2020年考研英语一真题和参考答案解析

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题及参考答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformation

whenmakingindividuaIdecisions.AtfirstglancethismightseemIikeastrength

that_1_theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby_2_factors.But

DrSimonsohnspecuIatedthataninabiIitytoconsiderthebig_3_wasIeading

decision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysampIesofinformationtheywere

workingwith._4_,hetheorisedthatajudge_5_ofappearingtoosoft_6_crime

mightbemoreIikeIytosendsomeonetoprison_7_hehadaIreadysentencedfive

orsixotherdefendantsonIytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.

To_8_thisidea,theyturnedtheirattentiontothe

university-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanappIicantshould

notdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesame

day,butDrSimonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas11.

Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews_12_by31admissions

officers.Theinterviewershad_13_appIicantsonascaleofonetofive.This

scale_14_numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere_15_usedin

conjunctionwithanappIicant*sscoreontheGMAT,astandardisedexamwhich

is_16_outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.

DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadaily

seriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone_17_

that,thenthescoreforthenextappIicantwouId_18_byanaverageof0.075

points.ThismightsoundsmaII,butto_19_theeffectsofsuchadecreasea

candidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouIdotherwisehavebeen_20_.

1.AgrantsBsubmitsCtransmitsDdiIivers

2.AminorBexternaICcruciaIDobjective

3.AissueBvisionCpictureDmoment

4.AAboveaIIBOnaverageCInprincipleDForexample

5.AfondBfearfuICcapabIeDthoughtIess

6.AinBforCtoDon

7.AifBuntiICthoughDunIess

8.A.testB.emphasizeC.shareD.promote

9.A.decisionB.quaIityC.statusD.success

10.A.foundB.studiedC.chosenD.identified

11.A.otherwiseB.defensibleC.replaceableD.exceptional

12.A.inspiredB.expressedC.conductedD.secured

13.A.assignedB.ratedC.matchedD.arranged

14.A.putB.gotC.tookD.gave

15.A.insteadB.thenC.everD.rather

16.A.seIectedB.passedC.markedD.introduced

17.AbelowBafterCaboveDbefore

18.AjumpBfIoatCfIuctuateDdrop

19.AachieveBundoCmaintainDdisregard

20.AnecessaryBpossibleCpromisingDheIpfuI

Section11ReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40

points)

Text1

Inthe2006filmversionofTheDeviIWearsPrada,MirandaPriestIy,

pIayedbyMeryIStreep,scoIdsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthat

highfashiondoesn,taffecther,PriestlyexpIainshowthedeepbIuecolorof

theassistant'ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowsto

departmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtIessfound

hergarment.

Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn,tbemoreout

ofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedinOverdressed,Eliazabeth

Cline'sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.IntheIastdecadeor

so,advancesintechnologyhaveaIlowedmass-marketIabeIssuchasZara,H&M,

andUniqIotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmorepreciseIy.

Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentrelease,andmore

profit.TheselabelsencouragestyIe-consciousconsumerstoseecIothesas

disposable-meanttolastonIyawashortwo,althoughtheydon,tadvertisethat

-andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsat

dirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioneyeIes,

shakinganindustryIongaccustomedtoaseasonsIpace.

ThevictimsofthisrevoIution,ofcourse,arenotIimitedtodesigners.

ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinaIIits2,300-piusstoresaroundthe

worId,itmustrelyonIow-wageoverseasIabor,orderinvolumesthatstrain

naturaIresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfuIchemicaIs.

Overdressedisthefashionworld'sanswertoconsumer-activist

bestseilersIikeMichaelPolIansTheOmnivoresDilemma.4Mass-produced

clothing,Iikefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durabIeand

wasteful,,,Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20biIIiongarments

ayear-about64itemsperperson-andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,

thisexcessIeadstowaste.

TowardstheendofOverdressed,ClineintroducedherideaI,aBrookIyn

womannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosinee2008hasmadeaIIofherownclothes

-andbeautifuIIy.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecades

toperfecthercraft;herexampIecan'tbeknockedoff.

ThoughseveraIfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheir

impactonIaborandtheenvironment-includingH&M,withitsgreenConscious

CollectionIine-ClinebeIieveslastingchangecanonIybeeffectedbythe

customer.SheexhibitstheideaIismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainabiIity,

beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewiIIonIystartshopping

moresustainablywhentheycan,taffordnotto.

Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher

rAT

LJpoorbargainingskill,

rBT

LJinsensitivitytofashion.

rcT

LJobsessionwithhighfashion.

rDT

LJIackofimagination.

o2

z•AccordingtoCline,mass-maketIabeIsurgeconsumersto

-AT

-Jcombatunnecessarywaste.

-

BT

-JshutoutthefeverishfashionworId.

-cu

-resisttheinfIuenceofadvertisements.

-T

DJ

-shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequentIy.

3

•Theword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto

rAu

Laccusation.

rBT

LJenthusiasm.

-cT

_Jindifference.

-T

DJ

_tolerance.

4

•WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheIaseparagraph?

rAT

LJVanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinideaIists.

rBT

LJThefast-fashionindustryignoressustainabiIity.

rcT

LJIPeopIearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.

rDu

LPricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendIypurchasing.

25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?

[A]SatireonanextravagantIifestyIe.

rBT

LJChaIIengetoanigh-fasnionmyth.

-Cu

-DCriticismofthefast-fashionindustry.

-u

-Exposureofamass-marketsecret.

Text2

AnoldsayinghasitthathaIfofaIIadvertisingbudgetsarewasted-the

troubIeis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atIeastintheory,this

fractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonand

sayonIine,companiescanaim“behavioural“adsatthosemostIikeIytobuy.

InthepastcoupIeofweeksaquarreIhasiIIustratedthevaIueto

advertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethat

peopIearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouraIads?Orshouldtheyhave

explicitpermission?

InDecember2010America'sFederaITradeCornmission(FTC)proposed

addinga"donottrack"(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscould

teIIadwertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefoIIowed.Microsoft'sInternet

ExplorerandAppIe'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothis

year.InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdwertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthat

theindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNTrequests.

OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExpIorer

10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.

ItisnotyetcIearhowadvertiserswiIIrespond.GetingaDNTsignaI

doesnotobiigeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromised

todoso.UnabletotelIwhethersomeonereaIIyobjectstobehaviouraIadsor

whethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft'sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignal

andpressonanyway.

AlsouncIeariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Atterall,ithasan

adbusinesstoo,whichitsayswiIIcompIywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstill

workingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhoIly

ondefau11wiIIbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviousIyhugeselling

pointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproducts

favourablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,M

Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,bIoggde:"webeIieveconsumersshouId

havemorecontrol.11CoulditreaIlybethatsimple?

26.Itissuggestedinparagraph1that“behavioural“adsheIp

advertisersto:

rAT

LJeasecompetitionamongthemseIves

-BT

-JIowertheiroperationaIcosts

-cT

-JavoidcompIaintsfromconsumers

-Du

-providebetteronlineservices

27.“Theindustry”(Line6,Para.3)refersto:

rAT

LJonlineadvertisers

rBT

LJe-commerceconductors

rcT

LJdigitalinformationanalysis

rDT

LJinternetbrowserdeveIopers

28.BobLiodicehoIdsthatsettingDNTasadefau11

rAu

Lmanycutthenumberofjunkads

rBT

LJfailstoaffecttheadindustry

rcT

LJwiIInotbenefitconsumers

rDT

LJgoesagainsthumannature

o9

x-•whichofthefollowingistureaccordingtoParagraph.6?

rAT

LJDNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose

rBT

LJAdvertisersarewillingtoimpIementDNT

rcT

LJDNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers

-DT

-JAdvertisersareobIigedtoofferbehaviouralads

0o

0•Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisbIog

r

soneT:

rAT

LJinduIgence

rBT

LJunderstanding

rcT

LJappreciaction

rDT

LJskepticism

Text3

UpuntiIafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely-

thoughbynomeansuniformly一glowinglypositive.ScienceandtechnoIogywouId

curealItheillsofhumanity,IeadingtoIivesoffulfiIImentandopportunity

forall.

Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeper

appreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemic

fIuandtocIimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanity

hasIittIefuturetolookforwardto.

Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.ThefossiIrecordshowsthatmany

specieshaveenduredformiIIionsofyears-sowhyshouIdn*twe?Takeabroader

Iookatourspecies'placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehave

anexceIIentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.

LookupHomosapiensinthe"RedList"ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationaI

UnionfortheConversationofNature(IUCN),andyouwillread:"ListedasLeast

Concernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptabIe,currentIy

increasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresu11inginanoveraIIpopuIation

decIine."

Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersand

organisationsarenowthinkingseriousIyaboutthatquestion.ForexampIe,the

LongNowFoundationhasitsflagshipprojectamedicaIcIockthatisdesigned

tostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.

Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthy

timescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionof

today'stechnoIogy,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycompIicated,and

it'sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplore

themanypossibiIitieswecanenvisage.That'sonereasonwhywehaveIaunched

Arc,anewpubIicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.

ButtakeaIongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansay

withconsiderabIeassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:

wehavenowidentifiedenoughoftheIong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryof

thepIanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthe

situationsinwhichourdescendantswiIIfindthemseIves.

ThisIongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseem

moreIikeIytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotaIIrosy.But

wearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedthe

existenceofearIierhumans,andtoimprovetheIotofthosetocome.

Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby

rAT

LJourdesireforIivesoffulfiIIment

-BT

-Jourfaithinscienceandtechnology

-cu

-ourawarenessofpotentiaIrisks

-T

DJ

-ourbeliefinequaIopportunity

02

0.TheIUCN,s“RedList"suggestthathumanbeingare

rAT

LJasustainedspecies

-BI-

-Jathreatentotheenvironment

rcT

LJtheworld'sdominantpower

rDT

LJamisplacedrace

33.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?

rAT

LJArcheIpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.

-T

BJ

-TechnologyofferssolutionstosociaIprobIem.

-T

cJ

-Theinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.

-Du

-OurImmediatefutureishardtoconceive.

34.Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscruciaIto

rAT

LJexploreourplanet'sabundantresources

rBT

LJadoptanoptimisticviewoftheworId

rcT

LJdrawonourexperiencefromthepast

rDT

LJcurbourambitiontoreshapehistory

05

0•Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

rAT

LJUncertaintyaboutOurFuture

rBT

LJEvolutionoftheHumanSpecies

rcT

LJTheEver-brightProspectsofMankind

rDT

LJScience,TechnoIogyandHumanity

Text4

Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona's

immigrationIawMonday-amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAministration.But

onthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeat

forthefederaIgovernmentandthestates.

Anarizona.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefour

contestedprovisionsofArizona'scontroversiaIpIantohavestateandIocaI

policeenfourfederaIimmigrationsIaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthat

WashingtonaIonehasthepowerto"estabIishauniformRuIeofAnturaIization"

andthatfederaIlawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversiaI.Arizonahad

attemptedtofashionstatepolicethatrantotheexistingfederaIones.

JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandthe

Court'sIiberaIs,ruledthatthestatefIewtoocIosetothefederaIsun.Onthe

overturnedprovisionsthemajorityheIdthecongresshaddeIiberateIynoccupied

thefield“andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederaI'sprivilegedpowers

However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouIdbeaIIowedtoverify

theIegaIstatusofpeopIewhocomeincontactwithIawenforcement.That,s

becauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederaI-stateimmigration

enforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationand

cooperatewithfederaIcolleagues.

TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice-SamuelAlitoandClarence

Thomas-agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizona

ruIesconfIictedwiththefederaIstatute.TheonIymajorobjectioncamefrom

JusticeAntoninSeaIia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstate

privilegesgoingbacktothealienandSeditionActs.

The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturesonwhatJusticeSamueIAlito

describesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionassertionoffederaI

executivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthaArizona'sIawsconfIictedwith

itsenforcementpriorities,evenifstateIawscompIiedwithfederaIstatutes

totheIetter.Ineffect,theWhiteHousecIaimedthatitcouldinvaIidateany

otherwiselegitimatestateIawthatitdisagreeswith.

