WESTLAKE杭州西湖英文详细介绍

WestWestLakeorXīHú(\o"Chineselanguage"Chinese:西湖;literally"WestLake")isafamousfreshwater\o"Lake"lakelocatedinthehistoricareaof\o"Hangzhou"Hangzhou,thecapitalof\o"Zhejiang"ZhejiangprovinceineasternChina.Thelakeisdividedbythe\o"Causeway"causewaysofSūDī(苏提/蘇堤),BáiDī(白堤),andYánggōngDī(杨公堤/楊公堤).Therearenumeroustemples,pagodas,gardens,andartificialislandswithinthelake.WestLakehasinfluencedpoetsandpaintersthroughouttheagesforitsnaturalbeautyandhistoricalrelics,andithasbeenamongthemostimportantsourcesofinspirationfor\o"Chinesegarden"Chinesegardendesigners,asevidencedbytheimpactithadonvariousChineseclassicalgardens.[1]Itwasmadea\o"UNESCOWorldHeritageSite"UNESCOWorldHeritageSitein2011,andwasdescribedashaving"influencedgardendesignintherestofChinaaswellasJapanandKoreaoverthecenturies"[2]andasreflecting"anidealizedfusionbetweenhumansandnature."[2]TherearedozensoflakescalledWestLakeworldwide,but"WestLake"usuallyreferstotheHangzhouWestLake,whichislocatedinthewesternareaof\o"Hangzhou"HangzhouCity.Itissurroundedbymountainsonthreesides.TheaveragedepthofWestLakeis3meters,andthecapacityisabout14,290,000cubicmeters.ThelakeisdividedbyGuShan,Bai,SuandYanggongCausewaysintofiveareas.Orderedbytheirareas,theyareOuterWestLake(外西湖),WestInnerLake(西里湖,or后西湖,or后湖),NorthInnerLake(北里湖or里西湖),LittleSouthLake(小南湖or南湖)andYueLake(岳湖)."OuterWestWestLakeisnotonlyfamousforitspicturesquelandscape,itisalsoassociatedwithmanyscholars,nationalheroesandrevolutionarymartyrs,thusembracingmanyaspectsofChineseculture.Inaddition,manyancientbuildings,stonecavesandengravedtabletsinsurroundingareasareamongthemostcherishednationaltreasuresof[\o"Editsection:History"edit]HistoryTheearliestnameforWestLakewas"WulinWater"(武林水).Inthe\o"BookofHan"BookofHan,the"GeographyColumn"sectionsays,"Qiantang,affiliatedtowestgovernorgeneral.WulinmountainistheoriginofWulinwater.Runseastintothesea,covering830Chinesemiles."Itsformernamesinclude"QianWater","QiantangLake","MingshengLake","JinniuLake","ShihanLake","ShangLake","LianyanLake","FangshengPond","XiziLake","GaoshiLake","XilingLake","MeirenLake","XianzheLake","MingyueLake",andetc.Butonlytwonameswerewidelyacceptedinhistoryandrecordedinhistoricaldocuments.Oneis"QiantangLake",duetothefactthatHangzhouwascalled"Qiantang"inancienttimes.Theothernameis"WestLake",duetothelakebeingwestofthecity.Thename"WestLake"firstappearedintwopoemsof\o"BaiJuyi"BaiJuyi,"BestowedonguestsasreturningfromWestLakeintheeveningandlookingbacktoGushanTemple"(西湖晚歸回望孤山寺贈諸客)and"OnthereturningboattoHangzhou"(杭州回舫).Since\o"SongDynasty"NorthSongDynasty,mostpoemsandarticlesofscholarsusedthename"WestLake",whilethename"QiantangLake"wasgraduallydeprecated."TherequestofdredgingWestLake"writtenby\o"SuShi"SuShiwasthefirsttimethat"WestLake"appearedinanofficialdocument.[\o"Editsection:QinDynasty"edit]QinDynastyOver2,000yearsago,WestLakewasstillapartofQiantangRiver.Duetosoilsedimentation,thefeetofthesurroundingmountainsonnorthandsouthsidesofthelake,WuMountainandBaoshiMountaingraduallystretchedtoformshoalheads.Laterthesesandspitsslowlymergedtointoasandbank,towhichalagoonemergedtothewest:thiswastheoldWestLake,ofthe\o"QinDynasty"Qinand\o"HanDynasty"Handynasticeras."WestLakeDreamSearching"(西湖夢尋)writtenby\o"ZhangDai"ZhangDai(張岱)recorded,"BigStoneBuddhistTemple.Accordingtoancienthistory,\o"QinShiHuang"QinShiHuangtraveledeastintothesea,andmooredtheboattothisstone."TheBigStoneBuddhistTemplereferredtowaslocatedatBaoshiMountain,northoftheWestLake.Thesedaysthe"QinShiHuangmooringstone"canstillbeseen.[\o"Editsection:SuiDynasty"edit]SuiDynastyTheshortlivedSuiDynastywasknownforitsgreatengineeringworkswhichitaccomplishedduringitsbriefexistence.AfterDaye6thyear(610),\o"SuiDynasty"SuiDynasty,the\o"GrandCanal(China)"JiangnanCanalwasopenedandconnectedtothe\o"GrandCanal(China)"NorthCanal.Thus,fivemajorriversofChina,namelythe\o"HaiRiver"HaiRiver,\o"YellowRiver"YellowRiver,\o"HuaiRiver"HuaiRiver,\o"YangtzeRiver"YangtzeRiver,and\o"QiantangRiver"QiantangRiverallwereconnected:thisfacilitatedtransportationtoandfromHangzhouandthusboostingbithitsandgeneraleconomicdevelopment.TourisminHangzhoualsostartedtoboom.