高考英语一轮总复习练案21必修5Unit1Greatscientists练习含解析新人教版

一轮复习精品资料(高中)PAGEPAGE1必修五Unit1GreatscientistsⅠ.完形填空(2020·昆明市摸底调测)Youmayalwayshearaboutpeoplewhoknewexactlywhattheywantedtodowiththeirlifefromthetimetheywereinkindergarten.Ididn'tconsideredlotsofcareer1.CwhenIgraduatedfromhighschool.Likemoststudentswhoearnedgoodgradesinmathandscienceclasses,Ifoundpeople2.Dmetobeanengineer.ButallofthatchangedwhenIwenttomy3.A.IwillneverforgetthefeelingofwalkingintomyveryfirstBiology4.B.Inervouslyfoundaseatandwaitedforthetypeof5.DyouseeinTVshows,oldandstrict.WhatIgotwasexactly6.A.Dr.Espinozawasacaringand7.Cteacher,andtwotermsofherclassesmademefallinlovewithBiology.Herexcitingclassesmademe8.AthatIhadotherchoicesbesidesbeinga(n)9.D.ItmeantIwasheadedforacareerinbiologicalresearch.10.BDr.Espinozaandmanyotherprofessorslikeher,Ifoundthatscientistsaren'tjustwhatwe11.ContheNationalGeographicChannel.Theyarerealpeoplewhoanswerrealquestionsand12.Arealproblems.Thisledmetoseekout13.BtodorealscienceprojectsandseeifI14.Ait.WhileIwasatuniversity,Ilearnedhowtoaskgoodquestions,howto15.Cexperimentsandcollectdata,andhowtosharewhatIlearnedwithpeople.Asit16.D，Ilovedeveryminuteofit.Fallinginlovewith17.Bwasalongprocessforme,butitledmetoajobIlove.Likethescienceitself,myjourneytowardbeingascientistwas18.D，buthelpedalongbymanyteachersandprofessorswho19.Bmetheway.Now,Itrymybesttolearnnewthingsand20.Cnewknowledge.文章大意：本文讲述了“我”上大学后，老师和教授们对“我”的专业和择业产生的深远影响。1．A.development B．difficultyC．choices D．requirements〖解析〗根据8空后的“thatIhadotherchoices...inbiologicalresearch”可知，高中毕业时，“我”没考虑过众多的职业选择(choices)。development“发展”；difficulty“困难”；requirement“所需的东西”。2．A.appointing B．forcingC．allowing D．encouraging〖解析〗像大多数数学和科学课程出众的学生一样，人们鼓励(encouraging)“我”以后成为一名工程师。appoint“任命；安排”；force“迫使”；allow“允许；准许”。3．A.university B．officeC．room D．lab〖解析〗根据下文中的“WhileIwasatuniversity,Ilearned...whatIlearnedwithpeople.”可知，上大学(university)后，一切都发生了改变。4．A.league B．lectureC．test D．teamwork〖解析〗根据下文中的“andtwotermsofherclassesmademefallinlovewithBiology”可知此处填入的词在范畴上应与classes一致，故lecture“讲座”符合语境。5．A.agent B．volunteerC．host D．professor〖解析〗根据语境可知，此处指坐等教授(professor)的到来。agent“代理人；经纪人”；volunteer“志愿者”；host“主人；节目主持人”。6．A.opposite B．traditionalC．typical D．similar〖解析〗根据上文可知，坐等教授时，“我”以为即将来上课的老师就如同电视节目中看到的那样古板、严肃，但后来“我”发现她是一位体贴且富有热情的(enthusiastic)老师。故先前想象的与实际见到的完全相反(opposite)。traditional“传统的”；typical“典型的”；similar“相似的”。7．A.average B．casualC．enthusiastic D．severe〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。average“平均的；正常的；一般的”；casual“漫不经心的；随便的”；severe“极为恶劣的；严厉的”。8．A.realize B．regretC．refuse D．recall〖解析〗她令人振奋的课使“我”意识到(realize)除了成为一名工程师(engineer)，“我”还可以从事生物学研究。9．A.lawyer B．educatorC．scholar D．engineer〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。第一段中的“engineer”是暗示。10．A.Asto B．DuetoC．Onbehalfof D．Inspiteof〖解析〗由于(Dueto)Dr.Espinoza和许多其他像她一样的教授的影响，“我”发现科学家并非像我们在国家地理频道上了解到(learnabout)的那样。