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[模拟]考研英语(二)阅读PartA模拟12

SectionIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Readthe

followingfourterts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext

bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET1.

Text1

OrganizationalpsychologistsTimothyJudgeandBethLivingston

foundthatmenwhoreportedholdingtraditionalviews(thatis,thatwomen

belonginthehome,whilemenearnthemoney)earnedmorefordoingthe

samekindofworkasmenwhoheldmoreegalitarianviews.Thereversewas

trueforwomen,toamuchsmallerdegree.Theeffectwasmostobvious,

however,whenresearcherscomparedwomenJssalariestothoseofmen,

whilealsotakingintoaccounttheirgender-rolebiases.Menwith

traditionalattitudesmade71%morethanwomenwithtraditional

attitudes,whileegalitarian-mindedmenmadejutt7%morethantheir

femalecounterparts.

“Whatsurpriseduswasthedegreetowhichthateffectheld,

evenwhenyoustartcontrollingforavariablethatyouthinkwouldmake

theeffectgoaway,likehowmanykidsyouhave,orwhattypeof

occupation.”saysJudge.^WesuspectedthattraditionalJgender-role

attitudeswouldworkagainstwomen."Whentheresearcherscontrolled

foreducation,intelligence,occupation,hoursworkedandevenwhat

regiontheylivedintheUnitedStates,Judgefoundthat“noneofthose

reallymadetheeffectgoaway.”

Whythegappersist,Judgethinksitmighthavesomethingto

dowiththedifferentwaysmenandwomensignontonewjobs.Womenonthe

wholearelesseffectiveatnegotiatingsalariesthanmen,andtheytend

tobelessaggressiveaboutaskingforbiggersalaries,ortheyaccept

employersofferswithoutnegotiatingatall.AndJudgesuspectsthat

tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenworseatitthantheirmoreegalitarian

counterparts:”Iwouldsupposethategalitarianwomenarenotas

susceptibletosettlingforlessinthenegotiatingprocess,“hesays.

Anotherfactorcouldbebiasonthepartoftheemployer."It

maybethatemployersaremorelikelytotakeadvantageoftraditional

gender-rolewomen,“saysJudge.Wecanlearnalotaboutsomeonebased

onaveryshortacquaintance;perhapsemployersmakejudgmentsabouta

prospectiveemployee'sgenderattitudes,onthebasisofthingslike

amoreconservativestyleofdressorhairstyleandreservedmanners,

Judgesays.

Judgethinksthere,shopeforfuturegenerationsofworkers:

uOlderpeopledohavemoretraditionalviewsbuteachyearthegapbetween

thosethatholdtraditionalviews,andthosethatbelievemenandwomen

areequalisnarrowing.Onewouldbehopefulthatfornewentrantsinto

theworkforce,thiswon'tbeasmuchaneffect.”

第1题:

Inthefirstparagraph,thetwopsychologistshavefoundthat.

A.traditionalmenearnfarmorethanegalitarianmen

B.egalitarianmenearnfarmorethanegalitarianwomen

C.traditionalwomenearnfarmorethanegalitarianwomen

D.traditionalmenearnfarmorethantraditionalwomen

参考答案:D

根据题干要求我们可以精确定位到文中第一段最后一句:Menwithtraditional

attitudesmade71%morethanwomenwithtraditionalattitudes,while

egalitarian-mindedmenmadejust7%morethantheirfemale

counterparts(持传统观点的男性比持传统观点的女性收入多71%,而持平等观

点的男性仅比持平等观点的女性收入多7吩,可见[D]选项所表达的含义与原文

是一致的,属于典型的“同义替换”,因此[D]选项为正确选项。[A]选项的干

扰来自于文中第一段第一句:menwhoreportedholdingtraditionalviews

earnedmorefordoingthesamekindofworkasmenwhoheldmoreegalitarian

views(自称持传统观点的男性比做相同工作但持平等观点的男性赚钱多),可见

虽然[A]项与第一句的意思很接近,但是原文并没有表达出“farmore(多得多)”