[\o"Editsection:TangDynasty"edit]TangDynastyInthe\o"TangDynasty"TangDynasty,WestLakehadanareaofroughly10.8squarekilometers.ThewesternandsouthernpartsofthelakeallextendedtothefootofWestHill.ThenortheasternpartstretchedtoWulinGatearea.Pilgrimscouldtaketheboattothehill-footandwalkuptothehilltoworship.Becausetherewasvirtuallynohydraulicprojectinthosedays,thelakefloodedafterheavyrains,anddriedupduringlongdroughts.\o"BaochuPagoda"BaochuPagodaViewwiththeLeifengPagodaandJingciInSeptember,Jianzhong2ndyear(781),LiMi(李泌)wasappointedgovernorofHangzhou.Inordertosupplyfreshwater,hecreativelyinducedthewaterintothecity.HeorderedsixwellsduginpopulousareaslikeQiantangGateandYongjinGate,andsetupa"shadowconduit"(undergroundclayandbamboopipes)tointroducelakewaterintothecity.Thesixwellshavelongvanishedtoday.TheonlyexistingrelicfromthattimeistheXiangguoWell,locatedwestofJintingBridgeonJiefangRd.TheotherfivewellswereXiWell(towestofXiangguoWell),FangWell(orFour-eyedWell),JinniuWell(northwestofXiWell),BaiguiWell(westofLongxiangBridge),andXiaofangWell(orSix-eyedWell,insideQiantangGate,nowInthemiddleofthe\o"TangDynasty"TangDynastyZhenyuanera(785-804),\o"ListofChineselanguagepoets"poetandgovernmentofficial\o"BaiJuyi"BaiJuyi(白居易)wasappointedgovernorofHangzhou.Alreadyanaccomplishedandfamouspoet,hisdeedsatHangzhoumadehimagreatgovernor.HerealisedthatthefarmlandnearbydependedonthewaterofXīHú,butduetothenegligenceofpreviousgovernors,theold\o"Dike(construction)"dykehadcollapsed,andthelakesodriedoutthatthelocalfarmersweresufferingfromsevere\o"Drought"drought.Heorderedtheconstructionofastrongerandtallerdyke,witha\o"Dam"damtocontroltheflowofwater,andthusprovidingwaterforirrigationandsomitigatingthedroughtproblem.ThelivelihoodoflocalpeopleofHangzhouimprovedoverthefollowingyears.BaiJuyiusedhisleisuretimetoenjoythebeautyofXīHú,visitingthelakealmosteveryday.HeorderedtheconstructionofacausewayconnectingBrokenBridgewithSolitaryHilltoallowwalkingonfoot,insteadofrequiringtheservicesofaboat.Hethenplantedcoolabahtreesandwillowstreesalongthedyke,makingitabeautifullandmark.Afterwards,thiscausewaywaslaternamedBaiCauseway(白堤)inBaiJuyi'shonour.[\o"Editsection:FiveDynasties"edit]FiveDynastiesThemostprominenterasinHangzhou'sdevelopmenthistory,\o"WuyueKingdom"WuyueKingdomand\o"SongDynasty"SouthernSongDynasty,hadgreatimpactsonWestLake.ThecomprehensivedevelopmentandfundamentallayoutofWestLakeoccurredinthesetwoDynasties.During\o"FiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsPeriod"FiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsPeriod,\o"WuyueKingdom"WuyueKingdom(907-960)madeHangzhouitscapital.Itfacilitatedthetransportationtocoastalregions,andpromotedtradingwithforeigncountrieslikeJapanandKorea.Inthemeantime,successiveemperorsinWuyueKingdompaidgreattributetoBuddhism,andbuiltanumberoftemples,pagodas,shrinesandgrottosaroundthelakearea.Theyexpanded\o"LingyinTemple"LingyinTemple,foundedZhaoqingTemple,\o"JingciTemple"JingciTemple,Li'anTemple,LiutongTempleandTaoguangTemple,andbuilt\o"BaochuPagoda"BaochuPagoda,\o"LiuhePagoda"LiuhePagoda,\o"LeifengPagoda"LeifengPagodaandWhitePagoda.Theareawasthusacclaimedas"BuddhistCountry".\o"LingyinTemple"LingyinTemple,TianzhuTempleandthetideofQiantangwerethemostfamousscenicspotsatthattime.Duetothegeologicalcharacteristics,earthdepositedspeedlyinWestLakeanddredgingbecamearoutinemaintenance.ThusinBaozheng2ndyear(927),theemperorofWuyueKingdom,QianLiu,installedalake-dredgingarmyof1,000tomowgrassesanddeepensprings,andpreservedthewaterbodyofthelake.[\o"Editsection:SongDynasty"edit]SongDynasty"ThelovelySpringbreezehascome

