无损检测对接焊缝射线工艺规程

******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:1of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSRADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS对接焊缝射线检测工艺规程CONTROLLED在控本□UNCONTROLLED非在控本□COPYNO副本编号：PREPAREDBY编制：DATE日期：REVIEWEDBY审核：DATE日期：APPROVEDBY批准：DATE日期：******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:2of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSGeneral1.1Thisprocedureisappliedtothex-rayradiographicexaminationofbuttweldsforpressurevesselsconstructedinaccordancewithASMECodeSectionⅧDiv1.1.2Thisprocedureshallbesupplemented,whennecessary,withtheexaminationinstructionsdefiningmorespecificvariables,whichwillbepreparedbyNDELevelⅢpersonnel.2.QualificationofExaminationPersonnel2.1Anypersonengagedintheradiographicexaminationshallbequalifiedandcertifiedasaradiographicexaminerinaccordancewith******Co.,Ltd.’s“WrittenPracticeforNDEPersonnelTraining,Examination,QualificationandCertification”(NO.:QCD-011).2.2TheNDELevelⅠshallreceivethenecessaryinstructionorsupervisionfromacertifiedNDELevelⅡorLevelⅢExaminer.TheNDELevelⅡshallreceivetheinstructionorsupervisionfromaNDELevelⅢExaminer.2.3Accordingtotherespectiveresponsibilityrange,allexaminersshallcompletetheexaminationconformingtothereferencingASMECodeSections,standardsandwritteninstructions.Theyshallassuretheworkingquality.3.Equipment,ToolsandMaterialsTheLevelⅡExaminershallselecttheequipment,toolsandmaterialstoassurethattheyareincompliancewiththefollowingconditionsandtherequirementoftheexaminationinstruction.3.1Oneofthex-rayequipmentshallbeselectedfromTable1.Table11.概述1.1本工艺规程适用于按ASME规范第Ⅷ卷第Ⅰ册要求制造的压力容器的对接焊缝的x射线照相检测。1.2必要时，本工艺规程应由探伤作业指导书进行补充以规定更详细的变量，此指导书由NDEⅢ级人员编制。2.检测人员资格2.1从事射线探伤的检测人员必须按南京宝色钛业有限公司的<<NDE人员培训、考试、资格鉴定和认证实施细则>>(文件号：QCD-011)进行资格考核评定。2.2NDEⅠ级须接受合格的Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级必要的指导或监督。NDEⅡ级须接受NDEⅢ级的指导或监督。2.3根据各自的职责范围，所有检测人员应按ASME规范有关卷，标准和作业指导书进行检测并保证工作质量。3.设备、器材Ⅱ级人员所选用的设备、器材应能保证符合下列条件和探伤作业指导书的要求。3.1X射线设备应从表1中选用。TypeMfr.Max.TubeVoltabe(KVp)Max.TubeCurrent(mA)Foc.Size(mm)Permittedmax.materialthick(mm)SteelTiZrxx-2505Beijing25052x2386322xx-3005Dandong30051.0x2.3467028表1类型制造厂家最大管电压KVp最大管电流mA焦点尺寸(mm)允许的材料最大穿透厚度mmSteelTiZrxx-2505北京25052x2386322xx-3005丹东30051.0x2.34670283.2FilmFilmselectionshallbeinaccordancewithSE-1815,StandardTestMethodforFilmSystemsfor3.2胶片胶片须根据SE-1815工业射线照相的胶片系统分类的标准测试方法来选择。胶片分类表应由胶片制造厂提供。