2023年上海市英语中级口译笔试与答案

2023.9上海市英语中级口译资格证书第一阶段考试SECTION1：LISTENINGTEST（40minutes）PartA:SpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE. Itiscommonknowledgethatcomputerscanalsoproducesomethingstupid,assome(1)putit,GIGO,or’garbagein,garbageout’.Thismeansthatifinaccurateinformationis(2)acomputer,themachinewillproducethewronginformation(3). Thereasonforthisisthatcomputerscannotthink(4).Forexample,imaginethatacomputerisgiventheinformationthat(5)hashourlegsandthatadoghasfourlegs.Themachinemightwell(6)whenproducingalistofsuggestedliving-roomanddining-roomfurniture. Buttoday,groupsof(7)intheUnitedStates,JapanandEurope(8)anewtypeofcomputer.Thesenewmodelswillbeincapableofmakingsuch(9). Insteadofbeingprogrammedwithlotsofunrelated(10),thenewcomputerswillcontainknowledgeofsubjectsthatare(11).Themachineswillthen(12)itemsofinformation,andwillbeabletorejectconclusionsthatdonot(13). Thesenewcomputerswillalreadyknowthatdogsareanimalsthat(14),bark,wagtheirtailsandchaseotheranimals.By(15)withfeaturesofliving-roomanddining-roomfurniture,thecomputerwillconcludethatadogisan(16). Evenapresent-daycomputercould(17)ifgivenenoughinformationandenoughtime.Butithastoconsider(18)oneatatimebeforeselectingthebest.Thismeansthatitwould(19)foreventhemostpowerfulcomputertoreacha(20).PartB:ListeningComprehensionⅠ.StatementsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.ThesestatementswillbespokenONLYONCE,andyouwillnotfindthemwrittenonthepaper;soyoumustlistencarefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyouhaveheard.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.1. (A)MichellewantedtoworkinLondon.(B)MichellequittedhisjobinLondon.(C)MichelleaskedforavacationinLondon.(D)MichelletransferredhismoneytotheLondonbranch.2. (A)DoctorCarteravoidsthecompanyofotherswheneverpossible. (B)DoctorCarteristoobusytohaveacupofcoffee. (C)DoctorCarterisaquitesociableperson. (D)DoctorCarterisalonelyman,accordingtohiscolleagues.3. (A)Tomcheckedhisembarrassment. (B)Tombouncedtheballagainstthetelephonebox. (C)Tomfeltembarrassedwhenhewasaskedtohaveaphysicalcheck. (D)Tomwasembarrassedwhenhischeckwasreturnedasworthless.4. (A)Wecouldn’thaveopenedfivesupermarketsthere. (B)Tothinkthatwehaveopenedonlyfivesupermarketsthere. (C)Wethoughtthatyouwantedtoopenfivesupermarketsthere. (D)Wedidn’tthinkthatfivesupermarketstherewerequiteenough.5. (A)Mrs.GreenhadtorushtotheairporttomeettheCEOfromChicago. (B)Mrs.GreenrefusedtoattendtheopeningceremonyinChicagolastTuesday. (C)Mrs.GreenwasscheduledtoseesomeonefromChicagolastTuesday. (D)Mrs.Greendidn’taccepttheCEO’sinvitationtoworkinChicagoatlast.6. (A)I’veneverbeenacooperativeperson. (B)I’mveryreadytocooperatenow. (C)I’llbeacorporateexecutive. (D)Ineverwanttobeanoperator.7. (A)Thegeneralmanageraskedthemtoaccountforthelyingofimportantdocuments. (B)Thegeneralmanagerrefusedtoreadthoseaccountingpapers. (C)Thedocumentsaresoimportantthattheyshouldbekeptinsaferplaces. (D)Itisimportantthattheaccountantlockhisofficebeforeleavingforhome.8. (A)Everyyear,thecityauthoritiesproposetoimprovetheroadconditionsonthehighway. (B)Therehavebeenargumentsabouttheproposedhighwayextensionforalongtime. (C)Theenvironmentalprotectiongroupsarequitesatisfiedwiththeproposedhighwayextension. (D)Boththeadministrationandtheenvironmentalistsareagainstthebuildingofanewhighway.9. (A)Goodmanagementseldomgetsbetterworkfromemployees. (B)Goodmanagementcanmakeaverageemployeesworkbetter. (C)Averageemployeescandoexcellentworkunderanycircumstances. (D)Averageemployeescannotdoexcellentwork,despitegoodmanagement.10. (A)Nomorevisitorscanbeallowedintheexhibitionhall. (B)Theexhibitionhallcanholdslightlyover250visitors. (C)FivehundredvisitorswantedtoseetheAutoShow. (D)MorethanonethousandvisitorssawtheAutoShow.Ⅱ.TalksandConversationsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.Listencarefully,becauseyouwillhearthetalkorconversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefouranswerchoiceandchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions11~1411. (A)Sheisoutofjob. (B)Shefeelsverytired. (C)Shehasabroken (D)Shehasacold.12. (A)Travelingaroundthecountry (B)Traininghardforacompetition (C)Workingonaresearchproject (D)Writhingresearchpaperonboxing13. (A)Stayinbedandgetsomesleep(B)Returnthebooksandposttheletters(C)Haveaglassofwaterbeforegoingoutside.(D)Writealetterofcomplaintabouttheair-conditioner14. (A)Becauseshehastowriteareport. (B)Becauseshehasjustreturnedfromabroad. (C)Becauseshewantssomethingtoread. (D)Becausesheneedstofindanewjob.Questions15~1815. (A)UScensusofficials (B)Governmentemployees(C)Peoplewholiveinthecity (D)LawyerswhoworkfortheChurch16. (A)LondonandWestminster (B)LondonandBirmingham (C)LondonandStAsaph (D)LondonandStPaul’s17. (A)Ithasacathedral. (B)Ithasapopulationof4000. (C)Ithasalargepopulation. (D)Ithasacityhall.18. (A)Britain (B)USA (C)India (D)JapanQuestions19~2219. (A)She’sgotmarried. (B)She’sgraduatedfromhighschool. (C)She’sspentherholiday (D)She’smovedtoWestVirginia.20. (A)Shewouldhavestayedinherhometownfortherestofherlife. (B)Shewouldhavemadeagravemistakeinherlifecareer. (C)Shewouldhavehappytocometothecitytolookforajob. (D)Shewouldbecomeasecretarytosomeoneinhervillage.21. (A)Shehadlefttheplaceinwhichshewasborn. (B)Shehasnotbeengivenmuchjobopportunityinthecity. (C)Shehassofarnopromotionortransfer. (D)Shecannotavoidmakingmistakesinherroutinework.22. (A)Herboyfriend. (B)Hercolleague. (C)Herassistant. (D)Herformerschoolmate.Questions23~2623. (A)Keepingwarmanddry (B)Drinkingalotofliquid (C)Livingclosetothehospital (D)Kissingthenoseofananimal(A)Menwholiveinwindyareas(B)Womenwhovolunteeredtostayoutside(C)Travelerswhotakeshowers(D)Peoplewhoareunderstress25. (A)Becausecoldvirusescanendureadverseclimates. (B)Becausewintersarewetandcold. (C)Becausepeopletendtostaymoretimeindoors. (D)Becausethediseasemaybecausedbycontaminatedfoods.26. (A)Menaremorelikelytosufferfromcolds. (B)Noeffectivemedicinehasbeenfoundtocurecolds. (C)Inthewinter,peopleshouldtrytostayoutdoors. (D)Onecouldavoidcatchingcoldsbytakingahotbatheveryday.Questions27~3027. (A)None (B)Thirteen (C)Fourteen (D)Fifteen28. (A)Thehousewife (B)Theeldersisters (C)Theservants (D)Thenannies(A)Theyhadtobringuptheirfamilies.(B)Theyhadnochoiceinselectingaspouse. (C)Theyhadtoworkhardtosupporttheirfamilies.(D)Theyhadnochancetoreceivehighereducation.30. (A)Awomanwasfinanciallydependentonherfuturehusband. (B)Amanhadtoaskagirl’sfatherforpermissiontomarryher. (C)Awomanshouldbereadytogiveupherjobforthemarriage.