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初中语法经典讲解

1.宾语从句:1.主句若是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况用适当时态。Hesays(that)hew川haveawalk

soon.

Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.

Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.

2.主句若是一般过去时,从句也要用过去时。

HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.

ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.

3.无论主句是何时态,从句若表客观真理,要用一般现在时。

Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.

4宾语从句无论有何引导词,都要用陈述句语序。

CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?(不是willyou)

Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)

2.状语从句:1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等,则if(如果),unless(除非),

when(当..的时候),assoonas(—..就…),before,after,until,till,as(当..的时候)所引导的状语从

句用一般现在时。

Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.

IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.

Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.

2而主句若是一般过去时,从句也要用过去时,如:

IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.

Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.

Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.

3.定语从句:关系代词who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必须跟有名词,

既指人,也可指物。关系词作生语时,不可省略,作宾语时可省略。whom只指人,只作宾语。关系副词

where指“在那里",when指“在那时”。

Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautiIandkind-hearted.

Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.

Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所属)

Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.

Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.(指物)

Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.

Ipreferaplacewherelcanliveaquietlife.(在这儿)

Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.

4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句.

IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.

IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.

Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.

2八(^3接10€10sth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.

Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.

Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.

5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.

(表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢,后无补充的结果。)

Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn*tmakesuchmistakes.

(表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事,出现了后面的结果。)

6.感官动词用法之一:see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel^ii|,后接宾语,再接动词原形/动词

ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时,以上的词也常跟动词原形。

IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正进行)

Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程)

Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(频率词)

若以上词用于被动语态,后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式:

Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.一

Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.

7.感官动词用法之二:look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词,后接形容词。Helooks.Itsounds

good.TheflowerssmellbeautiI.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.

这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。

注意:如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词,而接名词或代词:

Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.

Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.

8.find和think部分用法:+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从)

宾补有以卜,情况:1.名词短语,Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.

2.形容词短语,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.

3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.

9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want类似:◊都可接名词短语:Iwouldlike/want

anotherthreedesks.◊都可接带to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.◊都可接

sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.

2feellike:◊后也可接名词短语:Doyoufeellikesometea?

◊后若接动词,须用动词ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon'tfeellikedrinkingtea.

【feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】

10.词序易错的短语:1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词,形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousin

thefridge?

Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.

Iwanttogosomewherewarm.

2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词,也放在后面。

Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?

Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?

3enough修饰形容词和副词,enough放在后面。

Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.

Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.

11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别:1Whatdoyouthinkof...?=

Howdoyoulike…?"你对..怎么看?"(How...?句中有like,是动词。)2What'stheweatherlike

in...?=Howistheweatherin..?'..的天气什么样?”(What...?句中有like,是介词“像)

12.take,cost,pay,spend区别:

1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.

Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.

2物+cost+sb+钱:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan,(cost,cost,cost)

若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是":Thebagcosts30Yuan.

3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay

后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)

4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.

Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.

Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.

spend有时可指“度过”:spendholiday/weekends/winter

13.双宾结构:pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/

ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth.

其4」pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.

buy,build等可接sth+forsb.

另外,若sth是代词时,不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.

14.部分词作连词与介词:(连词接句子,介词接名词或代词)

KeepcareIwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(连词)

KeepcareIwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介词)

类似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。

如:I'llwaituntilIhearfromher.(连词)

I'llwaituntilnextFriday.(介词)

15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:1.动词ed作形容词:表示被动或已发生,常作定语。Theboy

namedPeterismyfriend.

那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用,卜.同。

He'seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft.

IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。

Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.

2.动词ing作形容词:表示正进行或功能,常作定语。

theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthe

corner(正进行)

asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)

16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二:和心理感受有关,但ed修饰人,ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprised

athiswords.

Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.

17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语:

Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.

Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.

Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(谓语用单数)

Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数)

Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(谓语用复数)

18.later/after/ago/before:1later"..时间后”结构:时间段+later

常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.

(later单独在句尾,常用于将来时:「IIseeyoulater.)

2after"..时间后”结构:after+时间段,常用于一般过去时,和1相同°TheywenttoBeijingafterfive

days.

(after也可力口句子:「IIsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.He

foundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.)

3ago”..时间前”结构:时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeks

ago.

(since+时间段+ago,主句用现在完成时)

4before单独放在句尾,常用现在完成时:“以前”

IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.

(若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时,译为时间前.”:

Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheprobleman

hourbefore.)