胶片******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:3of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSIndustrialRadiography.Theclassificationtableoffilmshallbeprovidedbythefilmmanufacturer.FilmsystemclassesSpecial,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,W-A,andW-Barepermitted.Dependingonthex-raypenetrationthickness,asuitablefilmshallbeselected.Whenusingtwofilmsmethod,twodifferenttypesoffilmshallbeselected.3.3ScreenAsuitableleadscreenshallbeselectedfromTable2.Table2系统分为特殊、Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,W-A,和W-B。应根据X射线穿透厚度，选择合适的胶片。采用双片法时，应选用两种不同类型的胶片。3.3增感屏从表2中选择适当的铅增感屏。表2TubeVoltageThicknessofleadScreen(mm)管电压铅增感屏厚度(mm)FrontBack前屏后屏<150kv150kv~300kv0.01~0.030.025~0.10>0.05>0.05~0.10<150kv150~300kv0.01~0.030.025~0.10>0.05>0.05~0.13.4DensitometerandStepWedgeFilmThedigitaldensitometerlistedinTable3shallbeusedforjudgingradiographdensity.Thedensitometershallbecheckedagainstacalibratedstepwedgefilmatleastonceevery90daysbytheNDELevelⅡorⅢExaminer.Thestepwedgefilmshallbecalibratedonceevery12monthsbytheNationalBureauofStandards.Table33.4黑度计和阶梯黑度片用表3列出的数码黑度计测定射线底片密度。黑度计至少每90天由NDEⅡ级或Ⅲ级用校验过的阶梯黑度片校验一次。黑度片须至少每12个月由国家标准局校验一次。表3TypeManufacturerMea.,RangeMea.,Precision型号制造厂测量范围测量精度TD-210ZHEJIANGZHENGHAI0.00-4.00D±0.03DTD-210浙江瓯海0.00-4.00D±0.03D3.5ImageQualityIndication(IQI)3.5.1TypeandmaterialofIQIs3.5.1.1ThewiretypeIQIpresentedasFig.1andTab.4beused.ThewiretypeIQIshallbemanufacturedandidentifiedinaccordancewiththerequirementsinSE-747.3.5.1.2Thewiresshallbefabricatedfrommaterialoralloywithsameorlessradiationabsorptionthanthematerialbeingradiographed.3.5象质计(IQI)3.5.1象质计类型和材料3.5.1.1应使用线型象质计(图1和表4)。线型象质计的制造和标识应符合SE-747的要求。3.5.1.2金属丝的材质应与被透检材料相同，或其射线吸收小于被检材料。******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:4of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSFig1图1******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:5of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSTable4WireIQIDesignation,WireDiametersandWireIdentityin.(mm)Table4IQISetsandwireDiameter表4线型IQI标识和线径表4象质计组别和线径WireDiametersin.(mm)线径英寸(毫米)SetAWireNo.SetBWireNo.A组线号AB组线号B0.0032(0.08)10.010(0.25)60.0032(0.08)10.010(0.25)60.004(0.1)20.013(0.33)70.004(0.1)20.013(0.33)70.005(0.13)30.016(0.4)80.005(0.13)30.016(0.4)80.0063(0.16)40.020(0.51)90.0063(0.16)40.020(0.51)90.008(0.2)50.025(0.64)100.008(0.2)50.025(0.64)100.010(0.25)60.032(0.81)110.010(0.25)60.032(0.81)11SetCWireNo.SetDWireNo.C组线号CD组线号D0.032(0.81)110.100(2.5)160.032(0.81)110.100(2.5)160.040(1.02)120.126(3.2)170.040(1.02)120.126(3.2)170.050(1.27)130.160(4.06)180.050(1.27)130.160(4.06)180.063(1.6)140.200(5.1)190.063(1.6)140.200(5.1)190.080(2.03)150.250(6.4)200.080(2.03)150.250(6.4)200.100(2.5)160.320(8)210.100(2.5)160.320(8)213.5.2IQISelection3.5.2.1ThedesignatedessentialminimumwirediametershallbeasspecifiedinTable5Table5IQISELECTION表5象质计选用3.5.2IQI选用3.5.2.1应显示的最小线径必须按表5规定。