的意思、,属于“偷换概念”;[B]选项的干扰来自于文中第一段最后一句:Menwith

traditionalattitudesmade71%morethanwomenwithtraditional

attitudes,whileegalitarian-mindedmenmadejust7%morethantheir

femalecountei'parts(持传统观点的男性比持传统观点的女性收入多71%;,而

持平等观点的男性仅比持平等观点的女性收入多7册可见[B]项与原文的意思是

完全相反的,属于“正反混淆”;[C]选项的干扰来自于文中第一段第二句:The

reversewastrueforwomen(女性的情况刚好相反),可见[C]项与原文所表达

的意思恰恰相反,也就是说“持传统角色观点的女性比持平等角色观点的女性挣

得少”,也属于“正反混淆”。当题中选项结构一致时,抓住其中的变量,仔

细对照原文来一一排除错误选项。[知识点]细节题[选项个数]4[试题编号]

[分数][题目类型][难度]

第2题:

Whichofthefollowingvariableswasn'tconsideredinthestudy?

A.Theintelligenceoftheemployee.

B.Theworkinghoursoftheemployee.

C.Thepersonalityoftheemployee'skids.

D.Theeducationalbackgroundoftheemployee.

参考答案:C

根据题干关键词variables我们可以精确定位到文章第二段第一句whenyou

startcontrollingforavariable…(当你想要开始考虑某一变量),紧接着

like引出了可能存在的一些变量,搜索整段发现只有这一句提到了kids,就是

howmanykidsyouhave(你有几个小孩),而不是thepersonalityofthe

employee'skids(雇员孩子的个性)。而且根据上下文我们都可以推测雇员孩子

的个性不可能成为影响人们收入差异的“变量”该选项属于“偷换概念”。所以,

正确答案应该是[C]o[A]、[B]和[D]三个选项均可以从原文中找到对应的表

达,利用选项可定位到文中第二段最后一句:Whentheresearcherscontrolled

foreducation,intelligence,occupation,hoursworkedandevenwhatregion

theylivedintheUnitedStates,Judgefoundthat“noneofthosereally

madetheeffectgoaway.”(当研究人员把教育、智力、职业、工作时间,

甚至在美国的居住地区等变量都考虑进去后,嘉杰发现“这一切均不能够消除最

终的影响。”)可见[A]选项对应的是intelligence,[B]选项对应的是hours

worked,[D]选项对应的是education,都是avariablethatyouthinkwould

maketheeffectgoaway(你认为可能消除收入差异的变量),三个选项都属于

典型的“同义替换”![知识点]细节题[选项个数]4[试题编号][分数][题

目类型][难度]

第3题:

What'sthedifferencebetweenmenandwomenwhensigningontoanewjob?

A.Womenreportsatisfactionwiththeirsalariesoffered.

B.Menarelessaggressiveaboutnegotiatingsalaries.

C.Egalitarianwomenareskilledinsalarynegotiations.

D.Tradition-boundwomendon'tlikenegotiatingsalaries.

参考答案:D

根据题干关键词signingontoanewjob我们可以准确定位到原文第三段第二

句:Womenonthewholearelesseffectiveatnegotiatingsalariesthan

men,andtheytendtobelessaggressiveaboutaskingforbiggersalaries,

ortheyacceptemployers?offerswithoutnegotiatingatall.(总、体上

来说,女性在薪酬谈判方面要逊于男性,她们往往不如男性那样勇于要求更高的

薪酬,或者她们接受雇主提出的薪酬待遇而不做任何讨价还价)以及第三句…

tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenworseatit***(...那些保持传统观点的

女性的情形甚至更严重……)!可见,女性不喜欢跟雇主协商薪资方面的问题!

