高中英语语法总复习

高中英语语法总复习

关系代词、关系副词

关系代词、关系副作用先行词例句

词

that,who,whom主语、宾人Doyouknowthegirlwho/thatoftencomes

(只作宾语)语、表语here?

Who'stheboy(whom/that)youjustreferred

to?

Adictionaryisabookthat/whichgivesthe

meaningsofwords.

that,which主语、宾物、时间、Theschool(that/which)wevisitedyesterdayis

语、表语地点、原因afamousoneinShanghai.

I'llneverforgetthedays(that/which)wespent

together.

Thestudentwhosewindowisopen/,ofwhich

whose定语人thewindowisopen/,thewindowofwhichis

open,isours.

Whose或ofwhich定语物Thehousewhosewindowisopen/,ofwhichthe

then・或then.ofwindowisopen/,thewindowofwhichisopen,

whichisours.

when或状语时间Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichyou

in/on/at/during+wwereborn.

hich

where或状语地点Thisistheplacewhere/inwhichsheworked.

in/at/on/to+which

why或forwhich状语原因Don'tyouknowthereasonwhy(for

或that或不用which/that)hewaslate?

当way（方式；方法）Thisistheway(that/inwhich)heworkedout

作先行词时，关系副词theproblem.

不用how,而用that

或inwhich,或省略。

在限制性定语从句中，She'sthegirl(who/whom/that)wealllike.

that常可替代who,

whom,which

关系代词在限制性定Thetrain(which/that)hewantedtotakehad

语从句中，作宾语时，justleftforBeijing.

常可以省略

用当先行词为all,much,Imeantheone(that)youbought

thatmany,little,few,none,yesterday.

不something,everything,

用anything,nothing,one,

whichneither等不定代词时

当先行词为数词或序数词、Lookatthoseflowers.

形容词的最高级或thevery,Youcanseethetwo(that)you

theonly,thelast,thenext,gaveme.

all,few等所修饰时It'sthemostimportanttaskthat

shouldbefinishedsoon.

当先行词在句中作表语或Maryisthegirl(that)Tomloved

关系代词在从句中作表语somuch.

时She'snolongerthegirlthatshe

wasyearsago.

当先行词既有人又有物时Wetalkedabouttheschooland

theteachers(that)wehad

visited.

用当先行词为that时Whafsthatwhichyousawjust

whichnow?

不当关系代词后面带有插入HereistheEnglishbookwhich,

用语时asItoldyou,willhelpimprove

thatyourEnglish.

当关系代词之前有介词时Thisisthehouseinwhich

PremierZhouworked.

在非限制性定语从句中Themeeting,whichwasheldin

ourschool,wasagreatsuccess.

关引导限制性定语从句，用于Don'ttalkaboutsuchthingsas

系such(…)as,thesame(…)asyoudon'tunderstand.

代或asmany/much•••as等Don'tworkwithsuchyoungmen

词结构中引导非非限制性定asdon'tworkhard.

as语从句，说明整个主句；从Bobsawthegirl,as/whichhe

句可用于主句前、主句中、hopedhewould.

主句后(as可改which用)；Aswecansee,greatchanges

as在从句中作主语时，若从havetakenplaceinChina.

句为被动结构或系表结构，Hecamelateagain,aswas

则不用which；当从句为主expected.

谓结构时，用which作从句Itwasraininghard,whichkept

主语，不用asusindoors.

当reason作先行词时，后面定语从Thereason(why/that)Iplanto

句的关系副词用why,也可用关系代goisthatshewillbe

词that,或不用关系词。disappointedifIdon't.

倒装

1.完全倒装

(1)用于therebe句型

例如：Therearemanystudentsintheclassroom.

(2)用于here,there,now,then等开头的句子中或以out,in,up,down,away等副词开头的

句子中，若表示强调，且句子的主语是名词时，则句子要用完全倒装语序。

例如：Theregoesthebell.

Nowcomesyourturn.

Outwentthestudents.

(但代伺作主语时不倒装)

例如：Herehecomes.Hereitis.

(3)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，要全部倒装。

Southofthecityliesabigstillfactory.

(4)为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语可倒装。

例如：Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.

Insidethepyramidsaretheburialroomsforthekingsandqueens.