BacktotheLakeoftheWest.

TheSpringwatersaresoclearand

Greentheymightbefreshlypainted.

Thecloudsofperfumearesweeter

Thancanbeimagined.Inthe

GentleEastwindthepetals

Falllikegrainsofrice."—\o"OuyangXiu"OuyangXiu(1007–1072),excerptsfromSpringDayonWestLake[3]Overtwohundredyearslater,inthebeginningof\o"SongDynasty"SongDynasty'sYuanyouera(1086–1094),anothergreatpoet,\o"SuShi"SuShi(蘇軾,alsoknownasSuDongpo),cametoHangzhouasgovernor.Atthattime,thefarmerssuffereddroughtagain,duetoovergrowthoftheweedsatthebottomofthelakecloggingtheirrigationducts.Heordereddredgingofthelakeandpiledupallthemudintoanothercauseway,inthestyleofBaiCauseway,butmuchwiderandnearlythreetimesaslong:healsoplantedwillowtreesalongitsbanks.Thiscausewaywaslaternamedafterhimasthe"SuCauseway".Therearesix\o"Bridge"bridgesalongthe2.6

kmSuCauseway(蘇堤)."DawnontheSuCausewayinSpring蘇堤春曉"isoneoftheattractions.When\o"SongDynasty"SouthernSongDynastymadeHangzhouitscapitalin1127,Hangzhoubecamethenationalcenterofpolitics,economyandculture.Thepopulationgrewrapidly,andtheeconomydevelopedgreatly.Hangzhouentereditsheyday.WuZimuof\o"SongDynasty"SouthernSongDynastydescribedtheextravaganceinhis"MengliangRecord"(夢粱錄),"ThelifeinLin'anisluxuriousinallseasons,fullofdelightandappreciationwithnoidledays.Inwestthereisalovelylakewitharrestingscenes,andineasttherivertidesarespectacular.Botharemiracles."Besidespilgrims,thetouristsinHangzhouincludedenvoysofforeigncountries,businessmen,monksandscholarcandidatesofthe\o"ImperialExamination"centralexaminations.ThebeautyofWestLakestartedtogainwidereputation.Inthosedays,boatingonthelakewasapopularentertainment.Accordingtorecords,therewerehundredsofboatsinthelake.Allweredelicatelybuilt,withexquisitecarvinganddecorations,andglidedgracefullyonthewater.PoetLinShengvividlydescribedtheostentationinhispoem"OnahotelwallinLin'an".Inaddition,poet\o"YangWanli"YangWanli(楊萬里)alsoacclaimedtheengagingsceneryofWestLakeinpoem"ComingoutofJingciTempleatdawntoseeLinZifangoff".[\o"Editsection:YuanDynasty"edit]YuanDynasty"Greenmountainssurroundonallsides

thestillwatersofthelake.

