2017-2018学年高二英语下学期知识点检测2

非谓语动词（动词不定式+动名词）学习目标1.Tounderstandthefunctionandpartofspeechofverb-ingandtoinfinitive.2.Tolearntouseverb-ingandtoinfinitivecorrectly.课前导学阅读课本P8-10后，填空1.非谓语动词的分类：__________;__________;__________2.Thecontinuousformofto-infinitive(不定式的进行式)is__________.Theperfectformofto-infinitive(不定式的完成式)is__________.3.一些动词后跟动名词和不定式意义区别较大，列举这些动词及动词短语是：_______________________________________________________________________.课堂探究概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。.动词一般在句子中充当谓语.动词的非谓语形式在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分,非谓语动词有动词不定式（theInfinitive）；动名词（theGerund）；现在分词（thePresentParticiple）；过去分词（thePastParticiple）。1不定式—主、表、宾、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状2动名词—主、表、宾、定、同位语3分词—表、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状I动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。一、不定式的形式：主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing/否定式：not/never+(to)do1.一般式—(to)+动原：所表示的动作或状态与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后。eg.1)Heseemstoknowalot.Thepolicemanmadethethiefstandinthecorner.2)Theplayissaidtobemadeintoafilmsoon.Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.2.进行式—tobe+现分：表示谓语动作或状态发生时,不定式动作正在进行。(常用于★seem,appear,happen,pretend,besupposed,beconsidered/bebelieved,bereported,besaid,beknown等动词的结构中)eg.)Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.=Theboypretendedthathe…3.完成式－tohave+过分：表示非谓语动词的动作或状态发生在谓语动作之前.eg.)Theyarebelievedtohavefoundacureforcancer.Thenovelissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoseveralforeignlanguages.=Itissaidthatthenovelhasbeentranslatedinto….4.完成进行式—表示该动作或状态发生在谓语动作之前,而又延续到谓语动作发生后.eg.)Heissaidtohavebeenstudyingabroad,butIdon’tknowwhichcountryheisstudyingin.Hepretendedtohavebeenstudying.二、不定式的句法功能：作主语：eg.)Todevelopfriendshipwithothersiswhatwewant.Toloseheartmeansfailure.【注1】在现代英语中，常用it作形式主语，如：Itishisdutytomanagethecompany.【注2】在感叹句和疑问句中只能用it作形式主语，如：Whatgreatfunitistoswiminapooloralake!【注3】在这种结构中,如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,要在不定式短语前加上一个的短语forsb./ofsb.的短语(不定式的复合结构)：It+be+adj./n.+forsb.todosth.It+be+adj.+ofsb.todosth.=sb.be+adj.+todosth.(★常见形容词:clever,silly,foolish,stupid,wise,rude,impolite,careless,cruel,crazy,etc.)eg.)It’snecessaryforustohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.Itisfoolishofyoutomakesuchamistake.=Youarefoolishtomakesuchamistake.2.作表语：eg.)Herwishistobecomeanovelist.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.Theonlythinghecoulddowas(to)tellthetruth.Heistotidyuptheroom.表示时态(将来时)Hisplanistotidyuptheroom.表示主语的具体内容动名词和不定式在句中作表语的区别:Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.一般情况下,区别不大,可通用动名词表示的动作较抽象、习惯性的、经常性的,不定式表示某次具体的或将来的动作.eg.)Myjobistypingpapers.Myjobnowistotypethesepapers.3.作宾语： A.动词+to不定式:★常见动词:hope,wish,long,want,wait,refuse,pretend,promise,agree,aim,decide,determine,expect,offer,fail,plan,learn,manage,intend,desire,happen,ask,demand,afford,arrange,dare,claim(声称),hesitate,etc.eg.)Ilongedtobecomeanartist.B.动词+(间接宾语)+疑问词+to不定式:常见动词:know,decide,wonder,learn,remember,understand,etc.eg.)Idon’tknowwhattosaytocomforther.C.动词+it(作形式宾语)+宾语补足语+(forsb.)+to不定式：常见动词:find,consider,think,make,feel,etc.eg.)IthinkitimportantforyoutorecitesomeEnglisharticles.D.介词but,except后可接不定式作宾语。eg.)Ihavenochoicebut_______(stay)here.Hedidnothingbut______(repair)hisbike.4.作宾语/主语补足语：A.动词/动词词组+宾语+to不定式★常见动词:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,allow,permit,help,get,advise,forbid,persuade,cause,force,warn,invite,urge,encourage,prepare,callon,appealto,wouldlike,waitfor,invite,etc.eg.)Igotthemtojoinusinthediscussion.B.