英语国家社会与文化(美4)

TheUSA---EducationintheUnitedStatesPrefaceHello,everyone.EarlierIhavetakenyoutolookattheAmericaneconomy,andweknowthattheUnitedStatesisthebiggesteconomicpowerintheworld.However,economydoesnotworkbyitself.OneofthereasonsthattheUnitedStatesbecamepowerfulandwasabletosustainitspowerisbecauseofitsemphasisoneducation.Intoday'sworld,whencompetitionintensifiesonaworldscale,educationisincreasinglybecomingoneofthecrucialanddistinguishingfactorsinmeasuringthehumanresourcespotentialofanation.Inthisunit,wewilllookatthevariousaspectsofAmericaneducation:thetypesofschools,whattheyteachattheschools,abitofhistoryofeducationintheUS,curriculuminthefinestuniversitiesintheUS,andsomenewtrends.Agoodpieceofinformationforyou:youaregoingtohaveaneasytimewiththevocabularyinthisunit-notmanynewwords!Andofthefewnewwords,youmayhaveagoodchanceofknowingsomeofthem,becauseyouareastudentandthisiswhatyoudoeveryday,right?PartIWarm-upquestions

1.Whatdoes"compulsoryeducation"mean?(a)Peoplecandecideforthemselveswhethertheywanttogotoschoolornot.(b)Everyonemustattendreceiveeducationforacertainnumberofyears.(c)Studentsmustlistentotheteacher.

2.IscollegeeducationfreeintheUS?

(a)Yes(b)No3.WhichofthefollowingisnotauniversityintheUS?

(a)YaleUniversity(b)PrincetonUniversity(c)ColumbiaUniversity(d)OxfordUniversity

4.InpublicschoolsintheUS,fundingmainlycomesfrom

(a)taxpayers(b)privatefoundations

(c)privatedonations(d)tuitionfromstudents5.WhichoneofthefollowingistheoldestuniversityintheUS?

(a)Princeton(b)NewYorkUniversity(c)Harvard(d)UniversityofEdinburgh

PartIIFocalpoints1.Goalofeducation(教育目的)2.Differenteducationlawsfordifferentstates(各州教育法)3.Severallevelsofschooling(国家等级考试)4.Curriculaforstudents(课程设置)5.Compulsoryeducationforallchildren(美国义务教育)6.Equaleducationopportunitiesforminoritygroups(少数民族的平教育机会)7.Strongdemandforhighereducation(高等教育的社会需求)8.Thecomplexsystemofhighereducation(高教的复杂体制)9.Varietiesofcollegesanduniversity(种类繁多的高等院校)10.Trendsindegreeprograms(学位教育趋势)11.TheServicemen'sReadjustmentAct(军人重新安置法)12.Affirmativeactionprograms(肯定行动计划或平权法案)13.Non-traditionalstudents(非传统学生)amendmentn.

修正案apprenticen.

学徒assignmentn.作业atomn.原子bachelor'sdegree

学士学位benefactorn.

捐助人boardofeducation

学校董事会，教育委员会businessaccounting

商业会计categoryn.

类型certificationn.

认证，证书colonialistn.

殖民主义者，美洲大陆早期移民communitycollege

社区学院comprisev.

包含，由……构成compulsoryeducation

义务教育Computerprogramming

电脑编程conferv.

授予controversial

有争议的converselyadv.

相反地PartIIIWords&Expressionscoren.

核心counselorn.

辅导员，顾问creditn.

学分curriculumn.

课程设置delegatev.

委派doctoraldegree

博士学位electiven.

选修课elementaryschool

小学endowmentn.

捐款facultyn.

教职员faithn.

信仰flourishv.

繁荣hairstyling

美发handicapn.

残疾inquiryn.

探究，质询instructionalmaterial

教材liberalarts

文科literaryn.

识字mainframen.

大型机majorn.

专业master'sdegree

硕士学位orbitv.

在轨道中运行PartIIIWords&Expressionspenmanshipn.

书写，书法prestigen.

威望,名声privateschool

私立学校promptv.

促使publicschool

公立学校quotas

定额，配额rangefrom...to

从……到recommendationn.

推荐reservev.

保留scholasticaptitudetests

学习能力测试scopen.

