2021.06四级真题第二套

PartIDirections:Forthispart,youallowed30minutestowriteanessaytitledIstechnologymakingpeoplelazy?”Thestatementgivenbelowisforyourshouldwriteatleast120butnothan180Manystudiesclaimthatcomputersdistractpeople,makethemlazythinkersandevenlowertheirworkPartⅡListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearnewsAttheendofeachnewsyouwillheartwoorquestions.Boththenewsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,mustchoosethebestanswerthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarktheletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinetheQuestions1and2basedonthenewsyouhavejustheard.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.1.A)SeethePope.B)GotoNewcastle.C)toD)anItalian2.A)Hewastakentohospitalinanambulance.B)Hiscarhitasignandwasbadlydamaged.C)HisGPSsystemwentoutofD)Heendedupinthewrongplace.Questions3and4basedonthenewsyouhavejustheard.3.A)Scotlandwillreachthenationalincarbonemissionsreductionaheadofschedule.B)GlasgowCityCouncilhasmadeadealwithScottishPoweroncarbonemissions.C)GlasgowhaspledgedtotaketheleadinreducingcarbonemissionsintheUK.D)FirstMinisterNicolaScottishPowertoreducecarbonemissions.4.A)Glasgowneedstoinvestinnewtechnologiestoreachitsgoal.B)GlasgowisgoingtoexplorenewsourcesofrenewableC)StricterregulationisneededintransformingD)necessarytocreatemorelow-emissionzonesassoonaspossible.Questions5to7basedonthenewsyouhavejustheard.5.A)Itdonatesmoneytooverpopulatedanimalshelters.B)ItpermitsemployeestobringcatsintotheirC)Itgives5,000yentoemployeeswhokeeppetcats.D)Itallowsworkerstodowhatevertheirheartsdesire.6.A)Keepcatsthestreet.B)Rescuehomelesscats.C)tohelpinanimalshelters.D)Contributetoafundforcatprotection.7.A)Ithascontributedtremendouslytothefame.B)Ithashelpedalottoimproveanimals’well-being.C)Ithasledsomeothercompaniestofollowsuit.D)Ithasresultedindamagetoequipment.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarktheletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinetheQuestions8tobasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.8.A)FindoutwhereJimmyis.B)BorrowmoneyfromC)MakefriendswithD)AskJimmywhatistobedone.9.A)HewasunsurewhatkindoffellowJimmywas.B)HewasworkingonastudyprojectwithC)HewantedtomakeasincereapologytoD)Hewantedtoinvitehertojoininastudyproject.10.A)Hegotaticketforspeeding.B)Hegothiscarbadlydamaged.C)Hewasinvolvedinaaccident.D)HehadanoperationforhisA)HeneededtomakesomedonationtoB)Hefoundthe60poundsinhispocketmissing.C)HewantedtobuyagiftforhisD)Hewantedtoconcealsomethingfromhisparents.Questions12to15basedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.12.A)ShoppingB)Shoppingonline.C)Wherehegoesshopping.D)Howoftenhedoesshopping.13.A)Searchingintheaisles.B)DealingwiththeC)Drivingtoolongadistance.D)Gettingcarparked.14.A)Theafter-salesservice.B)ThereplacementC)Thequalityoffoodproducts.D)Thedamagetothepackaging.15.A)ItsavesB)Itmorechoice.C)Itincreasesthejoyofshopping.D)Itislesstime-consuming.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarktheletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinetheQuestions16to18basedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.A)Theyhavelittletalentforlearningmath.B)TheyneedmedicalhelpformathC)Theyneedextrahelptocatchupinthemathclass.D)Theyhavestrongnegativeemotionstowardsmath.17.A)Itwillgraduallypassawaywithoutteachers’help.B)ItlowperformingchildrenC)Itisrelatedtoalowintelligence.D)Itexistsmostlyamongchildrenfrompoorfamilies.18.A)MostofthemhaveaveragetostrongmathB)Mostofthemgettimelyhelpfromtheirteachers.C)Theywillregainconfidencewithcounselling.D)Theyaremostlysecondaryschoolstudents.Questions19to21basedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.19.A)Socialmediaaddictionisathreattoourhealth.B)manypeopleareaddictedtosmartphones.C)Addictiontocomputergamesisadisease.D)Computergamescanberatheraddictive.20.A)Theyprioritizetheirfavoredactivityoverwhattheyshoulddo.B)Theydotheirfavoredactivitywheneverandwhereverpossible.C)Theyareunawareofthedamagetheirbehaviorisdoingtothem.D)Theyareunabletogetridoftheiraddictionwithoutprofessionalhelp.21.A)Itmaybelessdamagingthanpreviouslybelieved.B)Therewillneverbeagreementonitsharmtopeople.C)ItmayprovetobebeneficialtodevelopingD)Thereisnotenoughevidencetoclassifyitasadisease.Questions22to25basedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.22.A)Theyarerelativelyuniformincoloranddesign.B)Theyappearmoreformalthanotherpassports.C)Theyareashadeofredborderingonbrown.D)Theyvaryincolorfromcountryto23.A)TheymustendurewearandB)Theymustbeofthesamesize.C)Theymustbemadefromararematerial.D)Theymustfollowsomecommonstandards.24.A)Theylookmoretraditional.B)Theylookmoreofficial.C)Theyarefavoredbyairlines.D)Theyareeasilyidentifiable.25.A)ForB)ForC)ForD)ForPartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,isapassagewithtenblanks.toselectoneforeachblankalistofchoicesgiveninabankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagemakingyourchoices.EachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaPleasemarktheletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethemaynotuseanyoftheinthebankthanonce.Socialisolationposesmorehealthrisksthanobesityorsmoking15cigarettesaaccordingtoresearchpublishedbyBrighamThe26isthatlonelinessisahuge,ifsilent,riskLonelinessphysicalhealthintwoways.First,itproducesstresshormonesthatcanleadtomanyhealthproblems.Second,peoplewholivealonearelesslikelytogotothedoctor27,toexerciseortoeatahealthydiet.Publichealthexpertsinmanycountriesare28howtoaddresswidespreadlonelinessinourLastyearBritainevenappointedaministerforloneliness.“Loneliness29almosteveryoneofusatsomepoint,”itsministerforlonelinessBaronessBarransaid.“Itcanleadtoveryserioushealth30forindividualswhobecomeisolatedanddisconnected.”BarranstartedaLoneliness”campaignthat31difficultconversationsacrossBritain.Heisnowsupporting“32benches,”whicharepublicseatingareaswherepeopleareencouragedtogoandchatwithoneTheministerisalsoisolated.33tostoppublictransportationfrombeingcutinwaysthatleavepeopleMorethanone-fifthofadultsinboththeUnitedStatesandBritainsaidina201834thattheyoftenoralwaysfeelMorethanhalfofAmericanadultsareunmarried,andresearchershavefoundthatevenamongthosewhoaremarried,30%ofrelationshipsare35strained.AquarterofAmericansnowlivealone,andasthesongsays,oneistheloneliestA)abruptlyF)friendlyG)hinderedH)idiomI)implicationJ)pushingK)severelyL)sparkedM)splittingN)surveyB)appointmentsC)consequencesD)debatingE)dimensionsO)touchesSectionBDirections:Inthissection,yougoingtoapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphwhichtheinformationisderived.maychooseaparagraphthanonce.EachparagraphismarkedwithaAnswerthequestionsbymarkingtheletteronAnswerSheet2.Whathappenswhenalanguagehasnowordsfornumbers?A)Numbersdonotexistinallcultures.Therearenumberlesshunter-gatherersembeddeddeepinAmazonia,livingalongbranchesoftheworld’slargestrivertree.Insteadofusingwordsforprecisequantities,thesepeoplerelyexclusivelyontermsanalogousto“afew”or“some.”Incontrast,ourownlivesaregovernedbynumbers.Asyoureadthis,youarelikelyawareofwhattimeitis,howoldyouare,yourcheckingaccountbalance,yourweightandsoon.Theexact(andexacting)numberswethinkwithimpacteverythinginourlives.B)But,inahistoricalsense,number-consciouspeoplelikeusaretheunusualones.Forthebulkofourspecies’approximately200,000-yearlifespan,wehadnomeansofpreciselyrepresentingquantities.What’smore,the7,000orsolanguagesthatexisttodayvarydramaticallyinhowtheyutilizenumbers.C)Speakersofanumeric,ornumberless,languagesofferawindowintohowtheinventionofnumbersreshapedthehumanexperience.Cultureswithoutnumbers,orwithonlyoneortwoprecisenumbers,includetheMundurukuandPirahãinAmazonia.ResearchershavealsostudiedsomeadultsinNicaraguawhowerenevertaughtnumberwords.Withoutnumbers,healthyhumanadultsstruggletopreciselydistinguishandrecallquantitiesaslowasfour.Inanexperiment,aresearcherwillplacenutsintoacanoneatatime,andthenremovethemonebyone.Thepersonwatchingisaskedtosignalwhenallthenutshavebeenremoved.Responsessuggestthatanumericpeoplehavesometroublekeepingtrackofhowmanynutsremaininthecan,evenifthereareonlyfourorfiveintotal.D)Thisandmanyotherexperimentshaveledtoasimpleconclusion:Whenpeopledonothavenumberwords,theystruggletomakequantitativedistinctionsthatprobablyseemnaturaltosomeonelikeyouorme.Whileonlyasmallportionoftheworld’slanguagesareanumericornearlyanumeric,theydemonstratethatnumberwordsarenotahumanuniversal.E)Itisworthstressingthattheseanumericpeoplearecognitivelynormal,well-adaptedtothesurroundingstheyhavedominatedforcenturies.Asachild,Ispentsometimelivingwithanumericpeople,thePirahãwholivealongthesinuousbanksoftheblackMaiciRiver.Likeotheroutsiders,Iwascontinuallyimpressedbytheirsuperiorunderstandingoftheecologyweshared.Yetnumberlesspeoplestrugglewithtasksthatrequireprecisediscriminationbetweenquantities.Perhapsthisshouldbeunsurprising.Afterall,withoutcounting,howcansomeonetellwhetherthereare,say,sevenoreightcoconutsinatree?Suchseeminglystraightforwarddistinctionsbecomeblurrythroughnumberlesseyes.F)Thisconclusionisechoedbyworkwithanumericchildreninindustrializedsocieties.Priortobeingspoon-fednumberwords,childrencanonlyapproximatelydiscriminatequantitiesbeyondthree.Wemustbehandedthecognitivetoolsofnumbersbeforewecanconsistentlyandeasilyrecognizehigherquantities.Infact,acquiringtheexactmeaningofnumberwordsisapainstakingprocessthattakeschildrenyears.Initially,kidslearnnumbersmuchliketheylearnletters.Theyrecognizethatnumbersareorganizedsequentially,buthavelittleawarenessofwhateachindividualnumbermeans.Withtime,theystarttounderstandthatagivennumberrepresentsaquantitygreaterbyonethanthenumbercomingbeforeit.This“successorprinciple”ispartofthefoundationofournumerical(数字的)cognition,butrequiresextensivepracticetounderstand.G)Noneofus,then,isreallya“numbersperson.”Wearenotpredisposedtohandlequantitativedistinctionsskillfully.Intheabsenceoftheculturaltraditionsthatfillourliveswithnumbersfrominfancy,wewouldallstrugglewithevenbasicquantitativedistinctions.Numberwordsandtheirwrittenformstransformourquantitativereasoningastheyareintroducedintoourcognitiveexperiencebyourparents,peersandschoolteachers.Theprocessseemssonormalthatwesometimesthinkofitasanaturalpartofgrowingup,butitisnot.Humanbrainscomeequippedwithcertainquantitativeinstinctsthatarerefinedwithage,buttheseinstinctsareverylimited.H)Comparedwithothermammals,ournumericalinstinctsarenotasremarkableasmanyassume.Weevensharesomebasicinstinctualquantitativereasoningwithdistantnon-mammalianrelativeslikebirds.Indeed,workwithsomeotherspecies,includingparrots,suggeststheytoocanrefinetheirquantitativethoughtiftheyareintroducedtothecognitivepowertoolswecallnumbers.I)So,howdidweeverinvent“unnatural”numbersinthefirstplace?Theansweris,literally,atyourfingertips.Thebulkoftheworld’slanguagesusebase-10,base-20orbase-5numbersystems.Thatis,thesesmallernumbersarethebasisoflargernumbers.Englishisabase-10ordecimal（十进制的）language,asevidencedbywordslike14(“four”+“10”)and31(“three”ד10”+“one”).Wespeakadecimallanguagebecauseanancestraltongue,proto-Indo-European,wasdecimallybased.Proto-Indo-Europeanwasdecimallyorientedbecause,asinsomanycultures,ourlinguisticancestors’handsservedasthegatewaytorealizationslike“fivefingersononehandisthesameasfivefingersontheother.”Suchmomentarythoughtswererepresentedinwordsandpasseddownacrossgenerations.Thisiswhytheword“five”inmanylanguagesisderivedfromthewordfor“hand.”Mostnumbersystems,then,aretheby-productoftwokeyfactors:thehumancapacityforlanguageandourinclinationforfocusingonourhandsandfingers.Thismanualfixation—anindirectby-productofwalkinguprightontwolegs—hashelpedyieldnumbersinmostcultures,butnotall.J)Cultureswithoutnumbersalsoofferinsightintothecognitiveinfluenceofparticularnumerictraditions.Considerwhattimeitis.Yourdayisruledbyminutesandseconds,buttheseconceptsarenotrealinanyphysicalsenseandarenonexistenttonumberlesspeople.Minutesandsecondsaretheverbalandwrittenrepresentationsofanuncommonbase-60numbersystemusedinancientMesopotamia.Theyresideinourminds,numericalartifacts(人工制品)thatnotallhumansinheritconceptually.K)Researchonthelanguageofnumbersshows,moreandmore,thatoneofourspecies’keycharacteristicsistremendouslinguistic(语言的)andcognitivediversity.Ifwearetotrulyunderstandhowmuchourcognitivelivesdiffercross-culturally,wemustcontinuallyexplorethedepthsofourspecies’linguisticdiversity.36.Itisdifficultforanumericpeopletokeeptrackofthechangeinnumbersevenwhenthetotalisverysmall.37.Humannumericalinstinctsarenotsosuperiortothoseofothermammalsasisgenerallybelieved.38.Theauthoremphasizesbeinganumericdoesnotcognitive39.Inthelonghistoryofmankind,humanswhousenumbersareaverysmall40.Anin-depthstudyofdifferencesbetweenhumanlanguagescontributestoatrueunderstandingofcognitivedifferencesbetweencultures.41.Aconclusionhasbeendrawnfrommanyexperimentsthatanumericpeoplehaveahardtimedistinguishingquantities.42.Makingquantitativedistinctionsisnotaninbornskill.43.Everyaspectofourlivesisbynumbers.44.numbersaresaidtobebuiltuponsmallernumbers.45.Ittakesgreatforchildrentograsptheconceptofnumberwords.SectionCDirections:2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemfourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).shoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarktheletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethePassageOneSugarshocked.ThatdescribesthereactionofmanyAmericansthisweekfollowingrevelationsthat,50yearsago,thesugarindustrypaidHarvardscientistsforresearchthatshiftedthefocusawayfromroleinheartdisease—andputthespotlight(注意的中心)squarelyondietaryfat.Whatmightsurpriseconsumersisjusthowmanypresent-daynutritionstudiesarestillfundedbythefoodNutritionscholarMarionNestleofNewUniversityspentayearinformallytrackingindustry-fundedstudiesonfood.