高考总复习优化设计二轮用书英语(新高考)阅读理解　文体分类练3　说明文之科普知识类

高考总复习优化设计GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2024文体分类练(三)说明文之科普知识类Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023浙江湖州、衢州、丽水二模)Incountriesaroundtheworld,womendomoreunpaidlabor—housework,childandeldercare,andthementalloadofmanagingafamilythanmen.Newresearchsuggestsittakesahealthtoll(代价)onmanyofthem.Ananalysisof19studiescovering70,310peopleglobally,whichispublishedthismonthinThe

Lancet(柳叶刀)Public

Health,foundthatthemoreofthislaborwomendo,theworsetheirmentalhealth.Thefindingspointoutwomenaremoreoftendiagnosedwithanxietyanddepressionthanmen.Passage1Passage2Passage3Houseworkandchildcare,theresearchfound,havemuchlessofanimpactonmen’smentalhealth.That’sprobablybecausetheydosomuchlessofit.IntheUnitedStates,womendoanaverage4.5hoursofsuchworkaday,comparedwith2.8hoursformen,accordingtodatafromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.InGreece,womendo4.3hourswhilemendoanhourandahalf.Eveninthemostgender-equalcountries,likeSweden,womendo50minutesmoreadaythanmen.Passage1Passage2Passage3It’salsobecausethetypeofsuchworkmendoisgenerallylesstime-sensitive.Forexample,menaremoreoftenresponsibleforoutdoortasks,likemowingthelawn,thataredonelessoftenandontheirownschedule.Womenaremorelikelytotakeondailytasksthatneedtobedoneatcertaintimes,likepreparingmealsorcleaningup.Socialexpectationsprobablyalsoplayarole.Studieshaveshownthatwomenfeelpressuretokeeptheirhomesclean,forinstance,andfeeljudgediftheydon’t.Men,ontheotherhand,areoftenpraisedfordoingdailytasksliketakingachildtoanappointment.Passage1Passage2Passage3TheLancetresearcherssaidthatdrawingclearconclusionsfromthe19studieswasdifficultandthatmoreresearchwouldbewelcome.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了发表在《柳叶刀公共卫生》上的一项对全球70,310人的19项研究的分析发现,女性从事的劳动越多,她们的心理健康状况就越差。Passage1Passage2Passage31.How

does

the

author

show

the

research

findings

in

paragraphs

2

and

3?A.Bygivingexamples. B.Bylistingfigures.C.Bymakinganalysis. D.Bytellingstories.√解析

推理判断题。根据第二段中“An

analysis

of

19

studies

covering

70,310

people

globally”以及第三段中“In

the

United

States,women

do

an

average

4.5

hours

of

such

work

a

day,compared

with

2.8

hours

for

men”可知,作者在第二段和第三段是通过列举数字展示研究成果的。Passage1Passage2Passage32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“time-sensitive”meaninparagraph4?A.Flexible. B.Valuable.C.Demandingintiming. D.Challenginginskills.√解析

词义猜测题。根据下文“For

example,men

are

more

often

responsible

for

outdoor

tasks,like

mowing

the

lawn,that

are

done

less

often

and

on

their

own

schedule.Women

are

more

likely

to

take

on

daily

tasks

that

need

to

be

done

at

certain

times,like

preparing

meals

or

cleaning

up.”可知,男性负责的任务对时间的要求没有女性高,可推理出第四段中time-sensitive的含义应为对时间要求高的。Passage1Passage2Passage33.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph5?A.Womenaregenerallyexpectedtodomorehouseholdlabor.B.Womenwillbepunishedbyjudgesiftheydon’tkeeptheirhomesclean.C.Menfeelstressedmoreoftenwhentheycan’ttaketheirchildrentothedentist.D.Menaresupposedtotakeachildtoanappointmentinsteadofdoingotherhousework.√解析

细节理解题。根据第五段中“Studies

have

shown

that

women

feel

pressure

to

keep

their

homes

clean,for

instance,and

feel

judged

if

they

don’t.”可知,妇女被期望从事更多的家务劳动。Passage1Passage2Passage34.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Factsthatmenandwomenareunequal.B.Badeffectsthathouseworkhasonwomen.C.Responsibilitiesthatwomenshareinfamilies.D.Reasonswhyunpaidlaborhurtswomenmorementally.√解析