(D)Amanshouldarrangeamarriageceremonyinhisfather’shouse.PartC:ListeningandTranslationⅠ.SentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5Englishsentences.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)Ⅱ.PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youhear2passages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.(1)(2)SECTION2:STUDYSKILLS(50minutes)Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,(A),(B),(C)or(D),toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1~5Insomeruralagriculturalsocieties,thecollectionofavailablefuelsuchasfirewood,dungcake,andagriculturalwastecantake200to300person-daysperyear.Aswellasbeingtimeconsuming,thetypicalpatternsofcollectionleadtodeforestation,soilerosion,andecologicalimbalances.Inthefuture,expertspredictthateveniffoodsuppliesareadequateforruralpopulations,fuelsuppliesfordomesticusemaynotbe.Inthelightofsuchconsiderations,ateaminIndiahasdevelopedasolarovenforhomeuse.Theovenischeaplyconstructed,easilyoperated,andextremelyenergyefficient.Thedeviceconsistsofaninnerandoutermetalbox,atopcover,andtwopanesofplainglass.Theinnerboxispaintedblacktoabsorbmaximumsolarradiation.Thespacebetweenthetwoboxesisfilledwithaninsulatingmaterial,suchasricehusks,whichareeasilyavailableandwhich,becauseoftheirhighsiliconcontent,neitherattractinsectsnorroteasily.Othereasilyavailablematerialsforinsulationaregroundnutshellsorcoconutshells.Anadjustablemirrormountedononesideoftheovenboxreflectsthesunlightintotheinterior,boostingthetemperaturesby15-30degreesCelsius.Thisismostusefulduringthewinterwhenthesunislower.Insidetheoven,atemperaturebetween80and120degreesCelsiusaboveambienttemperaturecanbemaintained.Thisissufficienttocookfoodgraduallybutsurely.Trialshaveshownthatalltypicalfooddishescanbepreparedinthissolardevicewithoutlossoftasteornutrition.1.Thispassageismainlyabout.deforestationintheruralagriculturalsocietiesuseofricehusksasaninsulationmaterialdesignanduseofasolarovenmaintenanceoftemperatureinasolaroven2. AllofthefollowingarementionedassourcesofenergyofruralagriculturalsocietiesEXCEPT.(A)firewood (B)dungcake (C)solarpower (D)agriculturalwaste3.Theword“domestic”(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto.(A)industrial (B)agricultural(C)natural (D)household4. Accordingtothepassage,theuseofanadjustablemirrorincreasestheoventemperatureby.(A)80-120degreesCelsius (B)atleast80degreesCelsius(C)upto30degreesCelsius (D)upto15degreesCelsius5.Accordingtothepassage,theadjustablemirrorismostuseful.(A)atmidday (B)whenitiscold(C)Whenfirewoodislacking (D)inimprovingtasteandnutritionQuestions6~10 Theremustbefewquestionsonwhichresponsibleopinionissoutterlydividedasonthatofhowmuchsleepweoughttohave.Therearesomewhothinkwecanleavebodytoregulatethesemattersforitself.“Theansweriseasy,”saysDr..A.Burton.