asto“关于；至于”；onbehalfof“代表”；inspiteof“尽管”。11．A.takecareof B．makefunofC．learnabout D．searchfor〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。12．A.solve B．bringC．raise D．ignore〖解析〗他们是回答真实问题并解决(solve)实际问题的有血有肉的人。13．A.concepts B．opportunitiesC．faith D．ambition〖解析〗这引领着“我”去寻找做真正的科学研究项目的机会(opportunities)并看一下“我”是否喜欢(enjoyed)它。concept“概念；观念”；faith“信任；信仰”；ambition“夙愿；抱负”。14．A.enjoyed B．doubtedC．recommended D．acknowledged〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。下文中的“loved”亦是〖提示〗。doubt“怀疑”；recommend“推荐；建议”；acknowledge“承认；感谢”。15．A.replace B．predictC．conduct D．copy〖解析〗在大学里，“我”学到了如何问好的问题，如何做(conduct)实验和收集数据，以及如何和别人分享“我”了解到的东西。conductexperiments“做实验”，为固定用法。16．A.cameabout B．brokeupC．setoff D．turnedout〖解析〗结果是(turnedout)，“我”喜欢科学研究的每一分钟。comeabout“发生；造成”；breakup“粉碎；破碎”；setoff“出发；动身”。17．A.literature B．scienceC．language D．art〖解析〗根据上文做科学研究项目的描述可知B项符合语境。18．A.precious B．smoothC．beneficial D．slow〖解析〗虽然成为科学家之路是耗时的(slow)，但一路上有很多老师和教授给“我”引路(showedmetheway)。19．A.promised B．showedC．left D．awarded〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。20．A.record B．admireC．create D．forget〖解析〗现在“我”在努力学习新东西并创造(create)新知识。Ⅱ.阅读理解A(2020·郑州市毕业班第三次质检)Aninfectiousdiseaseisadiseasethatiscausedbytheinvasionofahostbypathogens(病原体)whoseactivitiesharmthehost'stissuesandcanbespreadtootherindividuals.Microorganisms(微生物)capableofcausingdiseasearecalledpathogens.Atruepathogenisaninfectiousagentthatcausesdiseaseinanypossiblehost.Theterms“infection”and“disease”arequitedifferent.Inordertocausedisease,pathogensmustbeabletoenterthehost'sbody,sticktospecifichostcells,invadeandmultiplyanddodamagetothehost'stissues.Pathogensmaybespreadthrougheitherdirectorindirectcontact.Directcontactoccurswhenanindividualisinfectedbycontactwiththeinfectionsource.Italsoincludestakingintheinfectiousdropletsreleasedbysneezingorcoughing.Indirectcontactoccurswhenapathogencansurvivetheenvironmentoutsideitshostforalongperiodoftime.Solifelessobjectsthatarepollutedbydirectcontactwiththeinfectionsourcemaycausetheindirectcontactfortheeasilyinfectedgroup.Publichealthmeasurestypicallyinvolvekillingthepathogenfromitssourceorfromitsroutetospread.Thosemeasuresincludeensuringasafewatersupply,effectivelytreatingwastewater,andinitiatinganimalcontrolandvaccination(疫苗)programs,etc.Personally,thefirstlineofdefenseistokeeppathogensatbaybyfollowinggoodpersonalhygienehabits.Preventinfectionbeforeitbeginsandavoidspreadingittootherswithsomeeasymeasures,suchaswashinghandsandgettingvaccinated.Manneverstopsfightingagainstallkindsofinfectiousdiseases.Butinthepasttwodecadesatleastadozen“new”diseaseshavebeenidentified,andtraditionaldiseasesthatappearedtobe“ontheirwayout”arere-emerging.Globally,infectiousdiseasesremaintheleadingcauseofdeath.Clearly,thebattlehasnotbeenwon.Nevertheless,itisincreasinglydifficultformostofustodenytheclaimsofscience.Wearecontinuallypresentedwithgreatamountsofrelevantscientificandmedicalknowledge,whichencouragesustotakemoreresponsibilityforourownhealth.