语料库研究方法概述

选题、设计与方法

Putitaltogether李文中中国外语教育研究中心2012语料库不是人学的，正则表达式不是女人学的。

Corpus-driven

isbasicallycorpusbased.Anycorpus-basedresearchisnecessarilydrivenbycorpusdata.目标：通过语料库分析和研究：验证假设、直觉获得新发现建立新的假设构建新的理论验证已有的发现解决难题创新：数据方法技术解读/理论/视角√新√√√√√√√√√√基于语料库方法是一种验证程序语料库驱动方法是一种发现程序理据：任何感知都是推断Anyperceptionisbutinferencing.worldofrealityworldoftextEinsteinGulfUnbridgeable眼耳鼻舌身意色声香味触法学问思辨行文本基本步骤：确定题目提出问题确定总体和样本选择工具处理数据描述结果：分类、总结特征（description）解释结果：观察、描述、解释（explanation）解读结果：意义、价值、应用（interpretation）IdentifyingaproblemSomethingorphenomenon:outofexpectationIncongruentNeedasolutionpuzzlingReadingtobebetterinformedWhathasbeendoneascontributionWhathasbeenleftundoneWhathasbeendonewrongNevercountsomeoneelse’smoney.FormulatingresearchquestionsNaming:whatis…Classificatory:Howaretheyinterrelated(patterned)?Explanatory:towhatextentdotheyco-occur?Predictive:Whatwillhappenif…?Neveraskaquestiontowhichyoualreadyknowtheanswer；neverask'howto'questionFindingamethodPopulationSampleSamplingP(population)S(Sample)R(Result)I(Interpretation)SamplingvalidityreliabilityValidityGeneralizabilityIFPSSRRITHEN IPDescriptiveresearchsingletexttextvs.textpeoplevs.textResearchquestionsHowmanydifferentwordformsareusedinthetext?Howmanyrunningwordsareused?Whatistheirdistribution?Towhatextentcanthelevelofdifficultyofthetextbecomputedonthebasisofthegradedwordlists?Howmanydifferentwordclassesareused?Whatisthenumberofeachwordclass?MethodToanswerRQ1,generateawordlistofthegiventextandobserve:ThenumberoftypesThenumberoftokensthetype/tokenratio(TTR)Ifthetextisverylarge,standardizetheTTRthetypesandtheirfrequencycumulativepercentageToanswerRQ2,computethewordlistagainstabatchofgradedwordlists,andobserve:HowmanytypesonLevel1,2,and3listsareusedinthetext?Andwhatistheirpercentage?Whatabouttheirtokens?Howmanytypesthatarenotonanylistareusedinthetext?Summarizetheirfeatures.ToanswerRQ3,retrieveeachwordclassfromthePOStaggedtext,andsortthemonfrequencyindecreasingorderRetrieveallthenouns,verbs,andadjectivesSortthelistInstrumentsUseAntconc3.0togeneratethewordlist;UseRange

tocompareandcontrastthewordlistagainstabatchofgradedwordlists;UsePowerGreptoretrievethewordclassfromthePOStaggedtext;ExplanatoryresearchinterrelationshipbetweenwordsIRbetweenphraseologiesIRbetweengenresResearchonrelationship:shapedirectionstrengthResearchquestionsWhatarethewordsthatareuniquetothetextintermsofitssubjectmatter?Towhatextentarethesewordsrelatedtothesubject/topicofthetext?Whatpatternsofrelationshipsexistamongthekeywords?MethodCompare&contrastthewordlist(oftheobservedtextorcorpus)againstthewordlistofthereferencetextorcorpus(larger);Observeandgroupthewordswithinaclassificationframework;InstrumentsAntconc3.0OtherapplicationsLiteraryanalysisAutomaticsummarizationResearchonwordusesObjectives:Observethecollocatesofaword;Studyitspatternsofuses;Studyitsmeaningsassociatedwithitspatternsofuses;StudythesemanticprosodyofitsmeaningResearchquestionsWhatwordscollocatewiththeSearchWord?Whatisthestrengthofthecollocability?WhatisthepatternoftheSW?Andwhatisitssemanticpreference?Whatisthesemanticprosodyofthepattern?MethodSearchtheword(KW,SW,orNodeWord)asKWIC;Observeitscollocatesandtheirwordclasses;Observethemeaningthatisassociatedwiththepattern;Observeitssemanticprosody;InstrumentsAntconc3.0ConcordanceSort:Level1,Level2,Level3FrequencycountCollocatesSortSortPOStagsResearchonchunksObjectives:Toretrievethemultiwordsequences;Toexaminetheinternalstructureofsuchsequences;Toobtainthesequencesuniquetoaspecifictext;ResearchquestionsWhatmultiwordsequences(intermsofn-gram)arefoundinthegiventext?Howarethesesequencesstructuredintermsoflexicalgrammaticalpattern?Howisthemessageconveyedassociatedwiththeoverallstructureofthesequences?MethodSegmentthetextandgenerateabatchoflistsofmultiwordsequences(ofvariouslengths);Observethestructureoftheretrievedn-gramsandexaminetheirregularities;Studythesemanticandpragmaticfeatures;InstrumentsKfngramWordsmithToolsv3.0PowerGrep3.5ResearchonparalleltextsObjectives:Toobservehowthesourcetextwastranslatedintothetargettext;Toobservetheprobabilityofthetranslationunitsandcorrespondingunitsfoundinthetext;Tostudythedynamicsofthetranslationofagivencommunity;ResearchquestionsWhattranslationunitscanbefoundintheparalleltexts?Whatcorrespondingunitscanbefoundinthetexts?Whatarethedistributionalfeaturesofthecorrespondingunitsoftheidenticalgenre;MethodObservetheparalleltexts(orconstructthecorpora);Retrievetheunitsfocused;Examinethecontextofsuchunits;Observetheirpatterns;InstrumentsParalleltextsParallelconcordancerCorrespondingunitsdatabaseContrastiveStudiesObjectives:todogenreanalysistodeterminethedifficultylevelofatexttoobservehowatextisbiasedagainstitsreadersintermsofeventpresentationandevaluationtocompareabatchofwordlistswiththegradedwordlistsResearchquestions:Whatgenrefeaturescanbeidentifiedforaparticulargenretext,intermsoflexis,patterns,andtextualorganization?Howdifficultisatext?Isitaproperinputtextforthestudentsattheirpresentcompetence?Whatcontrastivefeaturesaredisplayedinthepointofview,tone,judgementofthetext?Howdothesefeaturesaffectthereaders?Howtodeterminethevocabulary