(5)以as引导的让步状语从句，其表语就提到句首，其余部分不变。如果从句的表语是个名词时,

要把名词前的冠词去掉。

Eg.Childas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.

2.部分倒装

(1)用于疑问句和省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。

例如：Hadyoureviewedyourlessons,youmighthavepassedtheexamination.

WereIyou,Iwoulddotheworkbetter.

(2)用于nosooner・・・than・・・,hardly-when***,neither•••nor-和notuntil,•♦句型中。

Notuntiltheteachercame,didhefinishhishomework.

Nosoonerhadhefinishedthetalkthanamanstoodupandputforwardaquestion.

NeitherdidIknowthisnordidIwantto.

注意：notuntil…句型中前面的从句不倒装，全面的主句采用部分倒装。

(3)否定意义的副词never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,

notonce位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。

例如：NevershallIdothisagain.

Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.

NotoncehaveIheardofthis.

(4)用于某些表示祝愿的句子。

例如：Mayyousucceed!

(5)以only修饰的副词、介词短语或从句作状语位于句首时，采用部分倒装。

Eg.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.

Onlywhenthewarendedwasheabletoreturnhome.

Onlyhisbrohterwasright.

注意：0nly不修饰上述结构时，不采用倒装结构。

(6)So+形容词/副词…that…句型中如果“So+形容词/副词”提到句首，则主句需部分倒装，从句

不倒装。

英语中的三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。其中虚拟语气用来表示说话人的一种与事实

相反的主观愿望、猜测、建议或假想等。if条件句与主句的动词变化形式:

l.If条件状语从句中的虚拟形式：

虚拟语气If条件句主句

与现在事实相反动词过去式（若动词为be用were）should/would/could/might+动词原形

与过去事实相反had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词

与将来事实相反L动词过去式should/would/could/might+动词原形

2.shoukl+动词原形

3.wereto+动词原形

注意：

1)有时虚拟条件不用虚拟条件句表示，而用butfor(要不是),without(如果没有),otherwise或or(否

则)，或通过上下文来表示。

Eg.Butforthestorm,wewouldhavearrivedearlier.

Withoutwater,allontheearthcouldnotlive.

2)ifonly(要是…就好了)

Eg.IfonlyIwereyourbrother.

2.主语从句中的虚拟语气：

l)Ifsimportant/necessary/strange/surprising/natural/desirable/ect.+that从句(谓语”(shotild)+V原")

类似用法的形容词还有：essential,possible,impossible,dreadful,funny等

Eg.Itisimportantthatshe(should)cooperatewithus.

Itwasunnecessarythatthey(should)getheresoearly.

2)Ifs+ordered/advised/requested/required/desired/suggested+thata(should)+V原")

Eg.Ifsorderedthattheclassroom(should)bekeptinorder.

Itisdesiredthateverystudent(should)obeytheschoolrules.

Itissuggestedthatwe(should)starttheworkatonce.

3.宾语从句中的虚拟语气：

1)表示“要求”、“建议”、“命令”等意义的动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气(即谓语”(should)+V

原”)

这类动词有：request,order,propose,command,advise,recommend,demand,suggest,insist等。

Eg.Heinsistedthatallofus(should)bethereontimebyanymeans.

Theteachersuggestedthatwe(should)cleantheblackboardafterclass.

※注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”和su能est表示“表明；暗示”时,其后的宾语从句不用虚拟。

Eg.ThelookonhisfacesuggestedthathewasquitesatisfiedwithwhatIhaddoneforhi.

Heinsistedthathewashonest.

2)［过去式或过去进行时(be用were)对现在情况的虚拟

wish+that宾语从句(that常省)Yhad+过去分词对过去情况的虚拟

would+V原对将来的主观愿望

eg.IwishIcouldfly.

Iwishyouwouldstayalittlelonger.

IwishIhadknownitbefore.

3)wouldrathe"宾语从句(谓语动词用过去式)

Eg.rdratheryoudidn'tmakeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.

4.表语从句：

表示“要求”、“建议”、“命令”、“欲望”、“劝告”等动词派生出来的同根名词作主语时，其表语从

句要虚拟(即谓语“(should)+V原这类名词有：suggestion,proposal,request,advice,decision,

requirement等.

Eg.Theoldman^requestisthathischildren(should)givehimsomemoneytoliveoneverymonth.