范围secondaryschool

中学segregatev.

分离，隔开socialmobility

社会流动性，指取得较高的社会地位statisticaladj.

数据的tragicadj.

悲剧性的transferv.

转学tuitionn.

学费tutorn.

私人教师,指导教师undergraduaten.

本科生PartIIIWords&Expressionsundertakingn.

任务upswingn.

上涨，回升veteran

老兵，退伍兵vocationaladj.

职业的PartIVLanguagepointsTheGuidingPrincipleofAmericanEducationEachcitizenshouldreceivethebesteducationpossibleEveryoneshouldgetequalopportunitytoreceiveatleastsomeeducation

I.thegoalofeducation---Toachieveuniversalliteracyandtoprovideindividualswiththeknowledgeandskillsnecessarytopromoteboththeirownindividualwelfareaswellasthatofthegeneralpublic.普及教育，并使每个人掌握必要的知识和技能。这不仅能提高人的福利，同时也改善了公众的福利。

---Studentsfromkindergartentothe12thgradeattendclassesforanaverageof5hoursaday,5daysaweek.IdealsofModernAmericanEducationAsmanypeopleaspossibleshouldhaveaccesstoasmucheducationastheywant;Toproductasocietythatistotallyliterateandleteducationfunctionunderlocalcontrol;Scholarsandstudentsshouldbeencouragedtoworkfordiscoveringnewinformationorconceivingnewwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown.II.expenditureofeducation---About90%ofAmericanstudentsattendpublicschoolssupportedbyAmericantaxpayers.Religiousinstructionisnotgiveninpublicschools.Inpublicschoolswherepublictaxesareinvolved,spendingandtheschoolcurriculum,teacherstandardsandcertificationareguidedbyboardsofeducation(policymakersforschools)atthestateordistrictlevel.

---Theother10%attendprivateschools,forwhichtheirfamilieschoosetopayspecialattendancefees.80%privateschoolsintheU.S.arerunbychurches,synagogues(犹太教教学)orotherreligiousgroups.Religiousteachingsareapartofthecurriculum.Privateschoolsthatmeetstatestandardsusethefeestheycollectastheythinkbest.---Thecombinedexpensesofbotheducationsystems,publicandprivate,exceed$190,000millionayear.(1900亿美元)

---Boardsofeducation(policymakersofschools)atthestateand/ordistrictlevelwillguidethespending,theschoolcurriculum,teacherstandardsandcertification,andtheoverallmeasurementofstudentprogress.---Eachofthe50statesintheUShasitsownlawsregulatingeducation(agelimitstoattendingschools;theselectionoflearningmaterials).

III.differenteducationlawsfordifferentstates---EverystateinAmericanhasitsownlawsabouteducationandallstatesrequireyoungpeopletogotoschool.ThuseverychildinAmericaisguaranteedupto13yearsofeducation.Eachstatehavetherighttoprovidefortheeducationofitspeople.(州政府有权管理本州的教育)---theagelimitsvary:32statesrequireattendancetoage16;8to18;etc.TableofSchoolingBeforeCollegeorUniversitySeniorHighSchool9101112HighSchoolHigh(orSecondarySchool)School14151617JuniorHighSchool5678MiddleSchool101112131234ElementarySchools6789

KKindergarten5NSNurserySchool34

GradeAge

IV.severallevelsofschooling---ElementarySchool/Grammarschool

1.usuallygradeskindergartenthrough8---K-82.insomeplaces:K-63.sometimesgrades4,5,6called“middleschool”)4.Everyelementaryschoolprovidesthesesubjects:maths;languagearts(reading,grammar,compositionandliterature);penmanship(书写);science;socialstudies(history,geography,citizenshipandeconomics);music;art;P.E.