Pavilionsandtowersinhuesofgold

andazurerisehereandthere.

Onewouldsayalandscapecomposedbyapainter.

Onlytowardstheeast,

wheretherearenohills,

doesthelandopenout,

andtheresparkle,likefishes'scales,

thebrightcolouredtilesofathousandroofs."—FromDailylifeinChinaontheEveoftheMongolInvasion,1250-1276[4]Inthe\o"YuanDynasty"YuanDynasty,WestLakewasstillsociallythriving,withapopulationfullofexuberanceforsinginganddancing.TheBookofYuan,column23,says,inZhida2ndyear(1309),"inHangzhou,Jiang-Zhearea,duringhalfayearthereweremorethan1,200foreignvisitors.ForeignersSangwuandBaohedingbroughtlions,panthers,crowsandfalcons.Theystayedfor27days.Peopleandanimalsatemeatofmorethan1,300\o"Catty"jin."IncreasingnumberofbusinessmenandtravelersfromcountriesofTurkestanandwesternEuropecametovisitHangzhou.ThemostfamousamongthemwasItalianexplorer\o"MarcoPolo"MarcoPolo,whocomplimentedHangzhouinhistravelnotesas"themostsplendidheavenlycityintheworld".InlateYuanDynasty,therewere"QiantangTenScenicSpots",inadditiontothe"WestLakeTenScenicSpots"ofthe\o"SongDynasty"SouthSongDynasty;theexistenceofwhichexpandedthescopeoftourism.DuringZhiyuanyearsofthereignof\o"KublaiKhan"YuanShizu(KublaiKhan),thelakewasdredged,andrenamed"pondoffreeingcaptiveanimals"(放生池).Someofthelakeareawasgraduallyenrichedandbecamecultivatedzones.Inthelate\o"YuanDynasty"YuanDynasty,WestLakelackedgovernmentalattention,andplutocratsandnoblemenenclosedwaterzones,sothatthelakedeterioratedintoadesolatestatewithmostofitsareasiltingupandturningintoswampland.[\o"Editsection:MingDynasty"edit]MingDynastyThreePoolsMirroringtheMoonInthe\o"MingDynasty"MingDynasty,HangzhoubegantorestoreitsprosperityinXuandeandZhengtongyears(1426–1449).Then,thelocalgovernmentkeptaclosewatchonWestLake.InHongzhi16thyear(onesourcesuggestsZhengde3rdyear)thethengovernorYangMengying(楊孟瑛),withthesupportofspecialenvoyJuLiang(車粱),obtainedapprovaltodredgethelake,despitemuchresistancefromlocalmagnates.ThisprojectwasfundedbytheEngineeringDepartment."WestLakeTourismGuide"(西湖游覽志),columnoneof\o"MingDynasty"MingDynastyrecorded,"TheworkcommencedinFebruaryIttook152days,and6,700,000manpowers,andcost23,607liangofsilver,andgotridofillegalfields3,481ChineseacresThus,WestLakerecoveredtoitsimagein\o"TangDynasty"Tangand\o"SongDynasty"SongDynasties."ThedredgingprojectextendedthewatersurfacefromwestofSuCausewaytoHongchunBridgeandMaoJiaBu.TheexcavatedsiltwasusedtobroadenSuCauseway,andalsousedtobuildalongcausewayinwesternInsideLake,called"YanggongCauseway"(楊公堤).Inthe35thregnalyearofthe\o"WanliEmperor"WanliEmperor,1607,thegovernorofQiantangCounty,NieXintang(聶心湯),constructedacircularcausewayfromsouthtowestoutsidetheFangshengPondoftheisland"XiaoYingZhou",whichresultedinauniqueviewof"IslandinLake,LakeinIsland".Inthe39thyear,YangWanlisubsequentlybuilttheouterbank,andthewholeplotwasrealizedby48thyear.Outsidethepondwereerectthreesmallstonypagodas,called"ThreePonds".Both,inthe\o"MingDynasty"Mingandthe\o"QingDynasty"QingDynasties,WestLakewasdredgedseveraltimes.Thesiltdugupwasheapedtoformtwoislandsinthelake,"XuxinTing"and"XiaoYingZhou".[\o"Editsection:QingDynasty"edit]QingDynastyQianKingThe\o"Kangxi"Kangxiand\o"Qianlong"QianlongofEmperorsofthe\o"QingDynasty"QingDynastytouredSouthChinaandstoppingbyHangzhoumanytimes;whichhelpedtoexpeditetherevampingandrehabilitationofWestLake.\o"Kangxi"KangxivisitedHangzhoufivetimes,andwrotethenamesof"TenScenicSpotsofWestLake"selectedin\o"SongDynasty"SouthernSongDynasty.ThelocalgovernortheninscribedKangxi'shandwritingonto\o"Stelae"stelaeandbuiltpavilionsoverthem.Thereafterthosescenessuchas"TwoPeaksPiercingtheClouds"and"MoonoverthePeacefulLakeinAutumn"acquiredfixedlocationsforappreciation.Duringthereignof\o"Yongzheng"Yongzheng,"EighteenScenicSitesofWestLake"haddevelopedintoanewnomenclaturetogetherwithenrichedtourismresources.