所以,正确答案为[D]选项。[A]选项在文中没有涉及,属于典型的“无中生

有”,因此排除;根据原文第三段第二句:Womenonthewholearelesseffective

atnegotiatingsalariesthanmen,andtheytendtobelessaggressiveabout

askingforbiggersalaries,ortheyacceptemployers?offerswithout

negotiatingatall.(女'性在薪酬谈判方面要逊于男性,她们往往不如男性那

样勇于要求更高的薪酬,或者她们接受雇主提出的薪酬待遇而不做任何讨价还价)

可知,[B]选项的主语不是men而是women,属于“张冠李戴",故排除;[C]选项

的干扰来自Iwouldsupposethategalitarianwomenarenotassusceptible

tosettlingforlessinthenegotiatingprocess我认为那些持平等观点的

女性不像持传统观点的女性那样在谈判中轻易地接受较低收入),文中只是说持

平等观点的女性不会像持传统观点的女性那么轻易接受低收入,并没有说持平等

观点的女性擅长薪资谈判,属于“偷换概念”,因此排除。[知识点]细节题[选

项个数]4[试题编号][分数][题目类型][难度]

第4题:

Employersknowaprospectiveemployee?sgenderroleattitudesbasedon_

A.hisdressingstyleandbehaviour

B.hisfamilyvalues

C.hisoccupationalbias

D.hispersonality

参考答案:A

根据题干信息可以准确定位到原文中的第四段第三句:employesmakejudgments

aboutaprospectiveemployee'sgenderattitudes,onthebasisofthings

likeamoreconservativestyleofdressorhairstyleandreserved

manners(雇主通过应聘者较传统的衣着或发型和保守的举止就能够判断出他们

的性别角色观点),可知正确答案为[A]选项,属于“同义替换”。由第一段对

于传统观点的说明(女主内,男主外)可知,本题干的“性别角色观点”就是“家

庭价值观",故[B]项属于“问题本身";[C]项在文中找不到对应信息,属于“无

生中生";[D]项是根据第四段第三句的amoreconservativestyleofdress

orhairstyleandreservedmanners的过度引申,属于“推理过度”。[知

识点]细节题[选项个数]4[试题编号][分数][题目类型][难度]

第5题:

What'sthemainideaofthispassage?

A.Thetraditionalgender-roleattitudemattersinone,scareer.

B.Educationandoccupationaffectone'sgender-roleattitude.

C.Thewagegapmaybeattributedtothegender-roleattitude.

D.Thegendergapinearningsmightbereducedinthefuture.

参考答案:C

整篇文章都在分析人们的性别角色观点,第一段讲男性和女性中持传统性别角色

观点和持平等角色观点之间的收入差距;第二段讲变量不能消除传统角色观点对

人们收入的影响;第三、四段讲差异存在的原因;最后一段概括全文,指出性别观

点造成的差异在未来会有所减小。由此可知,[C]项能概括文章的主旨,所以为正

确答案,具有“概括性”。[A]选项只提到“传统的性别角色观点”,而不是

具有概括性的“性别角色观点”,属于“以偏概全”文章第二段提及教育、职业

等变量不消除由性别观念带来的收入差距,但未提到“教育和职业影响人们的性

别角色观点”,故[B]选项属于“无中生有";[D]选项的干扰来自最后一段的…

buteachyearthegapbetweenthosethatholdtraditionalviews,andthose

thatbelievemenandwomenareequalisnarrowing.Onewouldbehopeful

thatfornewentrantsintotheworkforce,thiswontbeasmuchaneffect.