ElementaryEducation

---SecondarySchool1.generallygrades9-12,popularlycalled“highschool”2.inmanydistricts,grades7-9arecalled“juniorhighschool”3.whengrades7-9areincludedwiththe10th,11thand12thgrades,allsixaresaidtoa“seniorhighschool”4.mostsecondaryschoolsofferthesamecoreoftherequiredsubjects:English;mathematics;science;socialstudiesandP.E.SecondaryEducationGeneralEducationVocationalTrainingEducationforhandicappedchildren

5.Schoolswereaskednotonlytoteachnewinformationandknowledge,buttohelpstudentsasktheirownquestionsaboutit.Theinquirymethodoflearning,focusingonsolvingproblemsratherthanmemorizingfacts,becamepopular.Level/GradeTypicalageVariousoptionalprograms,suchasHeadStartUnder6Pre-Kindergarten4-5Kindergarten5-6ElementarySchool1stGrade6–72ndGrade7–83rdGrade8–94thGrade9–105thGrade10–11MiddleSchool6thGrade11–127thGrade12–138thGrade13–14Highschool9thGrade(Freshman)14-1510thGrade(Sophomore)15-1611thGrade(Junior)16-1712thGrade(Senior)17–18Post-secondaryeducationTertiaryeducation(CollegeorUniversity)Agesvary(usuallyfouryears,referredtoas

Freshman,Sophomore,Juniorand

Senioryears)Graduateeducation(Master&PhD)EducationsystemintheUSA---HigherEducation

1.MoreandmoreAmericansviewedtheuniversityasthedoorwaytoamedicalorlawdegree,apositioningovernment,oramanagementpositioninamajorbusinessoffice.2.Eachyearone-thirdofhighschoolgraduateswillgoonforhighereducation.3.Applicantswillbechosenbycollegeonthebasisof:1)theirhighschoolrecords;2)recommendationsfromtheirhighschoolteachers;3)theimpressiontheymakeduringinterviewsattheuniversity;

4.TheirscoresontheScholasticAptitudeTests(SATs,onlyinmathematicsandEnglish).Inrecentyears,otherfactors,suchastheapplicant’stalents,voluntaryactivitiesandlifeexperience,willalsobetakenintoaccount.*Seniorhighschoolisaschoolattendedafterjuniorhighschool.Highschoolisoftenusedinsteadofseniorhighschoolanddistinguishedfromjuniorhighschool.

---Thesystemofhighereducation---ItreferstoAmericaneducationonthecollegelevel.Itincludes4categoriesofinstitutions.Theyare(1)theuniversity,whichmaycontainseveralcollegesforundergraduatestudentsforabachelor’sdegree(4years)andoneormoregraduateschoolsforamaster’soradoctoraldegree.(2)Thefour-yearundergraduateinstitution---thecollege—mostofwhicharenotpartofauniversity.(四年制本科学院),

(3)Thetechnicaltraininginstitution,rangingintimefrom6monthsto4years,andinskillsfromhair-stylingtobusinessaccounting.(技术培训学院)(4)Thetwo-year,orcommunitycollege,fromwhichstudentsmayentermanyprofessionsormaytransfertofour-yearcollegesoruniversities.(两年制社区学院)

*Somearesupportedbypublicfundsandsomebyprivatefunds.Manyuniversitiesandcollegeshavewonreputationsforprovidingtheirstudentswithahigherqualityofeducation.Thegreatmajorityaregenerallyregardedasquitesatisfactory.Afewotherinstitutionsprovideonlyadequateeducation.HigherEducationTwo-yearCollege/JuniorCollege/CommunityCollegeFour-yearCollegeUniversities:(a)severalcollegesforundergraduatestudentsseekingabachelor's(four-year)degreeand(b)oneormoregraduateschoolsforthosecontinuinginspecializedstudiesbeyondthebachelor'sdegreetoobtainamaster'soradoctoraldegree;

TheUniversityofCalifornia,withseveralbranchcampusesandmorethan128000students.TheSouthHall,oneoftheoldestbuildingsonthecampus,withahistoryofabout200years.

