进出口业务教程 课件 Chapter9 Transport Dcuments

PracticalCourseforImport&ExportBusiness

TransportDocumentsChapterNineSection1.BillofladingSection2.ShipmentadviceCONTENTSSection3.ExercisesTransportdocumentslieattheheartofinternationaltradetransactions.Thesedocumentsareissuedbytheshippingline,theairline,theinternationaltruckingcompany,therailroad,thefreight-forwarderorthelogisticscompany.Totheshippingcompanyandthefreightforwarder,transportdocumentsprovideanaccountingrecordofthetransaction,instructionsonwhereandhowtoshipthegoodsandastatementgivinginstructionsforhandlingtheshipment.Therearevarioustransportdocumentsusedininternationalshipment,suchasthebilloflading,thepackinglist,theshippinginstructions,theforwarder’sinstructions,thedockreceipt,themate’sreceiptandthecaptain’s(ormaster’s)protest.Amongallthedocumentsissued,thebilloflading(B/L)isthemostimportantone.Section19.1BillofladingThisisoneofthethreecrucialdocumentsininternationaltrade,whichisissuedbyacarrierthatlistsgoodsbeingshippedandspecifiesthetermsoftheirtransporttoensurethatexportersreceivepaymentandimportersreceivethemerchandise.Theothertwodocumentsareapolicyofinsuranceandacommercialinvoice.Section