主旨大意题。根据文章第一段以及第三段中“Housework

and

child

care,the

research

found,have

much

less

of

an

impact

on

men’s

mental

health.”以及第五段中“Social

expectations

probably

also

play

a

role.”可知,本文第一段提出了无偿家务劳动对妇女心理有健康危害这一研究发现,后续段落对这一研究发现进行了原因分析和解释。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023浙江宁波二模)Humansarenottheanimalkingdom’sonlyfashionistas.Tits(山雀)canbefashionfollowers,too,apparently.Alateststudyshowsthat,giventhechance,theydecoratetheirnestswiththisseason’smust-havecolour.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinwerefollowinguponastudypublishedin1934byHenrySmithWilliams,anAmericannaturalist.Henoticedthatwhenheputvariouscolouredballsofyarn(纱)outinhisgarden,almostalwaysoneandonlyonebecamepopularthatseasonforbeingincludedintolocalbirds’nests.Butwhichparticularcolourwasfavouredvariedfromseasontoseason.Thissuggestedthatthecolourchosenbyoneoftheearlybirdswasspottedandcopiedbyothers.Passage1Passage2Passage3Williams’sworkwas,however,forgottenuntiltheycameacrossitwhilefollowinguponadifferentstudy,publishedbyateamattheUniversityofToulouse,suggestingfashion-following,too.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinthereforesetouttore-runWilliams’sexperiment,butthistimetocollectsomeactualnumbers.Passage1Passage2Passage3Thebirdstheyfollowedwerepartofawell-monitoredpopulationofbluetitsinawoodneartheinstitute.Mostbirdsinthiswoodcarriedtrackingdevicesfittedtothemaftertheircaptureinmistnets.Thatallowedtheinstitute’sresearcherstokeeptrackofavastnumberofindividualsbyrecordingtheirarrivalatfoodcontainersthroughoutthewood.Insteadoffood,thesecontainerswereloadedwithwoolofdifferentcolours.Interestingly,researcherssoonfoundthatmostnestsofbluetitsincludedonlythecolourofthewoolfirstchosenbyanestbuilder.Passage1Passage2Passage3Tits,then,doseemtobe“ontrend”,whenitcomestonest-buildingmaterials.Whythatshouldhappenremainsobscure.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinsuspectthefashionleadersareolderbirds,andthatevolutionfavoursyoungeronescopyingtheirelderssincethoseeldershaveevidentlysurvivedwhatfortunehastothrowatatit.Williams’soriginalwork,though,suggestssuchinitialchoicesareatrandom—abitlikethoseoftheleadersofhumanfashions.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。人类并不是动物界唯一的时尚达人。研究表明,山雀也像人类一样追随潮流,用流行色装点巢穴。Passage1Passage2Passage35.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph2?A.Dr.WildandDr.AplincontributedtoWilliam’swork.B.Earlybirds’colourpreferencewascopiedbytheirfellows.C.Theyarnwasthemostpopularmaterialtodecoratelocalbirds’nests.D.Thecolouroftheyarnfavouredbylocalbirdswasfixedthroughouttheyear.√解析

推理判断题。根据第二段中“He

noticed

that

when

he

put

various

coloured

balls

of

yarn

out

in

his

garden...by

one

of

the

early

birds

was

spotted

and

copied

by

others.”可知,最开始的鸟类的颜色偏好被它们的同伴模仿了。Passage1Passage2Passage36.HowdidDr.WildandDr.AplinimproveWilliams’sexperiment?A.Theyobservedthebluetits.B.Theystudiedthehabitsofbluetits.C.Theyadoptedthedata-collectingmethod.D.Theyfittedtrackingdevicestofoodcontainers.√解析

细节理解题。根据第三段中“Dr.Wild

and

Dr.Aplin

therefore

set

out

to

re-run

Williams’s

experiment,but

this

time

to

collect

some

actual

numbers.”可知,Wild博士和Aplin博士采用了数据收集的方法来改进Williams的实验。Passage1Passage2Passage37.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“obscure”inparagraph5mean?A.Hidden. B.Evident.C.Complicated. D.Shallow.√解析

词义猜测题。根据第五段中“Dr.Wild

and

Dr.Aplin

suspect

the

fashion

leaders

are

older

birds,and

that

evolution

favours

younger

ones

copying

their

elders

since

those

elders

have

evidently

survived

what

fortune

has

to

throw

at

a

tit.”中的suspect可推知,为什么会发生这种情况还不清楚。obscure意为“不清楚的;隐蔽的”。Passage1Passage2Passage38.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Birdsfavourcertaincoloursindecoration.B.Youngbirdsfollowtheireldersinfashion.C.Youngbirdsarejustasintelligentaspeople.D.Birdsarejustasfashion-consciousaspeople.√解析