动词+宾语+不带to的不定式★常用动词:feel(一感);hear,listento(二听);make,let,have(三让);see,watch,observe,notice,lookat(五看);help(半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc.eg.)Isawthecardisappearinthedistance.【注1】但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to.eg.)Hewasseentoenterthebuildingaboutthetimethecrimewascommitted.比较:Isawhimcrosstheroad.被:Hewasseen________theroad.Isawhimcrossingtheroad.被:Hewasseen________theroad.Isawhimcarrieddownstairs.被:Hewasseen________downstairs.【注2】介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：Withalotofproblemstosettle,hefeltworried..5.作定语：(考点集中在动词不定式与被修饰词的逻辑关系的判断上)A.与被修饰名词构成动宾关系：eg.)Hehasalargefamilytosupport.如果不定式是vi，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等其后应有适当的介词.如:Heisapleasantcolleaguetoworkwith.Ineedabookcasetoputmybooksin.=Ineed…inwhichtoputmybooks.Hefoundagoodhouseto_________.Whatdidyouopenit____?【注2】如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：eg.)Hehasnoplace______(居住).Thisisthebestway（解答这道题）【注3】如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式就用被动语态表示。Wherearethethingstobetakentoher?比较:Iamgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealetter______(post).Iamgoingtothepostoffice.Doyouhaveanyletter_________(post)?B.与被修饰名词构成主谓关系：eg.)Heisalwaysthefirst＿＿＿＿andthelast＿＿＿＿＿＿.（他总是第一个来，最后一个走）Hewasthesecondmantobeawardedtheprize.C.说明所修饰名词的内容,即与被修饰名词构成同位关系：eg.)Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.Hemadeanattempttostandup.【注4】以即将发生的动作修饰事物时,可用不定式作定语,如:Areyougoingtothedance_______(hold)nextweek?Hewillwritemorenovelsintheyears______(come).6.作状语：A.表目的：eg.)Heworkeddayandnight＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（偿还债务）【注1】不定式逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：（下列两句判断正误）Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.()Tosave…,hehastriedeverymeans.()改错:Tosucceedinascientificexperiment,carefulnessisneeded.＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿【注2】inorderto可放在句首,soasto不可;当不定式是tobe/tohave或否定式时,一般用inorderto/soasto,如:Mothercameinquietlyinordernottowakethesleepingson.Shegotupearlysoastobethefirsttoarrive.B.表原因：(常用形容词:glad,sorry,disappointed,pleased,etc.)eg.)Theywereveryexcitedtohearthenewsthattheirteamhadwonthegame.C.表结果：用于(only/never)to,…enoughto,so/such…asto,too…to结构中eg.)Whathashesaidtomakeyouannoyed?Hehurriedtothestationonly______(find)/only______(tell)thatthetrainhadleft.Helefthishometownduringthewar,never_______(hear)fromagain.Thepatientisstrongenoughtowalkabout.Heisnotsuchafool/sofoolishastothinkthatthesuncanrisefromthewest.too…to…结构:Theboyistooyoungtodresshimself.【注3】对少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词，如：glad,ready,pleased,willing,anxious,happy,satisfied,etc.用于too…to…结构时表示肯定意义。eg.)Iamonly/but/justtoo=__________gladtodoyouthefavor.7.作插入语,独立成分：★常见插入语:totell(you)thetruth/tobefrank(honest);tostart/beginwith;toconclude;tomakemattersworse;tobemoreexact确切地讲;tomakealongstoryshort长话短说，简而言之;tobefair公平地说，凭心而论;tobesure肯定地，毫无疑问地;toputitanotherway换句话说【附1】在“形容词+不定式”结构中,如不定式与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,那么不定式多用主动语态.★常见形容词：hard,difficult,easy,simple,fit,cheap,expensive,interesting,etc.eg.)Thecouchiscomfortabletositon.=Itiscomfortabletositonthecouch.Thesentenceiseasytoexplain.Theteaisbittertotaste.【附2】不定式符号的省略与保留:★1在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather…than…,cannot(help/choose)but,why(not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。2.如主语部分含有动词do,则作表语的不定式可省略toeg.)WhatIwanttodois(to)runanightschool.3.两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时，后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略；如果表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。eg.)Theydidn’ttellmewhethertogoonortostop.（对比关系）Shetoldthechildtostaythereandwaittillshecameback.