Nominalsingle-wallMaterialThicknessRange,in(mm)单壁标称材料厚度范围in(mm)SourceSideIQI射源侧IQIFilmSideIQI胶片侧IQIEssentialWireDiameter应显示的线径in(mm)WireNo.线号EssentialWireDiameter应显示的线径in(mmWireNo.线号Upto0.25,incl.≤0.25(≤6.4)0.008(0.2)50.006(0.16)4Over0.25thr.0.375>0.25~0.375(>6.4~9.5)0.010(0.25)60.008(0.2)5Over0.375thr.0.5>0.375~0.5(>9.5~12.7)0.013(0.33)70.010(0.25)6Over0.5thr.0.75>0..5~0.75(>12.7~19.1)0.016(0.4)80.013(0.33)7Over0.75thr.1.00>0.75~1.00(>19.1~25.4)0.020(0.51)90.016(0.4)8Over1.00thr.1.50>1.00~1.50(>25.4~38.1)0.025(0.64)100.020(0.51)9Over1.50thr.2.00>1.50~2.00(>38.1~50.8)0.032(0.81)110.025(0.64)103.5.2.2Forweldswithreinforcements,thethicknessonwhichtheIQIisbasedisthenominalsinglewallthicknessplustheestimatedweldreinforcementnottoexceedthemaximumpermittedbytheSectionⅧDivision1.Forweldswithoutreinforcements,thethicknessonwhichtheIQIisbasedisthenominalsinglewallthickness.InbothcasesbackingringsorstripsshallnotbeconsideredaspartoftheweldthicknessinIQIselection.3.5.3PlacementofIQIs3.5.3.1TheIQI(s)shallbeplacedonthesourcesideofthepartbeingexamined.WhenconfigurationorsizepreventsplacingtheIQI(s)onthepartorweld,theIQI(s)maybeplacedonaseparateblockincompliancewithpara.T-277.1ofSectionV.Theseparateblockshallbeplacedascloseas3.5.2.2对有余高焊缝，象质计放处的厚度是标称单壁厚度加上不超过第Ⅷ卷第一分册中允许的焊缝最大余高估计值。没有余高的焊缝，象质计放处的厚度是标称单壁厚度。在以上两种情况下，衬环或衬带均不作为焊缝厚度的一部分来考虑。3.5.3象质计的放置3.5.3.1象质计必须放在被检工件的射线源侧。当透照布置或结构尺寸妨碍象质计放在工件或焊缝上时，象质计可放在一个单独的试块(符合ASME第Ⅴ卷T-277.1要求)上。此试块的放置应******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:6of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSpossibletothepartbeingradiographed.3.5.3.2WhereinaccessibilitypreventshandplacingtheIQI(s)onthesourceside,theIQI(s)shallbeplacedonthefilmsideincontactwiththepartbeingexamined.Aleadletter“F”shallbeplacedadjacenttoorontheIQI(s).3.5.3.3TheIQI(s)shallbeplacedontheweldsothatthelengthofthewiresisperpendiculartothelengthoftheweld.Theidentificationnumber(s)and,whenused,theleadletter“F”shallnotbeintheareaofinterest,exeptwhengeometricconfigurationmakesitimpractical.3.5.4NumberofIQIs3.5.4.1Whenoneormorefilmholdersareusedforanexposure,atleastoneIQIimageshallappearoneachradiograph.3.5.4.2Ifthedensityoftheradiographanywherethroughtheareaofinterestvariesbymorethanminus15%orplus30%fromthedensityadjacenttothedesignatedwireofawireIQI,withintheminimum/maximumallowabledensityrangesspecified,thenanadditionalIQIshallbeusedforeachexceptionalareaorareasandtheradiographretaken.3.5.4.3Forcylindricalcomponentsorsphericalcomponentswherethesourceisplacedatthecenterofthecomponentforasingleexposure,atleastthreeIQIs,spacedapproximately120deg.apart,arerequired.3.5.5IQISensitivityRadiographyshallbeperformedwithatechniqueofsufficientsensitivitytodisplaytheessentialwireofawireIQI,whichisessentialindicationoftheimagequalityoftheradiograph.Theradiographsshallalsodisplaytheidentifyingnumbersandletters.Iftheessentialwiredonotshowonanyfilminamultiplefilmtechnique,butdoshowincompositefilmviewing,interpretationshallbepermittedonlybycompositefilmviewing.3.6“B”MarkAleadsymbol“B”,withminimumdimensionsof13mminheightand1.6mminthickness,shallbeattachedtothebackofeachfilmholderduringeachexposuretodetermineifbackscatterradiationisexposingthefilm.3.7LocationMarkersTheimageofthelocationmarkersforthecoordinationofthepartwiththefilmshallappearonthefilmwithoutinterferingwiththeinterpretation,withsuchanarrangementthatisevidencethatcompletecoveragewasobtained.Locationmarkersshallbeplacedonthepart,notontheexposureholder/cassette.3.7.1Single-WallViewingSourceSideMarkers.Locationmarkersshallbeplacedonthesourcesidewhenradiographingthefollowing:flatcomponentsorlongitudinaljointsincylindricalorcornicalcomponentswillbeaccordingtoFig..2.尽可能靠近被检的工件。3.5.3.2用手无法将象质计放在射源一侧时，象质计可放在与被检工件接触的胶片侧。此时应在象质计上面或附近放一个铅字“F”。3.5.3.3象质计放在焊缝上，应使线长与焊缝长度方向垂直。3.5.4象质计的数量3.5.4.1一次曝光使用一个或多个胶片暗盒时，每张底片上应至少有一个象质计的影像。3.5.4.2若有效评定区内任一处的底片黑度超过线型象质计应显最细丝附近黑度的-15%或+30%，即使在规定的最小最大允许黑度范围内，仍应在每一超标区域增加一个象质计，重新摄片。3.5.4.3对于圆筒状部件及球状部件，射线源放在部件中心位置时，进行一次曝光，在工件上至少放三个象质计，且要求大约每1200放一个。3.5.5IQI灵敏度射线照相方法应有足够灵敏度，要显示出线型象质计应识别线径。射线底片也应显示出识别数码和字母。若多胶片法中的任何一张底片上均未显示出应显线径，但可用叠合观察法显示出来。3.6“B”标记每个胶片暗盒后背应贴附一个至少高13mm，厚1.6mm的铅标记“B”，以验证曝光过程中是否有背散射作用到胶片上。3.7定位标记用于确定工件布片位置的定位标记，其影象应出现在胶片上，且不得妨碍评片，以此证明透检范围已完全覆盖。定位标记应放在工件上，而不能放在暗袋或暗盒上。3.7.1单壁成像法(a)射线源侧标记，透照下列工件时，定位标记须放在射源侧：(1)平板焊缝，圆筒或圆锥形工件纵缝，见图2。******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:7of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSSourcesidemarker射源侧标记D:Sourcetomaterialdistancet:thicknessofworkpieceFig.2DtD:射源至工件距离t:工件厚度图2(2)curvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconcavesideistowardthesourceandwhenthe“source-to-material”distanceislessthantheinsideradiusofthecomponent;(3)curvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconvexsideistowardthesource.(b)FilmSideMarkers.(1)Locationmarkersshallbeplacedonthefilmsidewhenradiographingeithercurvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconcavesideistowardthesourceandwhenthe“source-to-material”distanceisgreaterthantheinsideradius.(2)Asanalternativetosourcesideplacementin3.7.1(a),locationmarkersmaybeplacedonthefilmsidewhentheradiograhpshowscoveragebeyondthelocationmarkerstotheextentdemonstratedbyFig.3，ieLeff=(x+Mf+x)。(2)弯曲面或球面工件，其凹面朝着射线源，当“射源至材料”距离小于工件内半径时；(3)弯曲面或球面工件，其凸面朝着射线源。(b)胶片侧标记(1)当透照凹面朝射源的曲面或球面工件，且“射源至材料”的距离大于工件内半径时，定位标记应放在胶片侧。(2)定位标记不按3.7.1(a)放在射源侧而放在胶片侧时，要求底片上显示的有效范围超过定位标记之外一定长度(见图3，即Leff=(x+Mf+x)。