Mysuggestionisthattheoldhouses(should)bepulleddown.

5.同位语从句：同位语从句用虚拟语气的情况与表语从句类似。

Eg.Mywishthatateachingbulding(should)bebuiltherewillsooncometrue.

WhatdoyouthinkofMrLi'sproposalthatwe(should)haveaget-togethernextFriday?

6.ItIs(high)time+that从句(谓语动词常用过去式)

Eg.Itistimethatthechildwenttobed.

7.注意下列用法：

should/oughttohavedone

shouldnot/oughtnottohavedone

could/mighthavedone

neednothavedone

8.asif/though从句若情况属实，用陈述语气。否则用虚拟语气。(现在情况：动词用过去式；过去

情况：had+过去分词

Itlooksasifit'sgoingtorain.

Itlooksasifhehadfinishedallhistask.

9.在if引导的虚拟语气的条件句中，如果谓语动词含有were,或had,should,would等，有时可将if

省略，将条件句中were,或had,should,would提到主语之前。

Eg.WereI(=Ifyouwere)you,Iwouldmakemorenotes.

Hadyou(=Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecome.

时态与语态

某些固定句式中的时态：

在某些固定句式中，其时态是固定的、约定俗成的。

1)This/Itisthefirst/second...time+that-c\ause(have/hasdone)

This/Itwasthefirst/second...time+that-clause(ftaJdone)

Eg.Itwasthethirdtime(that)he(make)thesamemistake.

ThisisthefirsttimeI(come)here.

Ex.l.—Wasthatthefirsttime___you___England'scoast?—Yes,itwas.

A./;leftB.when;haveleftC.when;hadleftD./;hadleft

2)Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句(用一般过去时)，若将前面的is改为was,则从句时态用过去

完成时。

Eg.Itwastenyearssincewe(have)suchawonderfultime.

Ex.1.It___twoweekssinceshe___downthestairs.

A.was;fellB.is;hasfallenC.willbe;fellD.is;fell

3)beabouttodo...when...正要做…，这时(突然)・..。

Eg.Iwasabouttogooutwhenthetelephonerang.

4)was/weredoing...when...正在做…，这时(突然)…。

Eg.TheywerereadingwhenTomshoutedinpain.

5)Hardlyhad…Nosoonerhad...done.・・纺。〃when/than从句用过去时。

Eg.Hardly(Nosooner)hadIgothomewhen(than)therainpoureddown.

6)It+willbe+一段时间+before从句(用一般现在时表将来)意为多久以后即将发生某事

It+was+一段时间+before从句(过去时)意为多久以后发生了某事。

Eg.Itwon'tbelongbeforehesucceeds.(=Hewillsucceedsoon.)

Itwastenyearsbeforetheymetagain.(=Theymetagaintenyearslater.)

ExercisestoTenseandVoice:

非谓语动词一再复习

lo基本形式:

非谓语动词时态主动语态被动语态

不定式一般式todotobedone

进行式tobedoing

完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone

完成进行式tohavebeendoing

现在分词一般式doingbeingdone

动名词完成式havingdonehavingbeendone

过去分词done

非谓语动词的否定式是在其前加not

19.Realizingthathehadn'tenoughmoneyand__toborrowfromhisfather,hedecidedtosellhis

watch.

A.notwantedB.nottowantC.notwantingD.wantingnot

34.—Shallwegoswimming?—OK,Tiljustgoand.

A.gettochangeB.gettobechangedC.getchangedD.getchanging

35.Heisaboyof_words.Hedoesn'tspeakuntil___.

A.afew;spokentoB.few;speakingtoC.afew;speakingtoD.few;spokento

40Thedooroftheshopremained___,thoughitwasteno'clocka.m..

A.openedB.openingC.lockedD.havinglocking.

55.-Howaretheygettingonwiththeirwork?—Allgoeswellas_.

A.tobeplannedB.beingplannedC.plannedD.planning

57.TheTurnershaveaverypracticallittletablethatfoldsupoutofthewaywhen_.

A.nottobeneededB.notneededC.needednotD.tobenotneeded

61.-IsMr.Smithin?一Yes,butheis_thephone.Ishe___you?

A.making;waitingB.on;hopingC.on;expectingD.in;meeting

A.asnottorealizeB.asnotrealizingC.thatdoesn'trealizeD.astorealize

20.Howcanyou___ofyouarenot___?

