学习知识InterpersonalFunction人际功能

学习知识InterpersonalFunction人际功能ContentsNotionsofHalliday’sInterpersonalFunctionInterpersonal

FunctiononaddresstermsInterpersonal

FunctiononmoodsystemInterpersonal

FunctiononmodalitysystemNotionsofInterpersonalFunctionAccordingtoHalliday,therearethreemeta-functionsineverylanguagesystem.Oneofthemiscalledinterpersonalfunction(IPforshort).IPfunctionsalotinestablishingandmaintainingthesocialrelationshipsbetweenspeakersthroughouttheuseoflanguageindailylife.Hallidayobserved“Here,speakerisusinglanguageasthemeansofhisownintrusionintothespeechevent:theexpressionofhiscomments,attitudesandevaluations,andalsooftherelationshipthathesetsupbetweenhimselfandthelistener-inparticularthecommunicationrolethatheadopts,ofinforming,questioning,greeting,persuading,andthelike(Halliday,1973:333).Thefunctionisthemeaningpotentialofthespeakerasanintruder.Throughthefunction,thespeakermakeshimselfparticipateinacertaincontextofsituationandexpresseshisopinions,attitudesandevaluationsandalsoattemptstoexertinfluenceonothers’attitudeandbehavior.Inaddition,thefunctionshowstherolerelationshiprelatedtothesituation,includingcommunicativerolerelationshipbetweenquestionerandanswerer,informeranddoubter,andsoon.Inotherwords,theinterpersonalfunctionincommunicationnotonlyrealizesthespeaker’sattitudes,hisorherrole,status,pointofview,intentionandjudgment,butalsoinfluencesthereceivers’pointofviewandactions.therelationshipbetweenthespeakersandthehearersisdynamic.Halliday’sresearchontheinterpersonalfunctionwasmainlycarriedoutfromtheperspectiveofmood,modalityandintonation.Halliday’sModelofInterpersonalFunction