定位标记LocationmarkerDtxMfxFig.3图3x=(t/D)(Mf/2)x=additionalrequiredcoverage,beyondfilmsidelocationmarkert=componentthicknessMf=filmsidelocationmarkerintervalD=sourcetocomponentdistancex=(t/D)(Mf/2)x:在胶片定位标记两侧要求附加覆盖范围t：工件厚度Mf：两胶片侧定位标记之间的间距D：射源至工件表面距离******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:8of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS(c)EitherSideMarkers.Locationmarkersmaybeplacedoneitherthesourcesideorfilmsidewhenradiographingeithercurvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconcavesideistowardthesourceandthe“source-to-material”distanceequalstheinsideradiusofthecomponent.3.7.2Double-wallviewing,atleastonelocationmarkershallbeplacedonthesourcesidesurfaceadjacenttotheweld(oronthematerialintheareaofinterest)foreachradiograph.3.8Asystemshallbeusedtoproducepermanentidentificationontheradiographtraceabletothecontract,component,weldseam,orpartnumbers，asappropriate.Ontheradiograph,thefollowingshallbeplainlyandpermanentlyincludedandinanycasethisinformationshallnotobscuretheareaofinterest.(1)******(Coname)(2)JobNo.(3)WeldseamNo.(4)RadiographNo.(5)Repairmark,ifapplicable(6)Locationmarkings(7)Thicknessofbasematerial(8)Dateofradiography3.9FacilitiesforViewingofRadiographs3.9.1IlluminatorusedtoviewradiographsshallbeverifiedthatithassufficientintensitytobevisiblefortheessentialwirediameterofIQIandcandiffusethelightuniformly.Whentheradiographissmallerthantheviewingportionofilluminatororwillincludelowdensityareas,themasksshallbeprovidedtoexcludeanyextraneouslight.3.9.2Inordertoobtainthenecessarybrightnessthroughtheradiographatleast30cd/m2,theviewingequipmentshallhavethefollowingillumination:Table6(c)两侧均可标记射线照曲面或球面工件，其凹面朝着射源，且“射源至工件”距离等于工件内半径时，则标记可放在射源侧，也可以放在胶片侧。3.7.2双壁成像法双壁成像时，在射源侧表面焊缝附近(或在有效区工件上)至少放一个定位标记。3.8标识底片上应有永久标识，即合同号、部件号、焊缝号或工件号等。下列永久性标识应明确无误地显示在底片上，且不得干扰有效评定区。南京宝色钛业有限公司(******)；工件号；(3)焊缝号(4)底片号；(5)返修标记；(6)定位标记；(7)母材厚度；(8)透照日期；3.9观片设备3.9.1必须校验观片设备灯是否有足够的光强观看象质计应显线径，能否均匀地扩散灯光。当底片小于观片灯屏尺寸或存在低黑度区域时，应遮档多余光线。3.9.2为使底片透过光强至少为30cd/m2,观片灯应有表6所示照明亮度。表6RadiographDensityMinimumIllumination底片黑度最小照明亮度2.03,000cd/m22.03，000cd/m23.030,000cd/m23.030，000cd/m24.0300,000cd/m24.0300，0000cd/m23.10ViewingRoomSubduedbackgroundlightingshallbeprovidedsuchthattheintensityshallnotcausetroublesomereflection,shadowsorglaresontheradiograph.4.CheckofSurfacetobeRadiographedPriortostartingofradiographicexamination,the3.10观片室应提供柔和的背景光线，光线亮度不得在底片上产生有干扰作用的反射、阴影或眩光。4.被检表面检查射线透照检测前，RT人员必须******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:9of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSExaminershallcheckorverifythatthesurfacetoberadiographedsatisfiesthefollowingconditions:4.1ThereinforcementofbuttweldedjointsiswithinthevaluespecifiedinSectionⅧDivision1asshowninTable7Table7表7检查或验证被检表面是否满足下述条件：4.1对接焊缝余高应在第Ⅷ卷第1分册规定的数值内。