\o"Qianlong"QianlongvisitedHangzhousixtimes,composingpoemsaswellaserectingstelaeforthe"TenScenicSpots".Healsowrotenamesfor"EightScenicSpotsofDragonWell",bringingrenowntothemountainoussceneryofremotethe\o"Longjing,Hangzhou"DragonWellregion(Longjing).InQianlong'sreign,twoHangzhounatives,brothersQuHaoandQuHan,co-authoredabookcalled"AGlanceatLakesandHills",recordingasmanyas1,016touristspotsaroundWestLake.ThisistheearliestknowntravelguideinHangzhou.Duringthereignofthe\o"YongzhengEmperor"YongzhengEmperor,WestLakestillpreservedawaterareaof7.54squarekilometers,butmorethan20acres(81,000m2)wereshoals.Duetoextensivedredgingprojects,thelakeareaspreadbeyondthewestofnowXishanRoadtotheneighborhoodofHongchunBridge,MaojiaBu,TurtlePond,andChishanBu.In\o"Yongzheng"Yongzheng'sfifthyearasEmperor,thegovernorof\o"Zhejiang"ZhejiangandRightViceDirectoroftheCourtofCensors,LiWei(李衛),spent42,742\o"Tael"lianginsilverindredgingthelake.HebuiltstoneweirsinJinshaHarbor,ChishanBu,JingjiaHillandMaojiaBuinordertostorewaterandtoflushoutthelakesilt.In\o"Jiaqing"Jiaqing5thyear(1800),governorof\o"Zhejiang"ZhejiangYanJian(顏檢)beseechedtheCourttosupportahydraulicprojectinWestLake.TheprojectwassupervisedbythelategovernorofZhejiang,RuanYuan(阮元),hadtheexcavatedsiltpiledintoamound,whichwasthennamed"RuanGongDun"(阮公墩--"DukeRuan'sPier").Bythen,themodernconfigurationofWestLakewasdetermined.Inthe3rdyearofthereignofthe\o"TongzhiEmperor"TongzhiEmperor,1864,theWestLakeDredgingBureauwasfounded,andaQiantangnative,DingBin,wasappointedasdirector.[\o"Editsection:RepublicofChinatoEndof20thCentury"edit]RepublicofChinatoEndof20thCenturyFromtheendof\o"QingDynasty"QingDynastytotheperiodof\o"RepublicofChina"RepublicofChina,constructionsincludedtheShanghai-Hangzhou-NingboandtheZhejiang-JiangxirailwaysaswellastheHangzhou-Shanghai,Hangzhou-Nanjing,andHangzhou-Ningbohighwayswerebuilt.ThisfacilitationoftransportationencouragedthedevelopmentofHangzhou'stourism.Besidestraditionalpilgrims,moreandmoretravelerscamefromdomesticcitieslikeShanghai,NanjingaswellasfromEurope,AmericaandJapan."ThespecialmemorialeditionofHangzhougovernment10thanniversary"says,fromMinguo19-25year(1930–1936),therecordedtouriststoHangzhouwerecountedto32,845.Cloud-SustainedPathinaBambooGroveHangzhou'stourismresourcesbecamemoreabundantinthe\o"RepublicofChina"RepublicofChinaera,asscenicspotsandculturalrelicsweresteadilyaddedaroundWestLake.Thegovernmentconvertedtheimperialgardenoftheimperialpalaceremainingfromthe\o"QingDynasty"QingDynastyintoapark,onSolitaryHill.TheofficialcalendaroftheRepublicwasthe\o"Minguocalendar"Minguocalendar,whichnumberedyearsfromthefoundingoftheRebublic,andinminguo16thyear,theparkwasrenamed"ZhongshanPark"or"SunYat-senPark".Onleftsideofthepark,theZhejiangMartyrymemorialwasbuilt,honoringthosedeceasedwhentheZhejiangarmycapturedJinling.Inaddition,martyrtombsfor\o"XuXilin"XuXilinand\o"QiuJin"QiuJinwereconstructednearXilingBridge.Inminguo6thyear,theDabeiPavilionin\o"LingyinTemple"LingyinTemplewaserected,andtheYueWangTempleandYueFei'stombwererenovatedseveraltimes.Fromminguo12-20,HuanglongDongwasbuilt.Fromminguo12-13,thedesertedQianKingTemplewasrenovatedandconvertedtoagarden.Inminguo22,theleaningBaochuPagodawasrevamped.TheconstructionofparksinHangzhoustartedwithLakesideParkin\o"RepublicofChina"RepublicofChinaera.In1912,themilitarygovernmentofZhejiangdemolishedthecitywallsfromQiantangGatetoYongjinGateaswellasthefortressofbanners,andbuiltHubingRdalongthelakeside.Hurdleswereputup20metersfromthelakeandflowersandtreeswereplanted.Theareawascalled"LakesidePark",coveringaroundoneChinesemileandwasdividedintofiveparks,firsttofifth.Inspringof1930,thecitygovernmentpavedalandofaround21muwithmuddredgedoutofthelakefromnorthofChangshengRdtoQiantangGate,andfoundedSixthDuetocontinuousdiggingbystealthonitsbase,LeifengPagoda,afterlastingnearlyathousandyears,collapsedallofasuddenat1:40pm,September25,1924.Itwasshockingnewsinmedia.