SomepowersdobeIongexcIusiveIytothefederaIgovernment,andcontroI

ofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtoprevent

statesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcouId.It

could.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecause

itdidn'twanttocarryoutCongress'simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbe

aIIowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightIyreiectedthisremarkableclaim.

o6

oThreeprovisionsofArizonasplanwereoverturnedbecausethey

rAT

LJdeprivedthefederaIpoliceofConstitutionalpowers,

rBT

LJdisturbedthepowerbaIancebetweendifferentstates,

rcT

LJoversteppedtheauthorityoffederaIimmigrationIaw.

rDT

LJcontradictedboththefederaIandstatepolicies.

37.OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingto

Paragraph4?

rAT

LJFederaIofficers,dutytowithholdimmigrants?information.

rBT

LJStates'independencefromfederaIimmigrationIaw.

rcT

LJStates'legitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement.

rDT

LJCongress'sinterventioninimmigrationenforcement.

Q8

u•ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that

rAT

LJviolatedtheConstitution,

rBT

LJunderminedthestates1interests.

rcT

LJsupportedthefederaIstatute,

rDT

LJstoodinfavorofthestates.

39.TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcement

-AT

-Joutweighsthatheldbythestates,

-B-I

-Jisdependentonthestates'support.

rcT

LJisestabIishedbyfederaIstatutes.

rDT

LJrareIygoesagainststateIaws.

40.WhatcanbeIearnedfromtheIastparagraph?

rAT

LJImmigrationissuesareusuaIIydecidedbyCongress.

rBT

LJJusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministrstion.

rcu

LJusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.

rDu

LTheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions

41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromtheIistA-Gtofitintoeachofthe

numberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

blanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

ThesociaIsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthaIf

amiIIionprofessionaIsociaIscientistsfromaIIfieldsintheworId,working

bothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorIdSociaIScienceReport

2010,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworIdwidehasswollenbyabout11%

everyyearsince2000.

Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday'sglobaI

chaIIengesincludingcIimatechange,security,sustainabIedeveIopmentand

health.(41)Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolsto

eradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertiIizers.

Here,too,theprobIemsaresociaI:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,

wealthandprosperity.

(42)Thisisashame-thecommunityshouldbegraspingthe

opportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceinthereaIworId.Toparaphrasethegreat

socialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithout

creativedestruction.

Today,thesociaIsciencesareIargeIyfocusedondisciplinaryprobIems

andinternaIscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternaIimpact.

AnaIysesreveaIthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords

“environmentalchanged"or<4cIimatechange“haveincreasedrapidlysinee

2004,(43)

WhensociaIscientistsdotackIepracticaIissues,theirscopeisoften

local:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumfor

exampIe.AndwhetherthecommunityJsworkcontributesmuchtoanoveraII

accumuIationofknowledgeisdoubtfuI.

TheprobIemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavaiIabIefunding

(44)thisisanadequateamountsoIongasitisaimedintherightdirection.

SociaIscientistswhocomplainaboutaIackoffundingshouldnotexpectmore

intoday'seconomicclimate.

Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFramework

fundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocial

scientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020,anew

programtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuchacategory,Thishasresulted

inprotestsfromsociaIscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocial

science;rather,thecompIeteopposite.(45)Thatshouldcreatemore

coIIaborativeendeavorsandheIptodeveIopprojectsaimeddirectIyatsolving

gIobaIproblems.

[A]ItcouIdbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsociaI

scientists:onethatisdiscipIine-orientedandpubIishinginhighly

specializedjournaIs,andonethatisprobIem-orientedandpubIishing

eIsewhere,suchaspoIicybriefs.

[B]However,thenumbersarestillsmaII:in2010,about1,600ofthe

100,000sociaI-sciencespaperspubIishedgIobaIIyincIudedoneofthese

Keywords.

[C]theideaistoforcesociaItointegratetheirworkwithother

categories,includingheaIthanddemographicchangefoodsecurity,marine

researchandthebio-economy,cIear,efficientenergy;andincIusive,innovative

andsecuresocieties.

[D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,

andwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoaI.GIobaIchaIIengesandsociaIinnovation

oughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientists,especiallytheyoungones.

[E]TheseissuesaIIhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.aIIrequire

behavioraIchangeandsociaIinnovations,asweIIastechnologicaldeveIopment.

Stemmingclimatechange,for