NominalThickness,in.(mm)MaximumReinforcement,in.最大余高in,(mm)CategoryB&CButtweldsB和C类对接焊缝OtherWelds其它焊缝Lessthan3/32(<2.4)3/32(<2.4)1/32(0.8)3/32to3/16,incl.(2.4~4.8)1/8(3.2)1/16(1.6)Over3/16to1/2,incl.(>4.8~12.7)5/32(4.0)3/32(2.4)Over1/2to1,incl.(>12.7~25.4)3/16(4.8)3/32(2.4)Over1to2,incl.(>25.4~50.8)1/4(6.4)1/8(3.2)Over2to3,incl.(>50.8~76.2)1/4(6.4)5/32(4.0)Over3to4,incl.(>76.2~101.6)1/4(6.4)7/32(5.5)Over4to5,incl.(>101.6~127)1/4(6.4)1/4(6.4)Over5(>127)5/16(7.9)5/16(7.9)GENERALNOTES:(a)Fordoubleweldedbuttjoints,thislimitationonreinforcementgivenaboveshallapplyseparatelytobothinsideandoutsidesurfacesofthejoint.(b)Forsingleweldedbuttjoints,thereinforcementlimitsgivenaboveshallapplytotheoutsidesurfaceofthejointonly.(c)Thicknessofweldreinforcementshallbebasedonthethicknessofthethinnerofthematerialsbeingjoined.(d)Theweldreinforcementthicknessshallbedeterminedfromthehigheroftheabuttingsurfacesinvolved.(e)Weldreinforcementmayberemovedifsodesired.4.2Anysurfaceirregularities,suchasweldripples,splashing,undercutandsurfaceroughness,cannotmaskorbeconfusedwiththeimageofanydiscontinuity.5.SetupforExposureLevelⅠorlevelⅡindividualshallsetuptheequipment,toolsandmaterialsforexposureinaccordancewiththeexaminationinstructionsoallrequirementsforradiographwillbemet.Thesetupinformationshallbetrulyandclearlyrecordedasdescribedinparagraph9.5.1ArrangementofFilm.IQIandMarkers.5.1.1Filmcassette,IQIandmarkersshallbeplacedinaccordancewithFig.4.TheExaminerwhoperformstheexposureshallcarefullyinsertthespecifiedfilmintocassetteandattachthe“B”markonitsback.注：a.对双面对接焊缝，上列余高限值对焊缝内外两面均适用。b.对单面对接焊缝上列余高限值仅适用于焊缝外面。c.焊缝余高高度应按被焊接工件较薄厚度取值。d.焊缝余高高度应从对接表面的较高处定值。e.视需要，可去除焊缝余高。4.2任何表面不规则状态，如焊波，飞溅、咬边、表面粗糙度，不得掩盖缺陷影象或与之相混淆。5.透照布置Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级人员应该根据探伤作业指导书布置透照的设备，器材，使之满足射线照相的所有要求。应按9要求正确记录布置数据。5.1胶片，象质计和标记的安放5.1.1胶片暗盒，象质计和标记应按图4放置。曝光操作者应将指定的胶片仔细插入暗盒，并在暗盒后背面贴上“B”标记。5******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:10of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS1.Locationmarker2.******(Co.Name).3.JobNo.4.WeldseamandradiographNo.5.Repairandtimemarker6.Locationmarker.7.IQI8.Dateofradiography9.Thicknessofbasematerial10.“B”mark11.X-raymachine12.Film13.Backscatteredradiationshield5.1.2Ifthedensityoftheradiographanywherethroughtheareaofinterestvariesbymorethan–15%or+30%fromthedensityadjacenttothedesignatedwireofawireIQIwithintheminimumandmaximumallowabledensityrangesspecifiedinTable8,thentwoIQIsshallbeused.Oneshallbeplacedonthelightestareaofinterestandtheothershallbeplacedonthedarkestareaofinterest.Table8AcceptableMin&MaxDensity.