“Roughly90%ofnearly170studiesfavoredthesponsor’sinterest,”Nestletellsus.Othersystematicreviewssupportherconclusions.Forinstance,studiesfundedbyFoods—thebrandbehind100%GrapeJuice—foundthatdrinkingConcordgrapejuicedailymayboostbrainfunction.fundedbyQuakerOats,concluded,asaDailyMailstoryputit,that“hotoatmeal(燕麦粥)breakfastkeepsyoufullforLastTheNewrevealedhowCoca-Colawasfundingwell-knownscientistsandorganizationspromotingamessagethat,inthebattleagainstweightgain,peopleshouldpaymoreattentiontoexerciseandlesstowhattheyeatanddrink.Coca-Colaalsoreleaseddatadetailingitsfundingofseveralmedicalinstitutionsandassociationsbetween2010and2015.certainlyaproblemthatsomuchresearchinnutritionandhealthisfundedbysaysBonnieLiebman,directorofnutritionattheCenterforScienceinthePublicInterest.“Whenthefoodindustrypaysforresearch,itoftengetswhatitpaysAndwhatitpaysforisoftenapro-industryfinding.Giventhisenvironment,consumersshouldbeskeptical(怀疑的)whenreadingthelatestfindinginnutritionscienceandignorethelateststudythatpopsuponyournewsfeed.“Relyonhealthexpertswho’vereviewedalltheevidence,”Liebmansays,pointingtothegovernmentDietaryGuidelines,whicharebasedonreviewsofhundredsofstudies.“Andthatexpertadviceremainsprettysimple,”saysNestle.knowwhathealthydietsare—lotsofvegetables,nottoomuchjunkfood,balancedcalories.EverythingelseisreallytodoQuestions46to50basedonthefollowingpassage.46.WhatdidHarvardscientistsdo50yearsago?A)Theyraisedpublicawarenessofthepossiblecausesofheartdisease.B)Theyturnedpublicattentionawayfromthehealthrisksofsugartofat.C)Theyplacedthesugarindustryinthespotlightwiththeirnewfindings.D)Theyconductedlarge-scaleresearchontheroleofsugarinhealth.47.WhatdoesMarionNestlesayaboutpresent-daynutritionstudies?A)Theytookherafullyeartotrackandanalyze.B)Mostofthemarebasedonsystematicreviews.C)Theydependonfundingfromthefoodindustries.D)Nearlyallofthemservethepurposeofthefunders.48.WhatdidCoca-Cola-fundedstudiesclaim?A)Exerciseismoreimportanttogoodhealththandiet.B)Choosingwhattoeatanddrinkiskeytoweightcontrol.C)DrinkingCoca-Coladoesnotcontributetoweightgain.D)Thefoodindustryplaysamajorroleinfighting49.WhatdoesLiebmansayaboutindustry-fundedresearch?A)Itsimplyfocusesonnutritionandhealth.B)Itcausesconfusionamongconsumers.C)Itrarelyresultsinobjectivefindings.D)Itrunscountertothepublicinterest.50.Whatistheadvicetoconsumers?A)Followtheirintuitionindecidingwhattoeat.B)Bedoubtfulofdietexperts’recommendations.C)Ignoreirrelevantinformationontheirnewsfeed.D)Thinktwiceaboutnewnutritionresearchfindings.PassageSuccesswasoncedefinedasbeingabletostayatacompanyforalongtimeandmoveupthecorporateThegoalwastoreachthetop,accumulatewealthandretiretoalifeofease.Myfatherisasuccessfulseniorexecutive.In35years,heworkedforonlythreecompanies.WhenIstartedmythingswerealreadydifferent.Ifyouchangingcompanieseverythreeorfouryears,yousimplygettingaheadinyourButbackthen,ifyouwereaconsultantor(自由职业者),peoplewouldwonderwhatwaswrongwithyou.Theywouldassumeyouhadproblemsgettingajob.consultingorfreelancingforfivebusinessesatthesametimeisabadgeofItshowshowvaluableanindividualis.Manycompaniesnowlooktothese“ultimateprofessionals”tosolveproblemstheirfull-timeteamsOrtheysavemoneybyhiring“top-tier(顶尖的)experts”onlyforparticularprojects.athomeorincafes,startingbusinessesoftheirown,andevenlaunchingbusinessventuresthateventuallymayfail,allindicate“initiative,”andwhicharedesirablequalitiesinworkplace.Mostimportant,thereisagrowingrecognitionthatpeoplewhobalanceworkandandwhoworkatwhattheyarepassionateabout,aremorefocusedandproductive,deliveringgreatervaluetotheirclients.Whoarethesepeople?Theyareartists,writers,programmers,providersofservice