\o"LuXun"LuXunpurposelywrote"CommentontheCollapseofLeifengPagoda"and"SecondCommentontheCollapseofLeifengPagoda",makingaremarkonthisincident.ThefallofLeifengPagodaalsoputanendtooneof"TenScenesofWestLake","LeifengPagodaintheSunset"【雷峰夕照】.FromJune6-October20,1929,thegovernmentofZhejianghostedthefirst"WestLakeExpo",andtotalparticipantsnumberedover20million.ThelocationofWestLakeExpowassetatareasaroundthelakeside,suchasBrokenBridge,SolitaryHill,Yue-WangTemple,NorthHill,andetc.Theprimarypurposeoftheexpowastopromotenationalproductsandencourageenterprises.Besidesover1,000delegategroupsfromnationwide,involvedincludeddelegatesfromAmerica,Japan,Britain,Indonesiaandothercountries.ItwasthelargestandlongestpageantinHangzhouduringthe\o"RepublicofChina"RepublicofChinaera.MistyTreesbyNineStreamsAftertheestablishmentofthe\o"People'sRepublicofChina"People'sRepublicofChina,Hangzhouwasamongthefirstopeningtourismcitiesinthenation.Thecitygovernmentpreservedthemountainareaaroundthelakeandplantedalargenumberoftrees.Meanwhile,WestLakewasextensivelydredged.WithinWestLakesceneryzone,newbotanicalgardenandflowergardenwasopened.FishViewingattheFlowerPond(花港觀魚)park,andOriolesSingingintheWillows(柳浪聞鶯)parkwereconstructed.FishViewingattheJadeSpringsandYongjinParkwererebuilt.\o"LingyinTemple"LingyinTemple,\o"JingciTemple"JingciTemple,Yue-WangTemple,ThreePondsMirroringtheMoon(三潭印月),Lake-heartPavilionandotherspotswererenovated.Inaddition,WestHuanhuRd(XishanRd),LongjinRdandJiuxiRdwerenewlybuilt.In1959,WestLakeofHangzhoureceivedover1,400foreigntourists,over2,300touristsfrom\o"HongKong"HongKongand\o"Macao"Macaoandover5milliondomesticvisitors.After\o"CulturalRevolution"CulturalRevolution,thenumberoftouriststoWestLakeincreasedrapidly.In1978,itreceived53,000touristsfromoverseasandHongKongandMacaocombined,inadditiontoabout6milliondomestictravelers.InMay1983,thestatecouncilnamedHangzhou"FamedHistoricalandCulturalCity"and"NationalKeyScenicTourismCity".InSeptember1984,theexecutiveofficeofstatecouncilinstructedthatHangzhouevolvetothetourismcenterofSoutheastChinaandafirst-classinternationalscenictourismcity.ThereafterHangzhougovernmentrefurbished\o"LingyinTemple"LingyinTemple,TianzhuTemple,\o"JingciTemple"JingciTemple,In1949,WestLakesiltedup,withaveragedepthofmerely0.55metersandcapacityonly4millioncubicmeters.Marshyweedsblanketedthelakebedsothatlargeboatcouldonlymaketheirwaysthroughspecificchannels.In1950,thegovernmentlistedWestLakedredgingasanationalinvestmentproject.HangzhoulaunchedtheWestLakeDredgingProjectin1951toexcavatingthesiltthoroughly.By1954,alltheworkhadbeenmechanized.Theprojectconcludedin1959.Asaresult,theachievedaveragedepthwas1.808meterswithnadirof2.6meters.Thecapacityelevatedto10,271,900cubicmeters.Thesiltwasusedtofill18pondsorlacunaeinsurroundingareasincludingZhaoqingTempleandQingboPark.However,becauseoftheerosionandsedimentonlakebedafterward,thedepthofthewaterlessenedto1.47meters.Thegovernmentthusinvested2millionyuanin1976todredgethelakeagain.By1980,thedepthincreasedto1.5meters.Besidesdredgingwork,thecitygovernmentsubstantiallyfortifiedthelakeshore,resultinginabankoftotallengthof29,800meters.ThatwasthelargestbankenhancementprojectinthehistoryofWestTheWestLakeDiversionProjectwasinauguratedon1February1985.TheprojectbuiltapumpatZhakousectionof\o"QiantangRiver"QiantangRiver,anddrew300,000cubicmetersofwaterdaily,equivalenttoonethirty-thirdoftotalcapacityofthelake.Asaconsequence,thelake'swaterbodytransparencywasincreasedby5to7