InterpersonalInteractional-Mood

Attitudinalmodalitymodalizationmodulation

(Evaluativedevices)TheRealizationsofInterpersonalFunction

InterpersonalFunctiononmoodsystemThedefinitionofmoodofferedbyThompson(2000:42)isthatitexpressestheentitythatthespeakerwantstomakeresponsibleforthevalidityandfortheprepositionbeingadvancedintheclause.Moodis“theselectionbythespeakerofaparticularroleinthespeechsituation”andhisdeterminationofthechoiceofrolesfortheaddressee(Halliday,1994:33).Weshouldmakeitclearwhatthespeechroleis,andinso,doingassignstothelisteneracomplimentaryrole,whichhewisheshimtoadoptinhisturn.Theinterpersonalfunctionofmoodisstronglylinkedtospeechrole.Duringthespeakingroleforhimself,andthecomplementaryoneforhelistener.Moodconsistsoftwoparts,thesubjectandthefiniteelement.Thesubjectismainlyexpressedbyanominalgroup,itcanbeanoun,anounphrase,oraclause.Forexle:(1)Changeswerejustgettingunderway.(2)ArisingChinawillfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity.(3)Thatweareinthemidstofcrisisisnowwellunderstood.Thefiniteelementisoneofasmallnumberofverbaloperators,expressingtense(e.g.do,was),ormodality(will,may).Forexle:Theroadaheadwillbelong,orclimbwillbesteep...wewillgetthere(Nov04,2008Chicago)TherearethreetypesofmoodinEnglish:thedeclarativemood,theinterrogativemoodandtheimperativemood.UsuallywhenpeopleuseLanguagetostatetheiropinions,theymayusethedeclarativeclause;whentheywanttogetinformationfromotherpeople,theymayadopttheinterrogativeclause;andwhentheyarewillingtooffersomethingtocommandsomeonetodocertainthingsforthem,theymostnaturallyuseimperativeclausetoexpresstheirspeechroles.However,moodchoicesandspeechrolesdonotalwayscoincidewitheachother.SpeechfunctionandmoodtypesSpeechfunctionMoodTypesStatementdeclarativeQuestionInterrogativeCommandImperativeOfferModulatedinterrogativeindicativedeclarative(togiveinformation)yes/noquestionmoodInterrogativeWH-question(todemandaresponseoranswertothequestionbyinterrogativemood)Imperative(whileofferforgoods&services)InterpersonalfunctiononmodalitysystemAccordingtoHalliday,modalityisaformofparticipationbythespeakerinthespeechevent.Itisbelievedthateachfiniteverbaloperatorhastwoforms,whichcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.Theintermediatedegreeswhichconstruestheregionofuncertaintythatliesbetween“yes”and“no”.Throughmodality,thespeakercanindicatehisorherstatusandvalidityinhisorherownjudgment,heorsheintrudesandtakesupaposition.Modalitythusderivesfromwhatwecallthe“interpersonal”functionofthemodalizationandmodulation.Modalityisimportantinthatitshowsthespeaker‘sjudgmentoftheprobabilitiesortheobligationsinvolvedinwhatheissaying.Modalitysystemspecifieswhetherthespeakerisindicatingprobability,usuality,obligationandinclination,showsspeaker’suncertainty.<1>modalizationAccordingtoThompson,modalitycanbeclassifiedintotwobasictypes:modalizationandmodulation.Ifthecommoditybeingexchangedisinformation,themodalityrelatestohowvalidtheinformationisintermsofprobability,suchaspossibly,probablyandcertainly(howlikelyitistobetrue)orusuality,suchassometimes,usually,always(howfrequentlyitistrue).Itisthespeaker’sjudgmentofthelikelihoodoftheproposition.Modalitycanbemainlyrealizedbydifferentmodalmeanssuchasmodaloperator,modaladjunct,modallexicalverb,thecombinationofmodaladjunctandmodaloperator.Amongthemanyvariantsofthedifferentmodaloperators,Hallidayjustpickedoutsomemostfamiliarandfrequently-usedonestodemonstratetheirvaluesinhigh,median,andlowscales:ValuesofmodalOperatorsLowMedianHighPositivemaymightwillwouldmustoughttocancouldshallshouldneedhastoistoNegativedareneedn’tis/wastohas/hadtodoesn’twon’tmustn’toughtn’ttoDidn’tneedtowouldn’tmayn’tmightn’thavetoshouldn’tisn’tcan’tcouldn’thadn’tWasn’tHasn’t

Hallidayholdsthatbothprobabilityandusualitycanbeexpressedinthesamethreeways.(a)byafinitemodaloperatorintheverbalgroup,e.g.will,may,can,must,would,could.ThatwillbeJohn.(b)byamodaladjunctofprobabilityorusuality,e.g.possible,probable,certain,orsometimes,That’sprobablyJohn.(c)usually,always.(d)bybothtogether.E.g.Wesometimesbethewinner.ThatwillprobablybeJohn.<2>modulationIfthecommodityisgoods&services,themodalityrelatestohowconfidentthespeakercanbeintheeventualsuccessoftheexchange.Itisthespeaker’sjudgmentofthedesirabilityoftheproposition.Incommands,thisconcernsthedegreeofobligation(suchasallowedto,supposedto,requiredto)ontheotherpersontothedegreeofwillingnessorinclination(suchaswillingto,anxiousto,determinedto)ofthespeakertofulfilltheoffer.Hallidayagainholdsthatbothobligationandinclinationcanbeexpressedineitheroftwoways.(a)byafinitemodaloperator,e.g.should,must,can,need,haveto.(b)byanexpansionofthepredicatoras(I)typicallybyapassiveverb,e.g.Allowed,supposed,required.Youaresupposedtoknowthat.And(II)typicallybyanadjective,e.g.I’manxioustoknowthat.Typesofmodality(GeoffThompson,1996)TypesofmodalityModalization(information)probability:Thechildmightbehers.Indicativetypeusuality:Sheoftenwentthere.Modulation(goods&services)obligation:Youshouldgonow.Imperativetypeinclination:I’llgiveyouahand.ExleTommustbeinschool.(meanprobability,realizemodalization)Tommustgotoschool.(meanobligation,realizemodulation)Tomwillgotoschool,(meaninclination,realizemodulation)Tommaybeinschool.(meanusuality,realizemodalization)Degreesofmodality