文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了传染性疾病的成因、病原体的传播方式、预防传染性疾病的措施等。1．Whatdoesparagraph2focuson？BA．Originoftruepathogens.B．Natureofinfectiousdiseases.C．Strategiesforavoidingtissuedamage.D．Differencesbetweeninfectionanddisease.〖解析〗段落大意题。根据第二段内容“能够引起疾病的微生物叫作病原体。真正的病原体是那种可以在任何可能的宿主身上引起疾病的传染剂。‘传染’和‘疾病’是两个完全不同的术语。为了引发疾病，病原体必须进入宿主的身体，附在特定的宿主细胞上，入侵、繁殖并对宿主组织造成伤害。”可以判断，本段主要讲述了传染性疾病的本质。故选B。2．Whatislikelytocausediseasetospreadthroughindirectcontact？BA．Gettingbittenbyaninfecteddog.B．Playingwithtoysasickchildplayedwith.C．Takingintinydropsfromsneezing.D．Shakinghandswithaninfectedperson.〖解析〗推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Solifelessobjectsthatarepollutedbydirectcontactwiththeinfectionsourcemaycausetheindirectcontactfortheeasilyinfectedgroup.”可以推断，符合间接接触引发疾病的情景是玩生病小孩玩过的玩具。故B项正确。3．Whichofthefollowingcanbestexplaintheunderlinedphrase“atbay”inparagraph4？CA．Atrisk. B．Offcourse.C．Undercontrol. D．Withinreach.〖解析〗词义猜测题。根据画线短语所在句中的“thefirstlineofdefense...byfollowinggoodpersonalhygienehabits”可以判断，遵循良好的个人卫生习惯可以防控病原体，故C项的含义与画线短语的含义最为接近。atrisk“有危险”；offcourse“偏离航线”；withinreach“很接近，靠近”。4．Whatdoesthelastparagraphimply？CA．Manisatalossaboutinfectiousdiseases.B．Traditionalinfectiousdiseasesaredyingout.C．Sciencecountsinfightinginfectiousdiseases.D．Thebattleagainstinfectiousdiseasesisinvain.〖解析〗推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Nevertheless，itisincreasinglydifficultformostofustodenytheclaimsofscience...takemoreresponsibilityforourownhealth.”，可以推断，作者在最后一段表明科学在与传染性疾病的斗争中是很重要的。故选C。C项中的“counts”意为“重要”。B(2021·四省八校联考)Itisfoodnewsguaranteedtoputasmileonyourface.Scientistshavefoundthateatingdarkchocolateappearstolowertheriskofdepressionbyaquarter.While7.6percentofthe13,000peoplesurveyedreporteddepressivesymptoms,just1.5percentofthechocolateeatersdid.ThestudybyUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL),theUniversityofCalgaryandAlbertaHealthServices,alsofoundthatthepeoplewhoconsumedthemostofanychocolatewerealso57percentlesslikelytoreportdepressivesymptoms.LeadauthorDr.SarahJacksonsaid，“Thisstudyprovidessomeevidencethatconsumptionofchocolate,particularlydarkchocolate,maybeassociatedwithreducingoddsofclinicallyrelevantdepressivesymptoms.”Thestudyisthefirsttoexaminetheassociationwithdepressionaccordingtothetypeofchocolateconsumed.Theteamassesseddatafrom13,626adultsfromtheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Arangeofotherfactorsincludingheight,weight,maritalstatus,ethnicity,education,householdincome,physicalactivity,smokingandchronichealthproblemswerealsotakenintoaccounttoensurethestudyonlymeasuredchocolate'seffectondepressivesymptoms.Afteradjustingforthesefactors,itwasfoundthatindividualswhoreportedeatinganydarkchocolateintwo24-hourperiodshad70percentloweroddsofreportingclinicallyrelevantdepressivesymptomsintheprevioustwoweeksthanthosewhoreportednoteatingchocolateatall.Chocolatecontainsanumberofpsychoactiveingredientswhichproduceafeelingofeuphoria.Italsocontainsphenylethylamine(苯乙胺),whichisbelievedtobeimportantforregulatingpeople'smoods.Darkchocolatealsohasahigherconcentrationofflavonoids(类黄酮),antioxidantchemicalswhichlowerinflammationandcanpreventtheonset(发生)ofdepression.However,Britishscientistspointedoutthatthedecisiontoeatdarkchocolatecouldbelinkedtootherhealthfactors.Forexample,peoplewhochoosedarkchocolatemaybemorehealthconsciousingeneral,whichisknowntoprotectagainstdepression.Depressedpeoplearealsomorelikelytodesiremoresugaryfattyfoodsandsocouldbelesslikelytopickadarkalternativewhenchoosingchocolate.文章大意：科学家发现吃黑巧克力能降低患抑郁症的风险。此项研究是人类首次根据巧克力摄入的类型来研究巧克力摄入与抑郁症之间的关系。但是英国科学家指出患有抑郁症的人更可能想要甜的和高脂食物所以在选择巧克力时不太可能会选择黑巧克力。5．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofthestudy？AA.Aminorityofchocolateeaterssufferfromdepression.B．Amajorityofpeoplesurveyedaredepressive.C．Allkindsofchocolatecanhelpfightdepression.D．Halfofpeoplewithdepressionaresurveyed.〖解析〗考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第一段最后一句可知，被调查的13000人中7.6%的人患有抑郁症，而吃巧克力的人患抑郁症的仅有1.5%。由此可知，少数吃巧克力的人患抑郁症，故选A项。6．ThestudyistypicalinthatC.A．itpointedouttherelationshipbetweendepressionandchocolateB．itdemonstratedtheprotectiveeffectsofdarkchocolateC．thefindingswerebasedonthetypeofchocolateconsumedD．theresearchersconductedthesurveyworldwide〖解析〗考查推断的能力。根据第三段首句可知，这项研究是第一次根据巧克力摄入的类型来研究巧克力与抑郁症之间的关系。由此可推断，研究结果是建立在人们摄入的巧克力的类型之上的，这是它的典型之处。故选C项。7．Whatisthefifthparagraphmainlyabout？BA．Theadvantagesofchocolate.B．Thereasonsfortheprotectiveeffects.C．Thecausesofdepression.D．Theeffectsofchocolate.〖解析〗考查理解段落主旨要义的能力。第五段表述巧克力中含有大量的能使人产生愉悦感觉的成分，还含有调节情绪的物质。另外，黑巧克力中富含更高浓度的抗氧化物质，可以减少炎症，防止抑郁症的发生，由此可以判断，本段主要介绍了黑巧克力对抑郁症有防护效果的原因，故选B项。8．What'stheBritishscientists'attitudetowardthefindings？AA．Cautious. B．Supportive.C．Unimportant. D．Curious.〖解析〗考查理解态度的能力。根据最后一段第一句和最后一句可知，英国科学家指出选择黑巧克力与其他健康因素有关。患抑郁症的人更可能想要甜的和高脂食物所以在选择巧克力时不太可能会选择黑巧克力。由此可推知，英国科学家对研究结果持有谨慎的态度。故A项正确。B项意为“支持的”；D项意为“好奇的”。Ⅲ.短文改错(2020·四川省天府名校联考)MyfriendMillerstillrememberstheexcitementwhenshebegintousethe“redpacket”functiononWeChatinthe2018.Theruleisthepersonwhograbsthehighestamountsendsthenext.Theamountofmoneyonecangrabdependsonhisandherluck.Attractedbythisuniquewayofcommunication,sheparticipated.Twoyearsago,whenMillerwassenta5.20yuanredpacket,shehadnoideaaboutthehidingmeaning.NowshehasnotonlyknownaboutthembutalsohasgotveryfamiliarwithChineseculturethanbefore.Therefore,peoplestillsendpaperredpacketswithrealcashesduringtheSpringFestival.Thereasonisthattheyregardgivechildrenluckymoneyasablessing.