Asourtextbookdescribedinthefirstparagraph,HighereducationbeganwiththefoundingofHarvardUniversity.NowletushavealookattheFamousuniversity:TheschoolsymbolHarvardUniversityisaprivateuniversityinCambridge,Massachusetts,andamemberoftheIvyLeague.Foundedin1636bythecolonialMassachusettslegislature,HarvardistheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheUnitedStates.YoucanimaginehowromanticifwearestudyinginsuchauniversityThespringofHarvardThesummerofHarvardTheautumnofHarvardThesplendidlibraryofHarvardHowquietanddiligentthestudentsturnouttobeHarvard’sStadiumHowamazinginHarvard!IvycoveringWestCollege,PrincetonUniversity

TheIvyLeague's(常青藤盟校)namederivesfromtheivyplants,symbolicoftheirage,thatcovermanyoftheseinstitutions'historicbuildings.TheIvyLeagueuniversitiesarealsocalled"theAncientEight"orsimply"

theIvies".Yale-Harvard

Game,YaleBowl

MembersoftheIvyLeague

InstitutionLocationAthleticNicknameUndergraduateenrollmentMottoBrownUniversityProvidence,RhodeIslandBears5,821InDeosperamus

(InGodwehope)ColumbiaUniversityNewYorkCity,NewYorkLions7,407InlumineTuovidebimuslumen

(InThylightshallweseethelight)CornellUniversityIthaca,NewYorkBigRed6,846Iwouldfoundaninstitutionwhereanypersoncanfindinstructioninanystudy.DartmouthCollegeHanover,NewHampshireBigGreen4,164Voxclamantisindeserto(Avoicecryinginthewilderness)HarvardUniversityCambridge,MassachusettsCrimson6,715Veritas(Truth)PrincetonUniversityPrinceton,NewJerseyTigers4,790Deisubnumineviget

(UnderGod'spowersheflourishes)UniversityofPennsylvaniaPhiladelphia,PennsylvaniaQuakers10,163Legessinemoribusvanae

(Lawswithoutmoralsareuseless)YaleUniversityNewHaven,ConnecticutBulldogs5,275

אוריםותומים

Luxetveritas

(Lightandtruth)LocationsofcurrentIvyLeaguememberinstitutions.

---Inordertogotouniversity,secondaryschoolstudentsmust(1)havehighschoolrecords(2)recommendationsfromtheirteachers(3)getgoodscoresintheScholasticAptitudeTest(SATs学习能力倾向测试---指根据美国大学入学考试委员会编的试题进行的高等学校入学前的预测性测验)(4)makegoodimpressionsduringtheinterviews---Everyyearmorethan3millionstudentsgraduatefromsecondaryschools,onlyabout1millionstudentsgoonforhighereducation.

---Publicandprivatecollegesdependonthreesourcesofincome:studentintuition,endowments(捐赠

giftsmadebywealthybenefactors慈善家)andgovernmentfunding.Harvard,PrincetonandYaleUniversitiesgetverylargeendowments,morethan1000milliondollarseach.

---degreesandtrendsindegreeprograms:---theundergraduatestudentgetsabachelor’sdegreeafterearningacertainnumberofcredits(120)infouryearsofcollege.Theothertwohigherdegreesaremaster’sdegreeanddoctor’sdegree.---Duringthe1970sand1980s,therewasatrendawayfromthetraditionalliberalarts.Manystudentswerechoosingmajorfieldsthatwouldpreparethemforspecificjobs.Butsomeobserversbelievethistrendtowardpre-professionalism(就业前就掌握娴熟技能)willbeendingandthatstudentsareswitchingbacktotraditionalareasofstudy.

---FactorsthatdeterminetheprestigeofaninstitutioninAmerica:---Qualityofteachingfaculty,andofresearchfacilities;---Amountoffundingavailableforlibraries,specialprograms,etc.---Thecompetenceandnumberofapplicantsforadmission.---Largeuniversitiesprovidestudentswith“mainframe”(大型机，主机)computer.---Largeuniversitiesattractstudentswithmodernlaboratories.

*ThereisnonationalcurriculumintheU.S.*About25%ofallschoolsofhighereducationinAmericaareprivatelyoperatedbyreligiousorganization.*TheStateuniversityonNewYorkhadmorethan60campusesindifferentpartsofthestate.Generalattainmentofdegrees/diplomas

Thisgraphicshowstheeducationalattainmentamongthepopulation,In2005,theproportionofthepopulationhavingfinishedhighschoolandthepercentageofthosehavingearnedBachelor'sdegreesremainedatanall-timehigh,whilethegrowthinbothcategorieshassloweddownoverthepasttwodecades.Thevastmajorityofthepopulation,84.6%,hadfinishedhighschoolandoveraquarter,27.2%,hadearnedaBachelor'sdegree.