（并列关系）【附3】不定式符号后面动词的省略与保留★不定式作宾语补足语时,省略to后的动词部分,即用to代替整个不定式.eg(1)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreetbuthismothertoldhimnotto★如不定式带有系动词be或助动词have,则须保留be或have.eg.)---Areyouateacher?---No,butIusedtobe.---Sorry,Ihaven’tfinishedmyworkyet?---Well,yououghttohave.II动名词(TheGerund)—动名词既具有动词的一些特征（如有完成式和被动语态，可以有自己的宾语和状语.），又具有名词的句法功能，在句中作主、宾、表和定语。一、动名词的形式：主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten1）一般式：Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.2）被动式：Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited.3）完成式：Headmittedhavingstolenthecar.4）完成被动式：HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.5）否定式：not+动名词Iregretnothavingfollowedhisadvice.Sheisnervousforhavingneverspokeninpublic.6）动名词的复合结构:带有逻辑主语的动名词；可作主语、宾语、表语相当于相应的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。A)物主代词或名词所有格+动名词(作主语、宾语、表语)B)代词宾格或名词普通格+动名词(作宾语、表语)eg.) Theboy’snothavingdonethehomeworkmadehisfatherlosehistemper.Isuggestthem/theirhavingtheireyesexamined.=Isuggestthey_________theireyesexamined.Whatangeredmemostwasthestudents(’)failingtofulfilltheirduties.注意:若动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西,只用普通格:eg.)Thenewsofthenewhotelcatchingfireshockedeveryone.=Thenewsthatthenewhotelcaughtfireshockedeveryone.IsthereanypossibilityofthefilmbeingtriedoutinParisInternationalFestival?二、动名词的句法功能：1.作主语eg.) Readingbooksmakesonewise.Collectingstampsisreallyfun.It’snousequarreling.Beingpunishedmadethestudentloseinterestinhisstudy.Beingexposedtotoomuchsunlightdoesgreatharmtoourskin.①与不定式区别:动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性的抽象动作;不定式作主语表示具体的特别是将来的动作。eg.)Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.Tofinishtheworkinaweekisimpossible.★②常用it作形式主语:限于名词:good,use,fun或形容词:good,nice,interesting,useless,etc.eg.)It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.It’snogood(you/your)quarrellingwithsuchabad-temperedperson.③用于结构:Thereisnodoingsth.无法/不可能做某事Nodoing.★haveagood(hard)time/difficulty/problem/trouble/fun/pleasure(in)doingsth.(Thereisnopoint/sense/harm(in)doingsth.)2.作表语：(be,remain,taste,sound,smell等link-v.后)eg.)Intheantcity,thequeen’sjobislayingeggs.Myjobistypingletters.(抽象、习惯性、经常性的动作)Myjobnowistotypetheseletters.(某次具体的特别是将来的动作)3.作定语：动名词和现在分词作定语时的区别:动名词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词的用途;.现在分词作定语时,表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态.awalkingstick=astickforwalkingawalkingdictionaryasleepingcar=acarforsleepingasleepingchildrunningshoesrunningwater※动名词与名词构成合成名词：living/sittingroom,singingcompetition,waitingroom,sleepingpill,hearingaid,drinkingwater,sewingmachine,washingpowder,coolingsystem,readingroom,parkingmeter(停车计时表)operatingroom还有一类动名词在后的合成词：weightliftingwindow-shoppingsightseeingshopliftingjob-huntingtapdancingdataprocessingfamilyplanning4.作宾语：(动宾,介宾)Theyhaven’tfinishedbuildingthedam.Somemeasuresshouldbetakentopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.①有些动词及短语后只跟动名词作宾语：★常见动词:avoid（避免）,appreciate（感激）,admit（承认）,consider(考虑),complete,delay耽搁,deny（否认）,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,forgive,imagine,miss,mind,mention,practise,risk（冒险）,suggest(建议),understand,etc.★常见短语:bebusy,beworth,burstout,insiston,feellike,can’thelp(忍不住),setabout,succeedin,persistin,be/getused/accustomedto,lookforwardto,objectto,beopposedto,payattentionto,getdownto,get/closecloseto,devoteoneself/one’slife(energies,effort,time)to,bereducedto(沦落到),admit/oweto（承认）,apply/accustomoneselfto,adapt/adjust(oneself)to,【belongto,addupto/amountto,leadto,stickto,listento,referto,turnto,thanksto,owingto,dueto,beopento(愿意接受),inadditionto(除外),befamiliarto,giveone’smindto(专心于),besentencedto，beequalto(胜任)，keepto，pointto,giveriseto(引起),standupto(勇敢面对),seeto（注意，处理，照料）,lookupto（尊敬）后接名词,一般不接动名词】②allow,advise,consider,forbid,permit等动词～+doingsth.