定位标记南京宝色钛业有限公司(******)工件号焊缝号片号返修标记及次数标记定位标记象质计透照日期母材厚度“B”标记X射线机胶片背散射屏蔽板5.1.2射线底片有效评定区内任一点的黑度，大于指定要显示的象质计金属丝附近黑度-15%或+30%时，尽管此黑度落在表8规定的范围内，还是应使用两个象质计。一个放在有效区的黑度最小区，另一个放在有效区的黑度最大区。表8合格的最小和最大黑度MethodofViewingDensityofRadiograph观片方法DMinimumMaximumMin.Max.Single1.84.0单片法1.84.0Composite1.3△4.0双片法1.3△4.0△Eachradiographofacompositesetshallhaveaminimumdensityof1.3.5.2GeometricConditionforExposure.5.2.1Minimumsource-to-objectdistanceandmaximumdistancefromsourcesideofobjecttothefilmshallmeettherequirementsofgeometricunsharpness(Ug).ThegeometricunsharpnessofradiographshallnotexceedwhatdescribedinTable9.△双片中每张底片最小黑度为1.3。5.2曝光几何条件5.2.1射源至工件最小距离和工件射源侧表面至胶片最大距离应满足几何不清晰度(Ug)的要求。底片的几何不清晰度不应超过表9规定值。******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:11of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSTable9AcceptableUnsharpness表9许用几何不清晰度in(mm)ThicknessofMaterialUgmax材料厚度Ugmax,<2(<51)≤0.020(≤0.5)<2(<51)≤0.020(≤0.5)按照下述公式来确定底片的几何不清晰度：Ug=Fd/D其中：F=射源尺寸：射源(或焦点)在离被检焊缝或工件距离D的垂直面上的最大投影尺寸。d-被检焊缝或工件的射源侧表面至胶片的距离。D-射源与被检焊缝或工件表面的距离。5.2.2一张底片上有效区内的黑度和灵敏度应符合规定的要求。有效检测长度可通过实际检测的方法来确定。5.2.3一般射线中心束方向必垂直于有效区中心。当需发现特殊缺陷时，应按Ⅲ级编制的探伤作业指导书确定透照方向。6.胶片冲洗RT人员按胶片处理程序对曝光胶片进行显影，冲洗数据应有记录。显影剂和定影剂的化学成份、温度和时间应按胶片制造厂推荐的。6.1手工冲洗程序手工冲洗程序见表10。表10胶片冲洗程序ThegeometricunsharpnessUgoftheradiographshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith:Ug=Fd/DWhere:F=sourcesize:themax.projecteddimensionoftheradiatingsource(oreffectivefocalspot)intheplaneperpendiculartothedistanceDfromtheweldorobjectbeingradiographed.d=distancefromsourcesidesurfaceoftheweldorobjectbeingradiographedtothefilm.D=Distancefromsourceofradiationtoweldorobjectbeingradiographed.5.2.2Thedensityandsensitivitywithintheeffectiveviewingareaforonefilmshallconformtotherequirementspecified.Theeffectiveexaminationlengthcanbedeterminedbymeansofmethodofactualexaminations.5.2.3Ingeneral,thedirectionofthecentralbeamofradiationshallbeperpendicularlycenteredontheareaofinterest.Whenspecialdefectsneedbedetected,itshallbebasedontheexaminationinstructionpreparedbytheLevelⅢExaminer.6.FilmProcessingTheExaminershalldeveloptheexposedfilmsinaccordancewiththefilmprocessingprocedure.Theprocessingdatashallberecorded.Thechemicalcompositionofdeveloperandfixer,temperatureandtimeshallbeaccordingtotherecommendedpracticeofthefilmmanufacturer.6.1ManualProcessingSequenceThemanualprocessingsequenceseeTab.10.Tab.10FilmProcessingSequenceSequencedevelopingStopbathingfixingwashingwettingdrying程序显影停显定影清洗润湿干燥Time5’~8’(200C)1’15’15’~20’30”15’(600C)时间5’~8’(200C)1’15’15’~20’30”15’(600C)******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:12of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS6.2ProcessingQualityRequirements.Theprocessedradiographsshallbefreeofmechanical,chemicalorotherblemishes.Suchblemishesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:a.fogging.b.processingdefectssuchasstreaks,watermarks,orchemicalstains.c.scratches,fingermarks,crimps,staticmarks,smudges,orears.d.lossofdetailduetopoorscreen-to-filmcontact.e.falseindicationsduetodefectivescreens.7.EvaluationofRadiographs7.1Priortoevaluatingtheradiographs,theNDElevelⅡorⅢshallcheckiftheinformationinradiographingrecordandtheexposurelocationdrawingofthecomponentorproductarecompleteandcorrect.7.2Priortobeinginterpreted,theradiographsshallbecheckedwhethertheirownqualityisconformedtothespecifiedrequirements.Otherwise,theradiographhastoberetaken.7.3InadditiontotherequirementdescribedinParagraph6.2,therequirementofradiographqualityalsoincludes:7.3.1DensityLimitationThetransmittedfilmdensitynearthediscernibleminimumwireofanIQIonradiographandtheareatobeinterpretedshallbewithinthelimitationsspecifiedinTable8.7.3.2“B”Mark.Thebrightimageof“B”markshallnotappearonadarkerbackgroundoftheradiograph.Ifdarkimageof“B”appearsonthelighterbackground,itshouldnotbetakenasareasonthatradiographqualityisunaccepted.7.3.3IQITheIQIimagesanddesignatedwireofwireIQIspecifiedshallappearontheradiographsoastoensurethequalitylevelofinspectionmeetingtherequirementofTableT-276ofSection.Ⅴ8.AcceptanceStandards8.1Acceptancestandardsfortheradiographicexaminationofweldsshallreferthefollowing:SectionⅧDiv.1,UW-51(fullRT)andUW-52(spotRT)forpressureVessels.8.2Indicationsshownontheradiographsofweldsandcharacterizedasimperfectionsareunacceptableforpressurevesselweldsthatarefullradiographedunderthefollowingconditions.a.Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackorzoneofincompletefusionorpenetration.b.Anyotherelongatedindicationontheradiographwhichhasalengthgreaterthan:1/4in.fortupto3/4in.6.2冲洗质量要求冲洗的底片应无机械、化学或其它污损，这些污损包括(但并不限于)：a.灰雾b.冲洗缺陷，如条痕、水迹、或化学污染c.划痕、指印、卷曲、静态斑纹、污迹、或撕裂。d.因增感屏与胶片贴合不良而造成的细节损失。e.因增感屏有缺陷而造成的伪缺陷。7.评片7.1评片前，NDEⅡ级或Ⅲ级人应检查射线照相记录数据和工件或产品曝光定位图是否完整、正确。7.2评片前，应检查底片自身质量是否符合规定的要求，否则，底片必须重拍。7.3除6.2所述要求外，底片质量要求还包括：7.3.1黑度范围射线底片上象质计最小可识别丝附近的底片黑度和评定区黑度应在表8规定的范围内。7.3.2“B”标记在底片较暗背景上不应出现明亮的“B”标记的较淡影像。若在淡背景上出现“B”的暗影，则不能作为底片判废原因。7.3.3象质计象质计影像和线型象质计规定的应识别线应在底片上出现，以保证检测质量符合第Ⅴ卷表T-276的要求。8.合格标准8.1焊缝射线照相检测合格标准如下：压力容器：第Ⅷ卷第1册，UW-51(全部RT)和UW-52(局部RT)8.2作全检的压力容器焊缝，底片上出现的影象定为下列缺陷时，则评为不合格；a.任何定为裂纹、未熔合或未焊透的显示；b.底片上长度大于下列的条形缺陷；t≤3/4in(19mm):1/4in(6.4mm)t>3/4in(19mm)~21/4in(57mm):1/3t******Co.,Ltd.焊缝检验规程4Rev.:0Page:13of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS1/3tfortfrom3/4in.to21/4in.3/4in.fortover21/4in.wheretisthethicknessoftheweldexcludi