但是传统观点者和男女平等观点者的观点差异在逐年缩小。人们有理由希望,将

来对于新入职的人来说,观点差异不会造成很大的影响),是对这两句的合理引

申,但是这一趋势预测只是最后一段的内容,属于“以偏概全”。[知识点]主旨

题[选项个数]4[试题编号][分数][题目类型][难度][文章导读]这是一

篇现象分析型文章,按照“提出并说明现象分析现象的原因预测未来趋势”的

脉络展开论述。文章第一、二段提出现象:性别观念不同造成收入差距(同工不

同酬),并说明差距的具体表现。第三、四段揭示了产生现象的两个原因:男性

和女性不同的薪酬谈判方式和雇主的偏见。最后一段展望未来预测未来因性别

观点造成的收入差异会缩小。[文章超精读]①Organizational

psychologistsTimothyJudgeandBethLivingstonfoundthatmenwho

reportedholdingtraditionalviews(thatis,thatwomenbelonginthehome,

whilemenearnthemoney)earnedmorefordoingthesamekindofworkas

menwhoheldmoreegalitarianviews.(2)Thereversewastrueforwomen,

toamuchsmallerdegree.(3)Theeffectwasmostobvious,however,when

researcherscomparedwomen?ssalariestothoseofmen,whilealsotaking

intoaccounttheirgender-rolebiases.(4)Menwithtraditionalattitudes

made71%morethanwomenwithtraditionalattitudes,while

egalitarian-mindedmenmadejust7%morethantheirfemalecounterparts.

[逐句超精讲]①<u>Organizationalpsychologists</u>TimothyJudge

andBethLivingston<u>foundthat</u>menwhoreportedholding

traditionalviews(thatis,thatwomenbelonginthehome,whilemenearn

themoney)earnedmorefordoingthesamekindofworkasmenwhoheld

moreegalitarianviews.[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为Organizational

psychologistsfoundthat…(组织心理学家发现....)。TimothyJudgeandBeth

Livingston是Organizationalpsychologists的同位语,that引导宾语从

句。宾语从句中who引导的定语从句whoreportedholdingtraditional

views(自称持传统观点)修饰men;其后that引导的同位语从句thatwomen

belonginthehome,whilemenearnthemoney(女主内,男主外)修饰

trad-tionalviews,while在此表示对比;句末也是一个who引导的定语从句,

修饰as面后的men0[译文]组织心理学家蒂莫西•嘉杰和贝斯•利文斯通

发现,自称持传统观点(即女主内,男主外)的男性比做相同工作但持平等观点

的男性赚钱多。②<u>Thereversewastrue</u>forwomen,toamuch

smallerdegree.[精讲]本句是一个简单句,主干为Thereversewas

true(与之完全相反的情况才是真的)。Thereverse在此表示与前面的情况刚

好相反,表示的应该是womenwhoreportedholdingtraditionalviewsearned

lessfordoingthesamekindofworkaswomenwhoheldmoreegalitarian

views(自称持传统观点的女性比做相同工作但持平等观点的女性赚钱少)。toa

muchsmallerdegree是插入语,表该种情况的程度相对较小。[译文]女性

的情况刚好相反,但程度要小得多。③<u>Theeffectwasmd

obvious</u>,however,whenresearcherscomparedwomen?ssalariestothose

ofmen,whilealsotakingintoaccounttherrgenderrolebiases.[精

讲]本句为复合句,主干为Theeffectwasmostobvious(效果最明显),however

表转折。when引导时间状语从句whenresearcherscomparedwomen?ssalaries

tothoseofmen(当研究者比较男女收入差异时),后面是由while引导的省略

主语researchers和系动词were的时间状语从句while(researcherswere)

alsotakingintoaccounttheirgender-rolebiases(同时考虑他们的性别角

色偏见)。when和while都是时间状语从句的引导词,区别在于when引导从

句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生;while引导从句的谓

语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生的。takeintoaccount表示“把...考

虑进去”的意思。[译文]然而,当研究者比较男女收入差异,同时考虑他们

的性别角色偏见时,这个差异最明显。④Menwithtraditional

attitudesmade71%morethanwomenwithtraditionalattitudes,

<u>while</u>egalitar-an-mindedmenmadejut7%morethantherrfemale

counterparts.[精讲]本句为while连接的并列句,前后两个分句具有对比

关系。[译文]持传统观点的男性比持传统观点的女性收入多71%,而持平等

观点的男性仅比持平等观点的女性收入多7%oParagraph2①

“Whatsurpriseduswasthedegreetowhichthateffectheld,even

whenyoustartcontrollingforavariablethatyouthinkwouldmakethe

effectgoaway,likehowmanykidsyouhave,orwhattypeofoccupation,”