probabilityusualityobligationinclinationHighcertainalwaysrequireddeterminedMedianprobableusuallysupposedkeenLowpossiblesometimesallowedwillingE.g.Tommustwriteverylongsentences.Tommaywriteverylongsentences.Tommightwriteverylongsentences.I’msureTomwritesverylongsentences.(subjective)Ithink/supposeTomwritesverylongsentences.(subjective)Iguess/reckonTomwritesverylongsentences.(subjective)Itiscertain/probable/possible…(objective)InterpersonalFunctiononaddresstermsBroadlyspeaking,addresstermsincludevocatives(directaddressesandcalls)andaddressesforintroducingone’sstatusandtitleindirectly.Beingabletoshowthesocialrolesbetweenspeakerandhearer,addresstermsarecloselyrelatedtointerpersonalfunctionoflanguage.Addresstermsareacommonmeansforpeopletoidentifythemselveswithlanguage.Differentaddresstermscanclearlyindicatedifferentrolesindifferentsituations.Byemployingaddressterms,thespeakeridentifiestheroleofhimaswellasrevealingtheirrelationship.Thechoiceofaddresstermsisdecidedbythestatusofthespeakerinthespeechinteraction.Throughthechoiceofaddressterms,thespeakerrecognizeshisexistenceandthatofthehearers.Appropriatechoiceofaddresstermscanshowthespeaker’srespecttoclarifyhisownstandandhisattitudetowardshishearers.Apurposefulchoiceofaddresstermsinaspecificcontextcanbeaclueforthestudyoftheattitudethespeakeradaptstothehearersandalsotherelationshipbetweenthem.Itissubjecttovariousrestrictionsofcontextualfactors.Aparticularformofaddresstermsmayindicatesolidarityorpower.请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容“Comehere,MissJane:yournameisJane,isitnot?”“Yes,sir,JaneEyre.”(CharlotteBronte:JaneEyre)

addresstermsshowaddresser’sfeelingsandattitude.addresstermsisanimportantapproachtoharmonizeinterpersonalrelations(AsceneonapublicstreetincontemporaryUS)“What’syourname,boy?”thepolicemanasked.“Dr.Poussaint,I’maphysician.”“What’syourfirstname,boy?”“Alvin.”(Ervin_Tripp,1972)1234

addresstermsmarktheintimacydegreebetweenthespeakersandthehearersAnn:Idon’tcareifitspilledornot!Idon’tcareifdrowninit!Servant:Mydear,youareill.IwillsendforDr.Bonnachoven…Ann:Leaveme,leaveme!Servant:It’snervous.Controlyourself,Ann.Ann:Idon’twantto.Servant:YourHighness.IwillgetdoctorBonnachoven.(Americanfilm:RomeHolidays)

addresstermsrevealthesocialstatusandrolerelationshipbetweenthespeakersandthehearers.General:YourRoyalHighness.Twenty-fourhours.Theycan’tallbeblank...WhatexplanationamItooffertheirMajesties?...Ma‘am,justasYourRoyalHighnesshasherduty.Anne:YourExcellency,Itrustyouwillnotfinditnecessarytousethatwordagain.(Americanfilm:RomeHolidays)

5Addresstermsreflectagentivebehaviors.shemethiseyesdirectly.“whatareyoutalkingabout?”“Don’tplaygames,lady.Thisisforreal.”hetookoutofafreshcigarandbitofftheend,“yousawthepapers.Therehasbeenplentyonradio,too.”(