V.PuritancontributiontoAmericaneducation

1.WhenPuritansfoundedtheMassachusettsBayColonyin1630,oneofthethingstheybelievedwasthateverypersonshouldbeabletoreadtheBible.2.Throughoutthecolonies,youngmenandwomencouldreceiveaneducationinreadingbybecominganapprenticeinasmallbusiness.3.Oneofthereservedpowerstothestategovernmentswastherightofeachstatetoprovidefortheeducationofitspeople.EducationintheUSwastoremaininthehandsofstateandlocalgovernments.

---1.In1634,theyopena“Latingrammar”school,aschoolforthosewhowantedtoprepareforcollege.---2.In1636,HarvardCollegewasfoundedforthetrainingofreligiousministers---3.In1634and1638,thePuritanspassedlawsdeclaringthatallpropertycouldbetaxedforthecommongood,whichincludedthesupportofschools.(清教徒制定的法律规定，所有的财产都要上税，用于支持公益项目，包括对学校的赞助

)

---4.In1642and1647,theBayColonypassedlawsrequiringallparentstoprovidereadingeducationfortheirchildren.

---5.Inlessthan20years,thePuritanintroducedtwopracticesthatstillinfluenceAmericanyouth:(1)compulsoryeducationforallchildren(2)publictaxationforschools

VI.theServicemen’sReadjustmentAct/GIBillofRights(军人重新安置法)

---waspassedin1944.Itwassoonpopularlycalledthe“GIBillofRights”.GIwasanicknamefortheAmericansoldier.Thenicknamecamefromtheabbreviationfor“GovernmentIssue”---theuniformsandotherarticle“issued”toasoldier.TheActpromisedfinancialaidforhighereducationtomembersofthearmedforces.

VII.Affirmativeactionprograms

肯定行动计划或平权法案

---werefirstadvocatedbysomecollegesinthe1960s.Thepurposeoftheprogramwastoequalizeeducationalopportunitiesforallgroupsandtomakeupforpastinequalitybygivingspecialreferencetomembersofminoritiesseekingjobsoradmissiontocollege.

Note:Non-traditionalstudents:studentswhohaveworkedforseveralyearsbeforestartingcollege,orstudentswhogotoschoolpart-timewhileholdingdoneajob.*AcademicExaminations

TherearemanyacademicexaminationsandplacementtestsusedintheUnitedStates.Mostoftheseexamsareusedtodeterminewhetheryouwillbeadmittedtoanacademicinstitution;othersareusedtodeterminethelevelofcoursesinwhichyoushouldenroll.TestofAdultBasicEducation(TABE)

TheTABEisaplacementtestthatmanyinstitutionsandorganizationsuseinordertoplacestudentsintheappropriatelevelforcoursessuchasliteracy,ESL(English-as-a-Second-Language),andGEDpreparationcourses.Alsosometimesusedforplacementinvocationalprograms.Formoreinformation,visitTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage(TOEFL)