saysJudge.@"Wesuspectedthattraditionalrgender-roleattitudes

wouldworkagainstwomen."(3)Whentheresearcherscontrolledfor

education,intelligence,occupation,hoursworkedandevenwhatregion

theylivedintheUnitedStates,Judgefoundthat“noneofthosereally

madetheeffectgoaway.”[逐句超精讲]①“Whatsurprised

uswasthedegreetowhichthateffectheld,evenwhenyoustart

controllingforavariablethatyouthinkwouldmaketheeffectgoaway,

likehowmanykidsyouhave,orwhattypeofoccupation,“saysJudge.

[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为saysJudgeosays的宾语为引号内的直接引语,

直接引语的主干为Whatsurpriseduswasthedegree…。towhichthateffect

held是由which引导的定语从句,修饰degree0该定语从句属于典型的

which引导的限定性定语从句中介产前置的用法,which实际上指代的是

degree,todegree是固定搭配,表示“在...程度上”的意思。evenwhenyou

startcontrollingforavariablethatyouthinkwouldmaketheeffectgo

away(即使你开始考虑某一变量,认为它会消除影响)是由when引导的时间状语

从句,其中又包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰variableolike在该句中作介

词,表示对variable的举例。goaway是介词短语,表示“离开,消失”的意

思。[译文]“我们吃惊的是影响会那么大,即使你开始考虑某一变量,认为

它会消除影响,如:有几个孩子,或者从事什么样的职业等,”嘉杰说!②

“<u>Wesuspectedthat</u>traditional,gendeiroleattitudeswould

workagainstwomen.”[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为Wesuspectedthat…

(我们怀疑...)。that引导宾语从句。gender-roleattitudes表示“关于性

别角色的观点”的意思。[译文「我们怀疑传统的性别角色观点对女性不利。”

③Whentheresearcherscontrolledforeducation,intelligence,

occupation,hoursworkedandevenwhatregiontheylivedintheUnited

States,<u>Judgefoundthat</u>“noneofthosereallymadetheeffect

goaway.”[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为Judgefoundthat…(嘉杰发

现...),that引导宾语从句;whentheresearcherscontrolledfor…(当

研究人员考虑……这些变量时)是由when引导的时间状语从句,主句中的谓语动

作found发生在从句的谓语动作control之后。[译文]当研究人员把教育、

智力、职业、工作时间,甚至在美国的居住地区等变量都考虑进去后,嘉杰发现

“这一切均不能够消除最终的影响。"Paragraph3①Whythegap

persist,Judgethinksitmighthavesomethingtodowiththedifferent

waysmenandwomensignontonewjobs.②Womenonthewholeareless

effectiveatnegotiatingsalariesthanmen,andtheytendtobeless

aggressiveaboutaskingforbiggersalaries,ortheyacceptemployersJ

offerswithoutnegotiatingatall.(3)AndJudgesuspectsthat

tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenworseatitthantheirmoreegalitarian

counterparts:④“Iwouldsupposethategalitarianwomenarenotas

susceptibletosettlingforlessinthenegotiatingprocess,“hesays.

[逐句超精讲]①Whythegappersist,<u>Judgethinks</u>itmight

havesomethingtodowiththedifferentwaysmenandwomensignontonew

jobs.[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为Judgethinks---(嘉杰认为....),thinks

的宾语是省略that的宾语从句;在宾语从句中it指代thegap。Whythegap

persist是由why引导的原因状语从句。signonto表示“签约受雇”的意思。

[译文]为什么会存在这种差异?嘉杰认为它可能和男性、女性在新工作签约时有

关。②<u>Women</u>onthewhole<u>arelesseffective</u>at

negotiatingsalariesthanmen,<u>andtheytendtobelessaggressive</u>

aboutaskingforbiggersalaries,<u>ortheyacceptemployers,offers</u>

withoutnegotiatingatall.[精讲]本句是由and和or连接的并列句,

主干为womenarelesseffective…andtheytendtobelessaggressive---

ortheyacceptemployersJoffers->^onthewhole是插入语,表示“从总

体上看,总的来说”的意思。[译文]总体上来说,女性在薪酬谈判方面要逊

于男性,她们往往不如男性那样勇于要求更高的薪酬,或者她们接受雇主提出的

薪酬待遇而不做任何讨价还价。③And<u>Judgesuspectsthat</u>

tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenworseattthantheirmoreegalitarian

counterparts.[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为Judgesuspectsthat…(嘉杰

怀疑……),that引导宾语从句。应当注意,and除了连接两个并列结构,还可

以用来表示递进,即表示后一(分)句11前一(分)句有进一层的意思,一般可

译为“而且"、"甚至"、“何况"等等。tradition-boundwomenmaybeeven

worseat持传统观点的女性的情形甚至更严重...),此处worse相当于less

effective,it是代词,代替前一句所提到的negotiatingsalaries,所以此句

可以还原为tradition-boundwomenmaybeevenlesseffectiveat

negotiatingsalaries…。tradition-bound中的bound在该词组中表示,被...

束缚的,被……限制的"的意思。[译文]而且嘉杰怀疑那些持传统观点的女

性要比持平等观点的女性的情形甚至更严重。④“Iwouldsuppose

thategalitarianwomenarenotassusceptibletosettlingforlessinthe

negotiatingprocess,v<u>hesays</u>.[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为

hesays(,引语的主干为Iwouldsupposethat…(我认为...),that引导宾

语从句。assusceptibletosettlingforless后面省略astradition-bound

womenobesusceptibletosth.是固定搭配,表示“易受...影响的,容易接

受的”的意思;介词短语settlefor表示“勉强接受……,满足于……”的意

思。[译文]他说““我认为那些持平等观点的女性不像持传统观点的女性

那样在谈判中轻易地接受较低收入。”Paragraph4①Anotherfactor

couldbebiasonthepartoftheemployer.(2)“Itmaybethatemployers

aremorelikelytotakeadvantageoftraditionalgender-rolewomen,“

saysJudge.③Wecanlearnalotaboutsomeonebasedonaveryshort

acquaintance;(4)perhapsemployersmakejudgmentsaboutaprospective

employeesgenderattitudes,onthebasisofthingslikeamoreconservative

styleofdressorhairstyleand[逐句超精讲]①<u>Another

factorcouldbebias</u>onthepartoftheemployer.[精讲]本

句为简单句,主干为Anotherfactorcouldbebias(另外一个因素是偏见),

onthepartoftheemployer(由雇主做出的,由雇主表现出的)是bias的后置

定语。[译文]另外一个因素是雇主的偏见。②"Itmaybe

thatemployersaremorelikelytotakeadvantageoftraditional

gender-rolewomen,“<u>saysJudge</u>.[精讲]本句为复合句,主语为

Judge,谓语为says,宾语为直接引语。直接引语的主干为Itmaybethat…((很

可能...),thatemployersaremorelikelytotakeadvantageoftraditional

gender-rolewomen(雇主在利用那些持传统性别角色观点的女性)是由that引导

的表语从句。belikelytodosth.可译为“很有可能做某事",takeadvantage

ofsb.表示“利用某人”的意思。[译文]嘉杰说道:有可能雇主在利用那些

持传统性别角色观点的女性。"③<u>Wecanlearnalot</u>about

someonebasedonaveryshortacquaintance;[精讲]本句为简单句,主

干为Wecanlearnalot…(我们能了解很多...);aboutsomeone是介词短语

作alot的后置定语;basedonaveryshortacquaintance是过去分词短语作

状语,用来修饰learno[译文]我们在很短时间接触一个人之后就可以了解

到他的很多信息。④perhapsemployersmakejudgmentsabouta

prospectiveemployee'sgenderattitudes,onthebasssofthingslikea

moreconservativestyleofdressorhairstyleandreservedmanners,Judge

says.[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为Judgesays…(嘉杰说....);前面的直