19.四季:spring#;summerM;autumn秋;winter冬;season季

20.月:January,一月;February,二月;March,三月;April,四月;

May,五月;June,六月:July,七月;August,八月;September,九

月;October,十月;November,H^一月;December,十二月。

21.星期:Sunday,星期日;Monday,星期一:Tuesday,星期二;

Wednesday,星期三;Thursday,星期四;Friday,星期五;

Saturday,星期六。Sunday为第一天,Saturday为最后一天。

22.“也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有

逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。

注意:后三个词都不用于否定句。

23.带t。不定式用法之一:带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时,to后动词用及物动词,不及物时需加介词。

Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolive

in.

24.(a)little/(a)few:1few,little“几乎没有;少”否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名

词。2afew“一些”肯定词,加可数名词复数;alittle"一些;一点”也是肯定词,加不可数名词。3另外,

在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/a

little译为“很多”

25.及物动词+副词:puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down;

turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;try

out/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;hand

in/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;

keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);

takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off

宾语是名词时,可放在中间或后边,是代词时只放在中间。

26.as...as用法:1和.・・一样...Hisroomisasbigasmine.

HerunsasfastasI/me.2as..aspossible/sbcan”尽可能...”

Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listentotheteacheras

carefullyyoucan.3有些短语有几个意思:assoonas和…一样快;一..就…;asmuchas

和…一样多:多达:aslongas和…一样长:长达:只要:aswellas和…一样好:和…一样:asfar

as远达;就..来说;

27.prefer用法:prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…

prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…

prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事

28.some-,any-,every■用法:1some,某〜,一些〜”,用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomething

totellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或

建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?What

aboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某〜,

・些〜"Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中译为“任

何〜“Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinthe

class.Wedon*thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每〜”,强调所有,既包括此也

包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,

andthewaterwenteverywhere.

29.动词时态和形式:人个时杰一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shaH/be

goingto+动词原形)、•般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过

去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)六个形式:原形:过去

式;过去分词;第三人称单数(力口s/es);现在分词(v.ing);带t。不定式。

30.if/whether区别:if如果(引导条件状从)/是否(引导宾从)

whether无论(引导让步状从)/是否(引导宾从)

都译为“是否”时,whether可接ornot,也可接带to不定式。

if则不可。另外,if可接any•单词,常不接some-单词。

Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.

31.因为:because,常是对why的回答,语气最强。

since,位置:Since...,....Sinceifsalreadylate,Imustgonow.

for,位置:…,for.…语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit'ssnowing,

as有时也指“因为”,用法基本无限制。

32.表推测:must,may,might,can,could,can't

must“一定”,可能性最大,常用于肯定句。

Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.

may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。

Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.

can/could"可能"could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。

Youcouldberight,butIdon'tthinkyouare.

Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan'tbetherenow.

33.so与such区别:so是副词,后跟形容词/副词,sotall/slowly...

such是形容词,后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews...;

suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone...;

suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies...;

若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时,不用such,而用so.

somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater...

也常有“so/such..that...”句型,译为“如此…以致于…”。

34.S。的另两个用法:1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语,“…也”

上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.

Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.

以及对话形式:A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.

2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词,“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchat

school.B:Soyoudo.

又如:A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.

35.neither7nor用法之一:neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语

“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn'tgetwell,nordidherbrother.

或对话形式:A:Jimhasn,thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.

36.keep,make,get,have用法:

1keep+sb/sthdoingsth"让...•直做..."I'msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.keep+

doingsth“坚持做某事”

2make+sb/sthdosth让..做某事111trytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.Ifeel

sorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.

3get+sb/sthtodosth.让..做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.

4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词

Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.

我们让那台机器一直工作着。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器(让那台机器

被修理了)。

5也都可接形容词:keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,

makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.

37.used短语:usedto+动原,“过去常常"Heusedtosmoke.

beusedto译为“被用来…”,后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings.

beusedto译为“习惯于…”,后接动词ing或名词/代词.

如:He'susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.

beusedfor+Fl的(名词或动词ing)如:

Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.

38.through/past/across:都可作介词,“穿过”前常有位移动词。

Hedimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.

Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.

Heswamacrosstheriver,【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。]

位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.

39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数量”;后者“许多的”

都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语,谓语用单数:后者作主语,谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesis

twothousand.用单数is.

Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.

40.延续性动词:Howlong,since,for,(以上见84)until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延

续性动词。

HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I'velivedheresince2002.

Lefswaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词:

Ihaven*tseenyouforalongtime.

41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:

1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数,谓语也用复数。Allofthewateris

polluted.若接不可数,谓语用单数。

2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数,

后谓语都用单数。

3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。

4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.

none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88

5-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?

-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数0

6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?

-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./

neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。

all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每・个”/“没有一个"。both/either/neither两者中

“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个”

42.计量表达法:数量+单位+形容词。

Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.

Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.

若计量表达的后面跟有名词,则要用连字符,单位不用复数。

Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.