〖答案〗MyfriendMillerstillrememberstheexcitementwhensheeq\o(begin,\s\do8(began))tousethe“redpacket”functiononWeChatinthe2018.Theruleiseq\o(∧,\s\do8(that))thepersonwhograbsthehighestamountsendsthenext.Theamountofmoneyonecangrabdependsonhiseq\o(and,\s\do8(or))herluck.Attractedbythisuniquewayofcommunication,sheparticipated.Twoyearsago,whenMillerwassenta5.20yuanredpacket,shehadnoideaabouttheeq\o(hiding,\s\do8(hidden))meaning.Nowshehasnotonlyknownabouteq\o(them,\s\do8(it))butalsohasgoteq\o(very,\s\do8(more))familiarwithChineseculturethanbefore.eq\o(Therefore,\s\do8(However))，peoplestillsendpaperredpacketswithrealeq\o(cashes,\s\do8(cash))duringtheSpringFestival.Thereasonisthattheyregardeq\o(give,\s\do8(giving))childrenluckymoneyasablessing.文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。主要内容是我的朋友米勒回忆自己初用微信红包功能时的经历和感受。〖解析〗1．考查时态。根据语境可知，in2018是过去的时间，故此处应用一般过去时，故将begin改成began。2．考查冠词。in后加年份，年份前不加冠词，故将the去掉。3．考查表语从句。句意：规则是，谁拿到的钱最多，谁就发下一个。分析句子结构可知，is后是表语从句，且从句部分不缺成分，that用在表语从句中不做成分没有意义，故在is后加that。4．考查并列连词。句意：一个人能拿多少钱取决于他或她的运气。根据语境可知，and是并列关系，而此处表示选择关系，故将and改为or。5．考查形容词。句意：她不知道隐藏的意思。根据句意可知，hidden在此处是形容词，意为“隐藏的”，而hiding是hide的现在分词，与题意不符，故将hiding改为hidden。6．考查代词。句意：现在她不仅知道了，而且比以前更熟悉中国文化了。根据语境可知，此处指了解“微信发红包”这件事，而them指代前文可数复数名词，与题意不符，故将them改为it。7．考查形容词比较级。句意：而且比以前更熟悉中国文化。根据句中的than可知，句子使用比较级，more＋多音节形容词，故将very改为more。8．考查连接副词。句意：然而，在春节期间，人们仍然会发带现金的红包。根据句意可知，此处是转折关系，而非因果关系，故将Therefore改为However。9．考查名词的数。根据句意可知，cash意为“现金”，是不可数名词，故将cashes改为cash。10．考查非谓语动词。句意：原因是他们认为给孩子压岁钱是一种祝福。根据句意可知，regardsth.assth.是固定搭配，意为“把……当作……”，regard后应加动名词，故将give改为giving。必修五Unit1GreatscientistsⅠ.完形填空(2020·昆明市摸底调测)Youmayalwayshearaboutpeoplewhoknewexactlywhattheywantedtodowiththeirlifefromthetimetheywereinkindergarten.Ididn'tconsideredlotsofcareer1.CwhenIgraduatedfromhighschool.Likemoststudentswhoearnedgoodgradesinmathandscienceclasses,Ifoundpeople2.Dmetobeanengineer.ButallofthatchangedwhenIwenttomy3.A.IwillneverforgetthefeelingofwalkingintomyveryfirstBiology4.B.Inervouslyfoundaseatandwaitedforthetypeof5.DyouseeinTVshows,oldandstrict.WhatIgotwasexactly6.A.Dr.Espinozawasacaringand7.Cteacher,andtwotermsofherclassesmademefallinlovewithBiology.Herexcitingclassesmademe8.AthatIhadotherchoicesbesidesbeinga(n)9.D.ItmeantIwasheadedforacareerinbiologicalresearch.10.BDr.Espinozaandmanyotherprofessorslikeher,Ifoundthatscientistsaren'tjustwhatwe11.ContheNationalGeographicChannel.Theyarerealpeoplewhoanswerrealquestionsand12.Arealproblems.Thisledmetoseekout13.BtodorealscienceprojectsandseeifI14.Ait.WhileIwasatuniversity,Ilearnedhowtoaskgoodquestions,howto15.Cexperimentsandcollectdata,andhowtosharewhatIlearnedwithpeople.Asit16.D，Ilovedeveryminuteofit.Fallinginlovewith17.Bwasalongprocessforme,butitledmetoajobIlove.Likethescienceitself,myjourneytowardbeingascientistwas18.D，buthelpedalongbymanyteachersandprofessorswho19.Bmetheway.Now,Itrymybesttolearnnewthingsand20.Cnewknowledge.文章大意：本文讲述了“我”上大学后，老师和教授们对“我”的专业和择业产生的深远影响。1．A.development B．difficultyC．choices D．requirements〖解析〗根据8空后的“thatIhadotherchoices...inbiologicalresearch”可知，高中毕业时，“我”没考虑过众多的职业选择(choices)。