～+sb.todosth.eg.)Thedoctoradvisedtakingagoodrest.Thedoctoradvisedthepatienttotakeagoodrest.③某些动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式.常见动词:begin/start,continue;love,like,dislike,hate,prefer;need,want,require;forget,remember,regret;mean,try,goon,stop,beusedto,can’thelpA)begin/start三种情况下,一般接不定式做宾语:①主语是sth.;②本身用于进行时;③做宾语的动词表示情感、思想或意念时(如:like,love,understand,realize,understand,know,etc.)B)love,like,dislike,hate,prefer,如表示经常性的动作,用动名词作宾语;如表示特定或具体的动作,多接不定式.eg.)Ilikeplayingchessduringmysparetime.Iliketoplayatchesswiththechessmasternow.C)need,want,requireeg.)Hewantstorepairthebikeforme.Thebikeneeds/wants/requiresrepairing/toberepaired.★D)forget,remember,regreteg.)Iregrettoinformyouthatyouaredismissed.Iregretnottakinghisadvice.★E.)mean,try,goon,stop,beusedto,can’thelpeg.)Whatdoyoumeantodowithit?Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanothertwohours.Shecouldn’thelptodothehousework,forshewasbusy.Peoplecouldn’thelplaughingatthefoolishemperorintheprocession.④动名词做介词(除but/except外)宾语:eg.)Onhearingthenews,shecouldn’thelpcrying.注意:except/but后接不定式做宾语eg.)Hehadnochoicebuttowait.<cannot(help/choose)butdosth.=havetodosth.>Hecoulddonothingbutwait.Heneverspeakstomeotherthan(=but)toaskforsomething.Heenjoyednothingbutreading.HewantednothingbuttowatchTV.5.作同位语：eg.) Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradio,remainsunchanged.课后巩固单项选择1.---Whatdoyousupposemadehersounhappy?---__________herwallet. A.lose B.Lost C.Losing D.Tolose2.Hehurriedtothebookingofficeonly thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.A.totell B.tobetold C.telling D.told3.Itseemsthathehasnopen__________.A.towrite B.towritewith C.writing D.writingwith4.Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole__________inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolivein.A.tohaveplayed B.toplay C.tobeplayed D.tobeplaying5.Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately__________intimeforChristmas.A.inordertohavereceived B.inordertoreceiveC.soastobereceived D.soastobereceiving6.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif__________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.A.seeing B.havingseen C.tohaveseen D.tosee7.Whenaskedbythepolice,hesaidthatheremembered__________attheparty,butnot__________.A.toarrive,leavingB.toarrive,toleave C.arriving,leaving D.arriving,toleave8.Ihavenothingtodoexcept__________thearticleforhim.A.copied B.tocopy C.copying D.copy9.Ican’tbut__________hiscourage.A.toadmire B.admire C.admiring D.admired10.Theslaveownersmadetheslaves__________dayandnight.A.work B.working C.towork D.worked11.Victorapologizedfor__________toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.A.hisbeingnotable B.himnottobeableC.hisnotbeingable D.histobenotable12.Thefluisbelieved_________byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.A.causing B.beingcaused C.tobecaused D.tohavecaused13.---MybrotherisnotgoodatspeakingEnglish.---Isuggest__________Englishfortwohourseveryday.A.hepractisespeakingB.himtospeak C.hespeakingD.hispractisingtospeak14.Theyoungmantoldthedoctorthathedidn’tneed__________hisheart__________.A.having,checked B.tohave,checked C.having,tocheck D.tohave,tocheck15.Theofficerorderedthewoundedsoldier__________atonce.A.tooperate B.beoperated C.wasoperatedon D.tobeoperatedon16.Thepatientwaswarned__________oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnot B.eatingnot C.nottoeat D.noteating17.__________youthetruth,Idon’tlikethedesignheoffered.A.Tell B.Told C.Telling D.Totell18.__________thiscake,you’llneed2eggs,175gsugaran