接引语为says的宾语从句,宾语从句的主干为employersmakejudgments(雇

主作出判断);aboutaprospectiveemployee"sgenderattitudes(关于潜在

员工的性别态度)是介词短语作定语,修饰前面的judgments;onthebasisof

thingslikeamoreconservativestyleofdressorhairstyleandreserved

manners(基于较传统的衣着或发型和保守的举止)作方式状语;onthebasisof

sth.表示“基于...,,的意,限;likeamoreconservativestyleofdressor

hairstyleandreservedmanners(比如较传统的衣着或发型和保守的举止)举例

说明thingso[译文]嘉杰说,或许雇主通过应聘者较传统的衣着或发型和

保守的举止就能够判断出他们的性别态度。Paragraph5①Judge

thinksthere,shopeforfuturegenerationsofworkers:②Olderpeople

dohavemoretrad-tionalviewsbuteachyearthegapbetweenthosethat

holdtraditionalviews,andthosethatbelievemenandwomenareequal

isnarrowing.③Onewouldbehopefulthatfornewentrantsintothe

workforce,thiswon,tbeasmuchaneffect.”[逐句超精讲]①

<u>Judgethinks</u>there?shopeforfuturegenerationsofworkers:

[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为Judgethinks…(嘉杰认为...);there'shope

forfuturegenerationsofworkers(这种现象在将来的工作者中有希望改观)