development“发展”；difficulty“困难”；requirement“所需的东西”。2．A.appointing B．forcingC．allowing D．encouraging〖解析〗像大多数数学和科学课程出众的学生一样，人们鼓励(encouraging)“我”以后成为一名工程师。appoint“任命；安排”；force“迫使”；allow“允许；准许”。3．A.university B．officeC．room D．lab〖解析〗根据下文中的“WhileIwasatuniversity,Ilearned...whatIlearnedwithpeople.”可知，上大学(university)后，一切都发生了改变。4．A.league B．lectureC．test D．teamwork〖解析〗根据下文中的“andtwotermsofherclassesmademefallinlovewithBiology”可知此处填入的词在范畴上应与classes一致，故lecture“讲座”符合语境。5．A.agent B．volunteerC．host D．professor〖解析〗根据语境可知，此处指坐等教授(professor)的到来。agent“代理人；经纪人”；volunteer“志愿者”；host“主人；节目主持人”。6．A.opposite B．traditionalC．typical D．similar〖解析〗根据上文可知，坐等教授时，“我”以为即将来上课的老师就如同电视节目中看到的那样古板、严肃，但后来“我”发现她是一位体贴且富有热情的(enthusiastic)老师。故先前想象的与实际见到的完全相反(opposite)。traditional“传统的”；typical“典型的”；similar“相似的”。7．A.average B．casualC．enthusiastic D．severe〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。average“平均的；正常的；一般的”；casual“漫不经心的；随便的”；severe“极为恶劣的；严厉的”。8．A.realize B．regretC．refuse D．recall〖解析〗她令人振奋的课使“我”意识到(realize)除了成为一名工程师(engineer)，“我”还可以从事生物学研究。9．A.lawyer B．educatorC．scholar D．engineer〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。第一段中的“engineer”是暗示。10．A.Asto B．DuetoC．Onbehalfof D．Inspiteof〖解析〗由于(Dueto)Dr.Espinoza和许多其他像她一样的教授的影响，“我”发现科学家并非像我们在国家地理频道上了解到(learnabout)的那样。asto“关于；至于”；onbehalfof“代表”；inspiteof“尽管”。11．A.takecareof B．makefunofC．learnabout D．searchfor〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。12．A.solve B．bringC．raise D．ignore〖解析〗他们是回答真实问题并解决(solve)实际问题的有血有肉的人。13．A.concepts B．opportunitiesC．faith D．ambition〖解析〗这引领着“我”去寻找做真正的科学研究项目的机会(opportunities)并看一下“我”是否喜欢(enjoyed)它。concept“概念；观念”；faith“信任；信仰”；ambition“夙愿；抱负”。14．A.enjoyed B．doubtedC．recommended D．acknowledged〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。下文中的“loved”亦是〖提示〗。doubt“怀疑”；recommend“推荐；建议”；acknowledge“承认；感谢”。15．A.replace B．predictC．conduct D．copy〖解析〗在大学里，“我”学到了如何问好的问题，如何做(conduct)实验和收集数据，以及如何和别人分享“我”了解到的东西。conductexperiments“做实验”，为固定用法。16．A.cameabout B．brokeupC．setoff D．turnedout〖解析〗结果是(turnedout)，“我”喜欢科学研究的每一分钟。comeabout“发生；造成”；breakup“粉碎；破碎”；setoff“出发；动身”。17．A.literature B．scienceC．language D．art〖解析〗根据上文做科学研究项目的描述可知B项符合语境。18．A.precious B．smoothC．beneficial D．slow〖解析〗虽然成为科学家之路是耗时的(slow)，但一路上有很多老师和教授给“我”引路(showedmetheway)。19．A.promised B．showedC．left D．awarded〖解析〗参见上题〖解析〗。20．A.record B．admireC．create D．forget〖解析〗现在“我”在努力学习新东西并创造(create)新知识。Ⅱ.阅读理解A(2020·郑州市毕业班第三次质检)Aninfectiousdiseaseisadiseasethatiscausedbytheinvasionofahostbypathogens(病原体)whoseactivitiesharmthehost'stissuesandcanbespreadtootherindividuals.Microorganisms(微生物)capableofcausingdiseasearecalledpathogens.Atruepathogenisaninfectiousagentthatcausesdiseaseinanypossiblehost.Theterms“infection”and“disease”arequitedifferent.Inordertocausedisease,pathogensmustbeabletoenterthehost'sbody,sticktospecifichostcells,invadeandmultiplyanddodamagetothehost'stissues.Pathogensmaybespreadthrougheitherdirectorindirectcontact.Directcontactoccurswhenanindividualisinfectedbycontactwiththeinfectionsource.Italsoincludestakingintheinfectiousdropletsreleasedbysneezingorcoughing.Indirectcontactoccurswhenapathogencansurvivetheenvironmentoutsideitshostforalongperiodoftime.Solifelessobjectsthatarepollutedbydirectcontactwiththeinfectionsourcemaycausetheindirectcontactfortheeasilyinfectedgroup.Publichealthmeasurestypicallyinvolvekillingthepathogenfromitssourceorfromitsroutetospread.Thosemeasuresincludeensuringasafewatersupply,effectivelytreatingwastewater,andinitiatinganimalcontrolandvaccination(疫苗)programs,etc.Personally,thefirstlineofdefenseistokeeppathogensatbaybyfollowinggoodpersonalhygienehabits.Preventinfectionbeforeitbeginsandavoidspreadingittootherswithsomeeasymeasures,suchaswashinghandsandgettingvaccinated.Manneverstopsfightingagainstallkindsofinfectiousdiseases.Butinthepasttwodecadesatleastadozen“new”diseaseshavebeenidentified,andtraditionaldiseasesthatappearedtobe“ontheirwayout”arere-emerging.Globally,infectiousdiseasesremaintheleadingcauseofdeath.Clearly,thebattlehasnotbeenwon.Nevertheless,itisincreasinglydifficultformostofustodenytheclaimsofscience.Wearecontinuallypresentedwithgreatamountsofrelevantscientificandmedicalknowledge,whichencouragesustotakemoreresponsibilityforourownhealth.文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了传染性疾病的成因、病原体的传播方式、预防传染性疾病的措施等。1．Whatdoesparagraph2focuson？BA．Originoftruepathogens.B．Natureofinfectiousdiseases.C．Strategiesforavoidingtissuedamage.D．Differencesbetweeninfectionanddisease.〖解析〗段落大意题。根据第二段内容“能够引起疾病的微生物叫作病原体。真正的病原体是那种可以在任何可能的宿主身上引起疾病的传染剂。‘传染’和‘疾病’是两个完全不同的术语。为了引发疾病，病原体必须进入宿主的身体，附在特定的宿主细胞上，入侵、繁殖并对宿主组织造成伤害。”可以判断，本段主要讲述了传染性疾病的本质。故选B。2．Whatislikelytocausediseasetospreadthroughindirectcontact？BA．Gettingbittenbyaninfecteddog.B．Playingwithtoysasickchildplayedwith.C．Takingintinydropsfromsneezing.D．Shakinghandswithaninfectedperson.〖解析〗推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Solifelessobjectsthatarepollutedbydirectcontactwiththeinfectionsourcemaycausetheindirectcontactfortheeasilyinfectedgroup.”可以推断，符合间接接触引发疾病的情景是玩生病小孩玩过的玩具。故B项正确。3．Whichofthefollowingcanbestexplaintheunderlinedphrase“atbay”inparagraph4？CA．Atrisk. B．Offcourse.C．Undercontrol. D．Withinreach.〖解析〗词义猜测题。根据画线短语所在句中的“thefirstlineofdefense...byfollowinggoodpersonalhygienehabits”可以判断，遵循良好的个人卫生习惯可以防控病原体，故C项的含义与画线短语的含义最为接近。atrisk“有危险”；offcourse“偏离航线”；withinreach“很接近，靠近”。4．Whatdoesthelastparagraphimply？CA．Manisatalossaboutinfectiousdiseases.B．Traditionalinfectiousdiseasesaredyingout.C．Sciencecountsinfightinginfectiousdiseases.D．Thebattleagainstinfectiousdiseasesisinvain.〖解析〗推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Nevertheless，itisincreasinglydifficultformostofustodenytheclaimsofscience...takemoreresponsibilityforourownhealth.”，可以推断，作者在最后一段表明科学在与传染性疾病的斗争中是很重要的。故选C。