A.hear;listeningB.listen;hearingC.belistening;heardD.behearing;listenedto

2o不定式与动名词作主语的区别：

形式区别例句

不定式常表示具体的某次动作It'shardformetoeatuptheapples.

常表示可实现的动作Tobeinvitedtothepartywouldbeexciting.

动名词常表示泛指意义Eatingtoomuchmakesonefat.

可表示动作已完成Beinginvitedtothepartycausesmegreatexcitement.

Exercise:

31.Itwasclever___atthedecisionintwominutes.

A.forhimtoarriveB.forhisarrivingC.ofhimtoarriveD.ofhisarriving

48.-Whatmadehimsounhappy?—___theticketforthefootballmatch.

A.HavingbeenlostB.LostC.BecauseoflosingD.Losing

67.___forcomputersiscalledcomputerprogramming.

A.WritinginstructionB.lbwriteinstruction

C.ThewritingofinstructionsD.Havingwritteninstructions

3o不定式与动名词作宾语的区别：

动词不定式与动名词都可以作宾语，不定式常指具体的、某次的、特定的行为，强调动作，表示将

来或已完成；动名词常指抽象的、一般性的行为，强调事情本身，多无时响性。

~一—一一语动词不定式动名词例句

动词Jf―------

agree,ask,care,choose,decide,qWouldyouliketotake

determine,help,hope,learn,awalkwithme?

manage,offer,pretend,want（想要），

wish

ask,choose,decide,findout,forget,疑问词（why除外）+不定Haveyoudecided

know,learn,see,show,teach,tell,式,不定式的逻辑主语常whentoleavefor

understand为句中主语，且动作后于Shenzhen?

谓语动作

admit,appreciate,avoid,considei;qDoyouenjoyreading?

delay,enjoy,escape,finish,forgive,,

imagine,mind,practise,suggest,

mention

hate,like,love,preferqqJanelikessinging,but

shedoesn'tliketosing

now.

begin,startqTheybeganvvalking(to

walk)there.

deserve,need,want(需要),requireY表示主动q表示被Ineedtogobecause

动myshoesneed

mending/tobe

mended.

forget,goon,remember,regret,stop，不定式动作发生在动q动名词Thedoorisclosed.I

词动作之后动作发生rememberclosingit

动词动作myself.

之前Pleaserememberto

closethedoorwhen

youleave.

try设法去做试着做Welltrytofinishthe

workinaday.

Youmaytrydoingit

inanotherway.

mean本打算去做意味着Imeanttocome,but

forgottheway.

There'snobusnow.

Thatmeanswalking

back.

help之后的to可以省略Icanhelp(to)sweep

thefloor.

说当begin,start本身为--ing形式或接I'mbeginningtoknow

认识性动词时，后面常用不定式作宾whatyoureallywant.

语

明当不定式作宾语接有宾语补足语时，Ithinkitinterestingto

常用结构W.+it+adj.+todosth.skate.

不定式与现在分词作宾语补足语的区别：

动词不定式与现在分词都可以作宾语补足语，前者强调动作已发生或完成，后者动作在进行。

宾语补足语带to不带to现在例句

动词的不的不分词

定式定式

advise,allow,ask,cause,expect,force,qMaryaskedyoutohelpher

invite,need,order;permit,send,teach,withherphysics.

tell,warn,want,wish,wouldlike

believe,know,think,understandtobeIbelievethestorytobetrue.

keepqWhydidyoukeepmewaiting

forayear?

helpqqMaryoftenhelpsme(to)study

English.

find,get,hate,leave,likeyjqDoyouhateotherstroubling

(totrouble)you?

feeltobeqqBobfelthisheart

beat(beating)fast.

let,makeqMakethepastservethe

presentandforeignthing

serveChina.

have,listento,hear,lookat,see,watch,7强调Y强调IsawTomrunintothehouse.

notice,observe动作的动作Didyouseeherdancingwhen

完成过的进youpassedby?

程行

注意：在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。

但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to.