主旨大意题。根据第一段可知,本文主要讲的是鸟类像人类一样追随潮流。D项“Birds

are

just

as

fashion-conscious

as

people.”最能概括本文大意。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023福建厦门二模)Inanewstudy,IowaPsychologistEdWassermangavethepigeonscomplexcategorizationteststhathigh-levelthinkingwouldnotaidinsolving.Instead,thepigeons,bytrialanderror,eventuallywereabletomemorizeenoughsituationsinthetest.Thisbasicprocessofmakingassociations—consideredalower-levelthinkingtechnique—isthesamebetweenthetest-takingpigeonsandthelatestAIadvances.Passage1Passage2Passage3Theresearcherssoughttofigureouttwotypesoflearning:onedeclarativelearning,isbasedonexercisingreasonaccordingtoasetofrulesorstrategies—aso-calledhigherleveloflearningownedmostlybypeople.Theother,associativelearning,centersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatterns,suchas“sky-blue”and“water-wet”.Passage1Passage2Passage3Wasserman’steamdesignedadifficulttesttofindoutwhetherthepigeonsusedeclarativeorassociativelearning.Eachtestpigeonwasshownastimulus(刺激)andhadtodecide,bypecking(啄)abuttonontherightorontheleft,towhichcategorythatstimulusbelonged.Whatmadethetestsodemandingwasthatnorulesorlogicwouldhelpfinishthetask.Theyhavetomemorizetheindividualstimuliorregionsfromwherethestimulioccur.Overhundredsoftests,thefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.Passage1Passage2Passage3“ThepigeonsarelikeAImasters,”Wassermansays.“Bothofthememployassociativelearning,andyetthatbase-levelthinkingiswhatallowedthepigeonstoultimatelyscoresuccessfully.”Ifpeopleweretotakethesametest,they’dscorepoorlyandwouldprobablygiveupbecausetheyrelysoheavilyonrulesorstrategies.Thoseruleswouldgetinthewayoflearning.Thepigeondoesn’thavethathigh-levelthinkingprocess.Butitdoesn’tgetinthewayoftheirlearning.Infact,insomewaysitfacilitatesit.Passage1Passage2Passage3“PeoplearestunnedbyAIdoingamazingthingsusingalearningalgorithm(算法)muchlikethepigeon,”Wassermansays,“yetwhenpeopletalkaboutassociativelearninginhumansandanimals,itisdiscountedasinflexibleanduncomplicated.”[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。心理学家通过实验证明鸽子和最新的人工智能使用了同样的学习方法:联想学习。Passage1Passage2Passage39.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalexampleofassociativelearning?A.Tomrefusestoputhandsonhotstovesafterburns.B.Dolphinsdetectobstaclesusingsoundwaves.C.Chimpanzeesusephysicalgesturestrategies.D.Emilyfiguresoutmathproblemswithlogic.√解析

推理判断题。根据第二段中“The

other,associative

learning,centers

on

recognizing

and

making

connections

between

objects

or

patterns,such

as‘sky-blue’and‘water-wet’.”可知,联想学习的本质是建立联系。在“汤姆烫伤后不愿把手放在热炉子上”这一现象中,汤姆把烫伤和热炉子联系了起来,这属于联想学习。Passage1Passage2Passage310.Howdidthepigeonsimprovetheirperformanceinthetest?A.Bypeckingthestimuli.B.Byfindingrulesorlogic.C.Bycompetingwitheachother.D.Bymakingnumerousattempts.√解析

细节理解题。根据第三段中“Over

hundreds

of

tests,the

four

test

pigeons

eventually

upped

their

score

from

50%

to

an

average

of

68%

right.”可知,鸽子在测试中通过多次尝试提高它们的表现。Passage1Passage2Passage311.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.AIandmanusethesamelearningpattern.B.Associativelearningisunderestimated.C.Peoplethinkhighlyofdeclarativelearning.D.PigeonsfinishtaskswithAIalgorithms.√解析

推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,人们认为联想学习法对人类和动物来说不灵活且简单,但人工智能却用这种学习法做出惊人的事情,由此推知,联想学习被低估了。Passage1Passage2Passage312.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleofthetext?A.Pigeon’sPeckCanMirrorHighTechB.AIContributestoaNewLearningPatternC.AICanEnrichHumanLearningExperienceD.Pigeon’sLearningLargelyExtendsHighTech√解析

主旨大意题。通读全文