ONE9.1.1DefinitionAbilloflading(sometimesabbreviatedasB/LorBOL)isadocumentissuedbythecarrieroritsagenttoashipper,signedbythecaptain,theagent,ortheownerofavessel,furnishingwrittenevidenceregardingreceiptofthegoods(cargo),theconditionsonwhichtransportationismade(thecontractofcarriage),andtheengagementtodelivergoodsattheprescribedportofdestinationtothelawfulholderofthebilloflading.Abillofladingmustbetransferable,andservesthreemainfunctions:1.Itisaconclusivecargoreceipt,i.e.,anacknowledgementthatthegoodshavebeenloaded;Theprincipaluseofthebillofladingisasareceiptissuedbythecarrieroncethegoodshavebeenloadedontotheship.Thisreceiptcanbeusedasproofofshipmentforcustomsandinsurancepurposes,andalsoascommercialevidenceofcompletingacontractualobligation,especiallyundersuchtermsasCFRandFOBunderINCOTERMS.2.Itcontainsorevidencesthetermsofthecontractofcarriage;Thebillofladingfromcarriertoshippercanbeusedasanevidenceofthecontractofcarriagebythefactthatthecarrierhasreceivedthegoodsanduponthereceiptthecarrierwoulddeliverthegoods.Inthiscase,thebillofladingwouldbeusedasacontractofcarriage.Manypeoplethinkthat1)aB/Lisacontractbetweenthesellerandthebuyer.2)aB/Lisacontractofcarriagebetweenthecarrierandtheshipper.BothnotionsarewronginthatThecontractbetweenabuyerandasellerwasalreadyestablishedwhenthebuyerplacedtheorderwiththesellerandtheybothdiscussedandagreed(verballyorinwriting)thewhat,where,when,howandhowmuchofthetransactionindetail;Thecontractbetweentheshipperandthecarrierwasalreadyestablishedwhentheshipperorhisagentmadeabookingwiththecarrier(theshippingline)tocarrythecargofromportAtoportB;3.Itservesasatitletothegoods.Whenthebillofladingisusedasadocumentoftitle,itisparticularlyrelatedtothecaseofbuyer.Whenthebuyerisentitledtoreceivegoodsfromthecarrier,thebillofladinginthiscaseperformsasadocumentoftitletothegoods.Therearetwotypesofbillofladingthatcanperformasdocumentoftitle.Theyarestraightbillofladingandorderbilloflading.Thestraightbillofladingisabillofladingissuedtoanamedconsigneethatisnotnegotiable.Inthiscase,thebillofladingshouldbedirectedonlytoonespecificconsigneeindicatedonthebilloflading.Anorderbillofladingistheoppositefromastraightbillofladingandthereisnospecificornamedconsignee.Therefore,anorderbillofladingcanbenegotiatedtoathirdparty.9.1.2TypesofbillofladingBillsofladingmaytakevariousforms,suchason-boardandreceived-for-shipment,etc.9.1.2.1Shipped(On-board)B/Landreceived-for-shipmentB/LTheshippedB/Lisissuedbytheshippingcompanyafterthegoodsareactuallyshippedonboardthedesignatedvessel.Sincetheshippedbillofladingprovidesbetterguaranteefortheconsigneetoreceivethecargoatthedestination,theimporterwillnormallyrequiretheexportertoproducetheshippedB/Landmostbillofladingformsarepreprintedas“ShippedBill”.9.1.2.2CleanB/LanduncleanB/LAcleanbillofladingistheonethatstatesthatthegoodshavebeen“shippedinanapparentgoodorderandcondition”.Itisissuedwhenthegoodsdonotshowanydefectsontheirexteriorsatthetimeofloadingattheportofshipment.Thistypeisfavoredbythebuyerandthebanksforfinancialsettlementpurposes.Thestraightbillofladinghasadesignatedconsignee.Underthisbill,onlythenamedconsigneeatthedestinationisentitledtotakedeliveryofthecargo.Asitisnottransferable,itisnotcommonlyusedininternationaltradeandnormallyappliestohigh-valueshipmentorgoodsforspecialpurposes.TheblankB/LalsocalledopenB/LorbearerB/L,meansthatthereisnodefiniteconsigneeofthegoods.Thereusuallyappearintheboxofconsigneewordslike“Tobearer”.Anyonewhoholdsthebillisentitledtothegoodsthebillrepresents.Noendorsementisneededforthetransferoftheblankbill.Duetotheexceedinglyhighriskinvolved,thisbillisrarelyused.TheorderB/Liswidelyusedininternationaltrade.Itmeansthatthegoodsareconsignedordestinedtotheorderofanamedperson.Intheboxofconsignee,“Toorder”“Toorderoftheshipper”or“Toorderoftheconsignee”ismarked.9.1.2.4Direct,transshipment,throughbillofladingAdirectbillofladingisusedwhenthegoodsarepickedupbyvesselandthesamemessagewillbedeliveredtoitsfinaldestination.AtransshipmentB/Lmeansthatthegoodsneedtobetransshippedatanintermediateportasthereisnodirectservicebetweentheshipmentportandthedestinationport.Itissometimesnecessarytoemploytwoormorecarrierstogetthegoodstotheirfinaldestination.Inthiscase,usuallythefirstcarrierwillsignandissueathroughbilloflading.Theon-carriagemaybeeitherbyasecondvesselorbyadifferentformoftransport.9.1.2.5LinerB/L,containerB/LandcombinedtransportB/LThelinerbillofladingisissuedbyalinercompanyforshipmentonthescheduledportthroughscheduledroutes.ThecontainerB/Lisbecomingmorecommoninusewiththedevelopmentofcontainerization.Itcoversthegoodsfromporttoportorfromaninlandpointofdeparturetoaninlandpointofdestination.ThecombinedtransportB/Lisissuedbyacombinedtransportoperatorthatcoversthemulti-modaltransportonadoor-to-doorbasisinonecontractofcarriage.Itisidealforcontainermovements.Itdiffersfroma“throughB/L”inthatcombinedtransportisoperatedbyonlyonecarrier.9.1.2.6LongformB/LandshortformB/LThelongformB/Lismoredetailedwithshippingcontractclausesprintedonthebackofthepage.TheshortformB/L,asthenameimplies,isanabbreviatedtypeofdocument,smallerandnotcontainingthelonglistofdetailedclausesthatgenerallyappearonbillsoflading.Incertaincircumstancesitmaynot,therefore,beconsideredasuitableformofevidenceofcontractoraffreightment.9.1.2.7OnDeckB/L,staleB/L,ante-datedB/LandadvancedB/LAnondeckB/Lisissuedwhenthecargoisloadedontheship’sdeck.Itappliestogoodslikelivestock,plants,dangerouscargo,orawkwardly-shapedgoodsthatcannotfitintotheship’sholds.Inthiscase,thegoodsareexposedtogreaterrisksandthereforeusuallyspecificinsurancemustbetakenoutagainstadditionalrisks.Ante-datedB/LmeanswhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthatstipulatedintheL/C,thecarriersometimes,attheshipper’srequest,issuesaB/Lwithadateofsignaturethatsuitstherequirementsoastoavoidnon-acceptancebythebank.AnadvancedB/LisissuedwhentheexpirydateoftheL/Cisduebuttheexporterhasn’tyetgotthegoodsreadyforshipment.9.1.3ThemaincontentsandnotesofaB/L(ontheface)9.1.4TheMainClausesofaB/L(acrosstheface)9.1.5Relativedescriptionsofabillofladingintheletterofcreditorcontract9.1.6DetailsinfillinginabillofloadingSee1649.1.7Samplesofbillsoflading167Section29.2ShipmentadviceTheusualpracticeofinternationaltradeunderFOBtermsisforthesellertosendanoticetothebuyerbeforetheagreedshipmentdatesothatthebuyercanarrangetherelevantdeliveryvesselfordeliveringtheconsignment.Thebuyer,afterreceivingtherelevantnoticebytheseller,shouldimmediatelynotifythesellerofthenameofthevesselandtheETA(EstimatedTimeofArrival).Th