不定式与动名词的复合结构：

结构特点例句

forsb.todosth.前面形容词只表示该动作（不定式）具有的特征It'simportantforus

tolearnEnglish.

ofsb.todosth.前面形容词既表示该动作（不定式）具有的特征，也表示动Itwascleverofyouto

作的发出者具有的特征。这类形容词有：kind,good,nice,answerthequestionin

wise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,rude,thatway.

careless等。

物主代词、名词物主代词、名词所有格或名词普通格是逻辑上的主语，Doyouthinkmy

所有格或名词动名词是逻辑上的谓语goingtherewillbeof

普通格+动名词anyhelp?

Shewashappyabout

Tom'scoming.

注意下列词的用法：allow/advise/forbid/permitdoing

allow/advise/forbid/permitsb.todo

58.Thespeech___,alivelydiscussionstarted.

A.beingdeliveredB.wasdeliveredC.bedeliveredD.havingbeendelivered

69.1don'tmindher___jewelsattheparty.

A.wearB.towearC.wearingD.worn

6。不定式与动名词的习惯结构：

带to不定式：beable/afraid/readyto,...enoughtodosth”too...todosth.,can'twaittodosth.,prefer

todosth.ratherthandosth.,inordertodosth.,soastodosth.,besaidtodosth.,usedtodo(过去

常常),beusedtodo(被用做)

不带to不定式：wouldrather,hadbetter,wouldpleasedo

动名词：bebusy(in)doingsth.,beafraidofdoing,feellikedoing,keepondoing,keepdoing,

spend...(in)doing,what/howaboutdoing,thank/excuseyoufordoing,can'thelpdoing,

keep...fromdoing,prevent...fromdoing,stop...fromdoing,lookforwardtodoing,preferdoing

sth.todoingsth.else,devoteto,stickto,tobeusedto,objectto,havedifficulty/troublein,get

downto,feellike,beusedtodoingsth.(习惯于)，beworthdoing,beworthyofbeingdone,giveup,

dreamof

非谓语动词作定语的区别:

类别特点例句

与被修饰词有动宾关系，如果不定式为不及物动词时，Ihavealotofbookstoread.

不它后面就应有必要的介词。Shehassufficientincometoliveon.

定与被修饰词有主谓关系Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeand

式thelasttoleave.

与被修饰词仅有修饰关系Hehadnochancetogotoschool

beforeliberation.

动名表示所修饰名词的用途或名称Thisisaswimmingpool.

词(Thisisapoolforswimming.)

表示所修饰的词间有逻辑上的主谓关系，分词相当于Thecryinggirlisaskingforhelp.

一个定语人句(Thegirlwhoiscrying...)

分Thebrokenglassesarehers.

词(Theglasseswhichhavebeen

brokenarehers.)

单个分词常位于名词之前（例外），分词短语位于名词之Thafsamovingstory.

后Therearestill1()minutesleft.

ThisisabookwrittenbyMrChen.

现在分词有主动进行的意义，常表示名词现有的特征Chinaisadevelopingcountry.

Ihaveaninterestingbookforyou.

过去分词有被动完成的意义，常说明由外因引起后所Japanisadevelopedcountry.

处的状态语。Thefrightenedgirlcametomefor

help.

非谓语动词作状语的区别:

类作用例句

别

表示原因I'mgladtoseeyouagain.

不表示目的Marycametoseeme.

定表示结果Theshirtistoodirtytowear.

式表示程度WenBoisoldenoughtogotoschool.

表示时间Openingthedoor,Isawathiefin.

Havingfinishedtheexperiment,heleftthelab.

表示原因Notknowingthegirl,Ididn'tspeaktoher.

EducatedbyMrSmith,Bettyhasmadegreat

分progress.

表示方式Theymadeacanoe,usingtherestwood.

表示条件Beingprepared,weshallpasstheexam.

表示伴随情况Marywenthome,accompaniedbyhermother.

词Theystoodtherewaitingforabus.

分词的逻辑主语，一般是句子的主语While(hewas)stayinginBeijing,hevisited

说manyplaces.

分词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前的生的动Havingseenthefilmbefore,Ididn'tgotothe

明作或状态。cinema.

9o动词不定式的省略：为避免重复，不定式的动词可省，但不定式的符号to要保留。

Eg.-Wouldyouliketogofishing?

-Yes,Tdliketo.

基本特点:

主语从句Whethershe'llcomeornotisnot

decidedyet.

类表语从句Thatiswhyhewasabsent.

宾语从句Nooneknewhowhnqottheprize.

别同位语从句