TheTOEFLisatestthatmeasurestheabilityofnon-nativespeakersofEnglishtouseandunderstandNorthAmericanEnglishasitisusedincollegeanduniversitysettings.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitGeneralEducationalDevelopment(GED)TheGEDisanequivalencydiplomathatyoureceivebypassinganexamination.Bypassingtheexam,youshowthatyoupossesstheknowledgeandskillsoftheaveragepersonwhograduatesfromahighschoolintheUnitedStates.TheGEDisusuallynecessarytogainadmittancetoacollegeoruniversity,anditalsoimprovesyourchancesforhigherpayingemployment.Formoreinformation,visittheofficialGEDwebsiteatTexasHigherEducationAssessment(THEA)TheTHEAtestisrequiredbymostcollegesanduniversitiesinTexas.Theywilluseyourscorestodetermineifyouneeddevelopmentalcoursesornot.Itisgenerallyusedasaplacementtesttodeterminewhatlevelofcoursesyoushouldenrollinwhenyoubeginyourstudies.(*FormerlyknownastheTASPexamination.)Formoreinformation,visitScholasticAptitudeTest(SAT)TheSATisgenerallyusedbycollegesanduniversitiesinmuchthesamewayastheTHEA(formerlytheTASP);thedifferenceisthattheSATisusedthroughouttheUnitedStates,whiletheTHEAisonlyusedinthestateofTexas.Formoreinformation,visitGraduateRecordsExamination(GRE)TheGREisanexaminationthatisusedtodeterminewhetheryouwillbeadmittedtoapost-graduateprogramofstudyforaMaster’sdegreeorDoctorofPhilosophydegree.ThisexamistakenafteryouhavecompletedaBachelor’sdegree.Formoreinformation,visitPointsforConsiderationWhenapplyingtoacollegeoruniversity,itisveryimportanttomakesurethattheydonotclassifyyouasan“internationalstudent”duringtheapplicationprocess.Iftheydo,yourtuitionratewillbemuchmoreexpensive.Asarefugee,orasylee,youareentitledtoregular“resident”tuitionratesafterlivinginHoustonforoneyearandpayingtaxesonyouremploymentincome.Alwaysseekadvicefromacademiccounselorsatcollegesanduniversitiesbeforemakingeducationaldecisions.Ifyouneedassistancewithlocatingsuchpeople,pleasecall___at___.ScholarshipsScholarshipsareanotherformoffinancialaidtoassiststudentswithtuitioncosts.Scholarshipsaregenerallyofferedbyprivatefoundationsandorganizations,andyoumustcompetewithotherapplicantstoobtainthefunds.Theamountofmoneyavailablethroughscholarshipsvariesgreatly,fromaslittleasaone-timeawardof$100toonesthatpayforyourentirecollegeeducation.Applyingforscholarshipscanbeaverytime-consumingtaskbecauseyoumustdoalotofresearchtofindonesforwhichyouqualify.Manyscholarshipsareofferedonlytospecificgroupsofpeoplebasedoncertaincharacteristics,suchasacademicsubjectinterest,religiousaffiliation,“race”,ethnicity,socio-economicclass,etc.

FinancialAidFinancialassistancetopayfortuitionisavailablefromthefederalgovernment.Theamountyouareeligiblefordependsonmanyfactors,butprimarilyonhowmuchincomeyouearnatyourjob.Federalstudentaidisavailableinthefollowingforms:grants;subsidizedloans;unsubsidizedloans;andwork-study.Inordertoapplyforthesefunds,youmustcompletetheFAFSA(FreeApplicationforFederalStudentAid).Youcanobtaintheapplicationfromfinancialaidofficesatcollegesanduniversities,oryoucancompleteiton-lineat

JOINTHEMOVEMENT,MAKEADIFFERENCEthevoice:“AStrongAmericaDependsonStrongSchools!”“AsOurSchoolsGo,soGoesOurCountry!”

HowdoyouthinkaboutAmericaranksinscienceeducationamong30developedcountries?Americaranks21st.Ourschoolsarefallingbehind.Ourchildren’sopportunityaredryingup.Oureconomyissuffering…PartVClassexercisesExercisesⅠ

I.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:

1.Criticsoftheaffirmativeactionprogramsareoftheopinionthatthisresultsinreversediscriminationandinequality.()

2.TheServicemen'sReadjustmentAct,orGIBillofRights,gaveveteranspriorityinfindingbetterjobs.()

3.NowadaysmanystudentsinAmericanuniversitiesgetdegreesthatareaimedatpreparingthemspecificallyforcertainprofessions.()

4.LiberalArtsusedtomeanartsandskillsforfreehumans,notslaves,inthetimeofRomanEmpire.()TFFT

5.Accordingtotheauthor,largeruniversitiesarealwaysbetter,andmoredesirableuniversitiesarealwaysmoreexpensive.()

6.Ittakesatleastfouryearstogetabachelor'sdegreefromaninstitutionofhigherlearningintheUS.

()7.SegregatingblacksintoseparateschoolswasunconstitutionalafterthedecisionoftheSupremeCourtin1954.

()

8.HarvardCollegewasoriginallyfoundedtotraingovernmentofficials.()

FTTFII.Choosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowing.

1.WhichofthefollowingsubjectsareNOTofferedtoelementaryschoolstudents?

(a)Mathematicsandlanguages.(b)Politicsandbusinesseducation.(c)Scienceandsocialstudies.(d)Music