这个therebe句型是省略了引导词that的宾语从句。[译文]嘉杰认为这种

现象在将来的工作者中有希望改观。②<u>01derpeopledohave

moretraditionalviewsbut</u>eachyear<u>thegap</u>betweenthosethat

holdtraditionalviews,andthosethatbelievemenandwomenareequal

<u>isnarrowing</u>.[精讲]本句是由but连接的并列复合句。前一分句为

强调句,主干为Olderpeopledohavemoretraditionalviews,其中do为助

动词,起强调作用;后一分句为复合句,其主干为thegapisnarrowing,其中

between-"and连接的两个并列结构thosethatholdtraditionalviews(持

传统观点者)和thosethatbelievemenandwomenareequal(持男女平等观

点者)都含有由that引导的定语从句。[译文]老一辈人确实观点比较传统,

但是传统观点者和男女平等观点者的观点差异在逐年缩小。③<u〉0ne

wouldbehopeful</u>thatfornewentrantsintotheworkforce,this

won,tbeasmuchaneffect.[精讲]本句为复合句,主干为Onewouldbe

hopeful…,后接that引导的宾语从句0fornewentrantsintotheworkforce(对

于新人职的人来说)为状语,this在此句中指代的是上一句提到的thegap(观点

差异)。[译文]人们有理由希望,将来对于新入职的人来说,观点差异不会

造成很大的影响。[全文翻译]组织心理学家蒂莫西•嘉杰和贝斯•利文斯

通发现,自称持传统观点(即女主内,男主外)的男性比做相同工作但持平等观

点的男性赚钱多。女性的情况刚好相反,但程度要小的多。然而,当研究者比较

男女收入差异,同时考虑他们的性别角色偏见时,这个差异最明显。持传统观点

的男性比持传统观点的女性收入多71%,而持平等观点的男性仅比持平等观点的

女性收入多7虬“我们吃惊的是影响会那么大,即使你开始考虑某一变量,

认为它会消除影响,如:有几个孩子,或者从事什么样的职业等,”嘉杰说。“我

们怀疑传统的性别角色观点对女性不利。”当研究人员把教育、智力、职业、工

作时间,甚至在美国的居住地区等变量都考虑进去后,嘉杰发现“这一切均不能

够消除最终的影响。”为什么会存在这种差异?嘉杰认为它可能和男性、女

性在新工作签约时有关。总体上来说,女性在薪酬谈判方面要逊于男性,她们往

往不如男性那样勇于要求更高的薪酬,或者她们接受雇主提出的薪酬待遇而不做

任何讨价还价。而且嘉杰怀疑那些持传统观点的女性要比持平等观点的女性的情

形甚至更严重:“我认为那些持平等观点的女性不像持传统观点的女性那样在谈

判中轻易地接受较低收入。”另外一个因素是雇主的偏见。嘉杰说道:有可

能雇主在利用那些持传统性别角色观点的女性。”我们在很短时间接触一个人之

后就可以了解到他的很多信息,或许雇主通过应聘者较传统的衣着或发型和保守

的举止就能够判断出他们的性别态度。嘉杰认为这种现象在将来的工作者中

有希望改观:老一辈人确实观点比较传统,但是传统观点者和男女平等观点者的

观点差异在逐年缩小。人们有理由希望,将来对于新入职的人来说,观点差异不

会造成很大的影响。

Text2

Americanuniversitiesliketothinkofthemselvesasengines

ofsocialjustice,throngingwithadiversity.Buthowmuchtruthisthere

inthisflatteringself-image?OverthepastfewyearsDanielGoldenhas

writtenaseriesofstoriesintheWallStreet?ournalabouttheadmissions

practicesofAmerica,seliteuniversities,suggestingthattheyarenot

somuchenginesofsocialjusticeasbastionsofprivilege.

Goldenshowsthateliteuniversitiesdoeverythingintheir

powertoadmitthechildrenofprivilege.Iftheycannotgetthemin

throughthefrontdoorbyrelaxingtheirstandards,thentheysmugglethem

inthroughtheback.Nolessthan60%oftheplacesineliteuniversities

aregiventocandidateswhohavesomesortofextra“hook”,fromrich

oralumniparentsto“sportingprowess”.Thenumberofwhiteswhobenefit

fromthisaffirmativeactionisfargreaterthanthenumberofblacks.

TheAmericanestablishmentisextraordinarilygoodatgetting

itschildrenintothebestcolleges.TheformerpresidentGeorgeBushand

hisrivalintheelectionJohnKerrywere"C"studentswhowouldhave

hadlittlechanceofgettingintoYaleiftheyhadnotcomefromYale

families.AlGoreandBillFristbothgottheirsonsintotheiralmamaters

(HarvardandPrincetonrespectively),despitetheiraverageacademic

performances.Universitiesbendoverbackwardstoadmit“legacies,,.

Harvardadmits40%oflegacyapphcantscomparedwith11%ofapplicants

overall.Whenitcomestothechildrenofparticularlyrichdonors,the

bending-over-backwardsreachesastonishinglevels.

Mostpeoplethinkofblackfootballandbasketballstarswhen

theyhearabout“sportsscholarships”.Buttherearealsosports

scholarshipsforrichwhitestudentswhoplaypreppiesportssuchas

fencing,squash,sailing,riding,golfand,ofcourse,lacrosse.The

UniversityofVirginiaevenhasscholarshipsforpolo-players,relatively

fewofwhomcomefromtheinnercities.

Youmightimaginethatacademicswouldbeupinarmsaboutthis.

Alas,theyhavetoomuchskininthegame.Academicsnotonlyescapetuition

feesiftheycangettheirchildrenintotheuniversitieswheretheyteach.

Theygethugepreferencesaswell.BostonUniversityaccepted91%of

“facultybrats”in2003,atacostofabout$9m.NotreDameaccepts

about70%ofthechildrenofuniversityemployees,comparedwith19%of

“unhooked“applicants,despitemarkedlyloweraverageSATscores.Two

groupsofpeopleoverwhelminglybeartheburdenofthesepolicies

Asian-Americansandpoorwhites.Asian-Americansarethe“newJews”,

heldto

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