C项中的“counts”意为“重要”。B(2021·四省八校联考)Itisfoodnewsguaranteedtoputasmileonyourface.Scientistshavefoundthateatingdarkchocolateappearstolowertheriskofdepressionbyaquarter.While7.6percentofthe13,000peoplesurveyedreporteddepressivesymptoms,just1.5percentofthechocolateeatersdid.ThestudybyUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL),theUniversityofCalgaryandAlbertaHealthServices,alsofoundthatthepeoplewhoconsumedthemostofanychocolatewerealso57percentlesslikelytoreportdepressivesymptoms.LeadauthorDr.SarahJacksonsaid，“Thisstudyprovidessomeevidencethatconsumptionofchocolate,particularlydarkchocolate,maybeassociatedwithreducingoddsofclinicallyrelevantdepressivesymptoms.”Thestudyisthefirsttoexaminetheassociationwithdepressionaccordingtothetypeofchocolateconsumed.Theteamassesseddatafrom13,626adultsfromtheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Arangeofotherfactorsincludingheight,weight,maritalstatus,ethnicity,education,householdincome,physicalactivity,smokingandchronichealthproblemswerealsotakenintoaccounttoensurethestudyonlymeasuredchocolate'seffectondepressivesymptoms.Afteradjustingforthesefactors,itwasfoundthatindividualswhoreportedeatinganydarkchocolateintwo24-hourperiodshad70percentloweroddsofreportingclinicallyrelevantdepressivesymptomsintheprevioustwoweeksthanthosewhoreportednoteatingchocolateatall.Chocolatecontainsanumberofpsychoactiveingredientswhichproduceafeelingofeuphoria.Italsocontainsphenylethylamine(苯乙胺),whichisbelievedtobeimportantforregulatingpeople'smoods.Darkchocolatealsohasahigherconcentrationofflavonoids(类黄酮),antioxidantchemicalswhichlowerinflammationandcanpreventtheonset(发生)ofdepression.However,Britishscientistspointedoutthatthedecisiontoeatdarkchocolatecouldbelinkedtootherhealthfactors.Forexample,peoplewhochoosedarkchocolatemaybemorehealthconsciousingeneral,whichisknowntoprotectagainstdepression.Depressedpeoplearealsomorelikelytodesiremoresugaryfattyfoodsandsocouldbelesslikelytopickadarkalternativewhenchoosingchocolate.文章大意：科学家发现吃黑巧克力能降低患抑郁症的风险。此项研究是人类首次根据巧克力摄入的类型来研究巧克力摄入与抑郁症之间的关系。但是英国科学家指出患有抑郁症的人更可能想要甜的和高脂食物所以在选择巧克力时不太可能会选择黑巧克力。5．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofthestudy？AA.Aminorityofchocolateeaterssufferfromdepression.B．Amajorityofpeoplesurveyedaredepressive.C．Allkindsofchocolatecanhelpfightdepression.D．Halfofpeoplewithdepressionaresurveyed.〖解析〗考查理解具体信息的能力。根据第一段最后一句可知，被调查的13000人中7.6%的人患有抑郁症，而吃巧克力的人患抑郁症的仅有1.5%。由此可知，少数吃巧克力的人患抑郁症，故选A项。6．ThestudyistypicalinthatC.A．itpointedouttherelationshipbetweendepressionandchocolateB．itdemonstratedtheprotectiveeffectsofdarkchocolateC．thefindingswerebasedonthetypeofchocolateconsumedD．theresearchersconductedthesurveyworldwide〖解析〗考查推断的能力。根据第三段首句可知，这项研究是第一次根据巧克力摄入的类型来研究巧克力与抑郁症之间的关系。由此可推断，研究结果是建立在人们摄入的巧克力的类型之上的，这是它的典型之处。故选C项。7．Whatisthefifthparagraphmainlyabout？BA．Theadvantagesofchocolate.B．Thereasonsfortheprotectiveef