cm.Othertheotherhand,Thelake-widesewageinterceptionprojectwaslaunchedin1978,andwasfinishedin1981.Itwasdividedintothreebranches,southern,westernandnorthern,buriedsewagetunnelsofover17kilometers,andwasequippedwith10pumpingstations.TheBackofOneYuanBillofRMB,5thVersionIn1984,fiveorganizationsincludingHangzhouDailynewspapersponsoredvotingforthe"NewTenScenesinWestAfter71years,theWestLakeExpowaslaunchedinXiHuin2000.ThenewexhibitionwasheldfromOctober20toNovember10,attracting1,400,000touristsdomesticandoverseas.Thetourismindustryrakedin1.12billionRMB.TheExpogreatlyenhancedthereputationofWestImagesoftheWest[\o"Editsection:WestLakeSouthernSideRenovationProject"edit]WestLakeSouthernSideRenovationProjectEnteringthe21stcentury,WestLakewitnessedseveralenvironmentalrenovationprojects.Firstofthemwas"WestLakeSouthernSideRenovationProject".FromFebruarytoOctober2002,Hangzhougovernmentincorporatedfourlargeparksonthesouthernsideofthelake,andthesefourparkshavebeenfreetopublic24hoursaday,7daysaweek.OnOctober25,2002,ontheoldsiteoftheLeifengPagodawhichcollapsed78yearsago,anewpagodawithheightof71.7meterswaserected.[5][\o"Editsection:Geography"edit]GeographyAbouttheformationofWestLake,therearefewrecordsinancientdocuments."WestLakeSight-SeeingRecord"(西湖游覽志)of\o"MingDynasty"MingDynasty,columnone,says,"WestLakeissurroundedbymountainsonthreesides.Streamswanderdownthehillsintothepond.There'rehundredsofspringsunderneath.Accumulatedwaterformsthelake."(西湖三面環山，溪谷縷注，下有淵泉百道，潴而為湖。)Modernscholarsstudiedtopography,geology,sedimentandhydrodynamics,andgenerallyheldthatWestLakewasalagoonformedgraduallyfromagulf.In\o"Minguo"Minguo9thyear(1920),