It'sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.

Ifsatwo-monthholiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)

43.MustI/MayI/NeedI...?用法:1MustI…?我必须..吗?

A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.

2MayI…?我可以..吗?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?

B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn't/can't.

3NeedI…?我有必要…吗?

A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.

44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字,不力口s及。f.否贝U力口s,力口of.如:

thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.

ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不力口s和of:several

millionpounds

45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语,QT主语用it.

Somethingiswrong,isn'tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?

2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can'tshe?

Idon'tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?

QT要结合think后的从句而定。

3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let's…用shallwe?

Getupnow,willyou?Don'tbenoisy,willyou?

Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedonsttalk,willyou?

Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let*sdoitnow,shallwe?

4Therebe句型,QT主语用there.

Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn'tthere?

ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn'tthere?

Therewon'tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?

46.puton,wear,dress,in:1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行为,是短暂动词。Youshouldputon

yourcoatwhenyouleave.

2wear,“穿,穿着”后接物,表状态,是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter.

Zllikewearingbeautifulclothes.

3dress,"给...穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.

Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.

bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。

Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表颜色的词。

4in,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物,表状态,是介词,不可作谓语,可作状语°Thewomaninawhite

skirtismyteacher.

Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?I'veseentheboyinyellow.

47.虚拟语气部分用法:在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气,即if从句中用一般过去时,而主句动词用

would/should+动词原形,表示与现在相反的主观设想,也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小

的情况。(注意:虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.)

Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)

IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)

48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:

1如果不特定指出哪•个,是泛指,“另•个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,

youmayhaveanothercupoftea.(没特定指出哪一杯茶,是泛指。cup是单数。)

another也可+数字+可数复数:Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanother

sixdesks.

2如果只有两个或只有两部分,就给出了范围,其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.),有如卜.

用法:

第一种,所说内容只有两个:

Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodat

science.【只有两个,用theother,不加s,后面名词可省略。】Xin:Thispairofshoesisstrange.

Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.这双鞋子很怪,一只蓝色,而另一只绿色。

第二种,只有两部分:此种情况卜theother后接可数名词复数,或不接名词而只在theother后加

s.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/the

othersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.(其他孩子都留下了。)

3如果没有显示出只有两部分,未给出范围,则是泛指,不加the.

LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.

Haveyouanyotherquestions?

Alicedidn'tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.

4other的另一用法:用比较级的形式,体现最高级的含义。

Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(划线中boy用单数)=

Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(划线中boy用复数)

他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的)。

49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlong

istheriver?-Ifs5,000kilometerslong.

Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.

2howoften是对频率提问,如:never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twice

aday,threetimesayear,everyday等。

HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.

【若只有次数,则用howmanytimes提问:

HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.]

3howsoon是对“in+时间段”提问:

HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.

4howfar是对时间段's+walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。

-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?

-Fiveminutes'walk./Anhour'sride./Thirteenminutes*drive.

或者说:Ifsabout20kilometers(far)away.(问和回答不同°)

50.分数表达:二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:

halfanhour=ahalfhour半小时It'shalfpastseven.(省略冠词)

以下情况中,分子(基数词)若超过一,分母(序数词)需加S:

三分之•:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds

四分之一:a/onefourtha/onequarter

四分之三:threefourthsScthreequarters.

五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它类推。

若分数所在of短语作主语,谓语依of后的名词而定:

Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名词复数时,谓用复)Twofifthsofthelandis

polluted.(指不可数时,谓用单)

51.到达:1getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China

接地点副词时,不带to.getthere/home/here.

2arrivein+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地点(school/hospital),arrive只作不及

物动词。所以也可单独用:Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.

reach只作及物动词,后直接加地点:reachBeijing/England

但常不说reachhome/there/here.

52.感叹句:What+名词短语+主语+谓语!

Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!

Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity•

How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!

Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!

Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!

53.because/instead/out等与加of的区别:

1because后接句子,becauseof接名词或代词。

Hedidn'tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.

2instead是副词,单独在句尾。insteadof还要接名词或代词。

Wedidn*thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.

3out副词,可单独用,但若接地点,先加of.(也可作介词,

“向…外”,可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)

Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.

54.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:

muchtoo“过尸,加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等。

toomuch“太多的”,加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。

toomany“太多的",加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等0

55.alone/lonely:lalone,“独自一人;单独”不含感情色彩。

可当形容词,但只在系动词后作表语:Jackisalone.杰克是单身。

Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。

可当副词,修饰动词:Shelivesalone.她独居。

Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗?

Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。

(注意:不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.是特例)

2lonely,“孤独的;寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。

可在系动词后作表语:Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。

Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚,但感到孤独。(lonely和心理感受有

关,而alone和心理感受无关。)

也可在名词前作定语:alonelyperson一位孤独的人

alonelyvillage•个偏僻的村庄(alone不可作定语)

56.belongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(人)

Thissuitismine/Lucy's/mybrother's/hers.(某物是某人的)

57.by常见用法:1“通过"1studyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitby

lookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.

2“截止到"Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?

Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.

3“被"ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.

4“经过"Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.

5”在..…旁边”Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.

58.部分用in的短语:inEnglish,inagoodway,inahurry,

inpen/ink(见105),intheday(见92),indifferentsizes,

indifferentshapes,inadifficultsituation,ingoodhealth,

inaredcoat/inred(见46),instyle,intheopenair(露天场所)

59.比较级与最高级部分要点:1不规则形式或易错形式:

much/many-*more-*mostbad/badly/ill-*worse-*worst

far^farther/further-*farthest/furthestlittle-*less^least

few—fewer—fewestold-*older/elder-oldest/eldest

以ly结尾的形容词常把・ly换成-lier/-liest.

2常见比较级/最高级句型:Herunsfasterthanme.(有than)

Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(参照48)

Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某个范围内)

Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).(两者,此句型中加the)

Heisthetallestofthethree(boys).(三者)

Whichisbetter,teaormilk?(两者选择)

Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?(三者选择)

lt*sthesecondlongestriverinChina.(序数词后用最高级。)

3“越来越…”比较级+and+比较级

Hecriedharderandharder.Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.

类彳以:biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter

/strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse...

另一种情况:moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefully/…

4"越…,越...”“the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头,倒装。

ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.

Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.

Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.

5"越来越多的…"moreandmore+名词

Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.

Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water...

6”...得多"much+形容词/副词比较级

Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.

类彳以:muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better...

以及:muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious...

7"另外的…(个)...”结构:数量+more+名词

onemoretowel,threemoresuits,manymoretiles,

muchmoretruth,somemoremeat,alotmorewood,

alittlemoreexperience,oncemore=onemoretime=again.

这种结构有时也可用another+数字+名词替代:

fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees(记住词的位置)

60.talk,tell,say,speak:1talk只作不及物动词。

Don*ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?

Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?

(talkwith/tosbtalkaboutsth)

2tell只作及物动词,“告诉:讲”。常接双宾结构。

Mr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.Whotoldyouthenews?

3say必须接有内容。PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.

“Idisagreewithyou.MsaidTom.Whatwillyousay?

say若接sb,则需先加to:Imustsaysorrytoyou.

“Ioversleptthismorning.Mhesaidtome.

4speak“说话”不及物动词.Hespoketoofastformetofollow.

接人时先加介词to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?

可表说话的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.

Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan'tspeak.

”演讲,发言"Whowillspeakinthemeeting?

“说”可作及物动词。

61osometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:

sometimes:“有时”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.

sometimes:“几次havebeentoNanjingsometimes.

sometime:“某一时刻boughtitsometimelastspring.

Wellmeetagainsometimenextweek.

sometime:“一段时间”Wehavetostayhereforsometime.

62.need的用法:1need可当情态动词(和can等用法类似,但need只用于疑问句或否定句中):

NeedIgonow?(need在一般疑问句的开头)Ineedn'ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在

need后加not)【当情态动词时,need无时态变化。】

2need可当行为动词(和want等用法类似):

Heneedsabike.(后可直接力口名词)

Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后接带to不定式)

Doyouneedtohavearest?(一般疑问句中do,does,did在句首)

Wedon'tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)

【注:need后接表被动的内容时,可表达为:

TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.]

63.dowith与dealwith:都译为“处理,对付,安排,应付”

Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?用what提问。

Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?用how提问。

卜面两句由此而来:Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?

Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?

64.就近原则:常见的有:EitheryouorLucyiswrong.

Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard.(therebe句型)

Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.

NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.

65.主谓一致:One/Neitherofyouisright.(单数谓语)

Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主语是Tom,单数谓语)

Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.(主语是pair,单数谓语)

Theshoeslookbeautiful.(主语无pair,复数谓语)

Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.(单数谓语)

Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic.

(the加形容词表一类人,谓语用复数)

Mr.andMrsGreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫妇(复数谓语)

Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教师兼作家,一个人,单数谓语。

BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.(复数谓语)

thenumberof与anumberof参见39.(分数表达见50)

66.quite/such/really用法之一:如果出现不定冠词时,常放在后面。

Ifsquiteaneasyquestion.Heisquiteacleverboy.

Ifssuchanimportantlesson.(另见33)Lilyisreallyalazygirl.

67.部分用what提问的句型:

Whatsizedoyouwant?Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?

Whafsthep

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