftouchwithreality正确答案：D参考解析：根据题干关键词PatriciaMillett可以定位到原文第四段。该段第二句提到“ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat‘theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice’”，即帕特里夏·米利特法官在一份一致的意见中正确地指出，“这一结果与现代宽带服务的现实脱节”。unhingedfromtherealities与outoftouchwithreality为同义替换，故选D。查看材料40.【阅读理解PartA】Whatdoestheauth