“Withtherightamountofsleepyoushouldwakeupfreshandalertfiveminutesbeforethealarmrings.”Ifheisrightmanypeoplemustbeundersleeping,includingmyself.Butwemustrememberthatsomepeoplehaveagraterinertiathanothers.Thisisnotmeantrudely.Theyswitchonslowly,andtheyarereluctanttoswitchoff.Theyarealertatbedtimeandsleepywhenitistimetogetup,andthismanyhavenothingtodowithhowfatiguedtheirbodiesare,orhowmuchsleeptheymusttaketolosetheirfatigue. Otherpeoplefeelsurethatthepresenttrendistowardstoolittlesleep.Toquoteonemedicalopinion,“Thousandsofpeopledriftthroughlifesufferingfromtheeffectsoftoolittlesleep;thereasonisnotthatcan’tsleep.Likeadvancingcolonists,wedoseemtobegraspingevermoreofthelandofsleepforourwakingneeds,pushingtheboundarybackandreaching,apparently,forapointinourevolutionwherewewillsleepnomore.Thisinitself,ofcourse,neednotbeabadthing.Whatcouldbedisastrous,however,isthatweshouldpresstoquicklytowardsthisgoal,sacrificingsleeponlytogainmoretimeinwhichtojeopardizeourcivilizationbyactionsanddecisionsmadeweakbyfatigue.” Then,tocompletethepicture,therearethosewhobelievethatmorepeoplearepersuadedtosleeptoomuch.DrH.Roberts,writinginEveryManin,asserts:“Itmaysafelybestatedthat,justasthemajorityeattoomuch,sothemajoritysleeptoomuch.”Onecanseethepointofthisalso.Itwouldbeapitytoretardourdevelopmentbyholdingbackthosepeoplewhoaregiftedenoughtoworkandplaywelllessthantheaverageamountofsleep,ifindeeditdoesthemnoharm.Ifoneofthetrendsofevolutionsisthatmoreofthelifespanistobespentingainfulwakingactivity,thensurelythesepeopleareinthevanofthisadvance.6.Theauthorseemstoindicatethat.therearemanycontroversialissuesliketherightamountofsleepamongmanyissuestherightamountofsleepistheleastcontroversialtherightamountofsleepistopicofmuchcontroversyamongdoctorspeoplearenowmovingtowardssolvingmanycontroversialissuesconcerningsleep7.Accordingtotheauthor,sleepinghabits.arerelatedtotheamountofsleepareinheritedfromtheparentsvaryfrompersontopersonwouldnotchangeinone’slifetime8.Theworld“jeopardize”(paragraph2)isclosestinmeaningto.(A)endeavor (B)endanger(C)endorse (D)endow9.Inthelastparagraphtheauthorpointsoutthat.sleepinglessisgoodforhumanhealthpeopleoughttobepersuadedtosleeplessthanbeforeitisincorrecttosaythatpeopletoolittlethosewhocansleeplessshouldbeencouraged10.Welearnfromthepassagethattheauthor.revisessomeoneelse’sopinionexplainsanopinionofhisownfavorsoneofthethreeopinionscommentsonthreedifferentopinionsQuestions11~15 Shelookedinthepocketsoftheblackleatherjackethehadreluctantlywornthenightbefore.Threeofhissuits,apairofbluetwillworkpants,anoldgraysweaterwithahoodandpocketslaythrownacrossthebed.Thejacketleatherwassleazyanddamplyclingingtoherhands.Shehadboughtitforhim,aswellasthethreesuits:onelightbluewithsidevents,onegoldwithgreenspecks,andonereddishthathadasilverimitation-silkvest.Thepocketsofthejacketcamesoftlyoutwardfromthelininglikeskinnymilktoastrats.Empty.Slowlyshesankdownonthebedandbegantoknead,withbluntanxiousfingers,allthepocketsinalltheclothespiledaroundher.Firstthebluesuit,thenthegoldwithgreen,thenthereddishonethathesaidhedidn’tlikemostofall,butwhichhewouldsometimeswearifsheagreedtostayhome,orifshepromisednottotouchanywhereatallwhilehewasgettingdressed. Shewasabigawkwardwoman,withbigbonesandhardrubberyflesh.Hershortarmsendedinhamhands,andherneckwasasquatrolloffatthatprotrudedbehindherheadasabigbump.Herskinwasroughandpuffy,withplumpmolelikefrecklesdownhercheeks.Hereyesgloweredfromunderthemountainofherbrowandwerecircledwithexpensivemauveshadow.Theywerenervousandquickwhenshewasflusteredanddartedaboutatnothinginparticularwhileshewasdressinghairortalkingtopeople. Hertroublesstartednoticeablywhenshefellinlovewithastudiouslyquietschoolteacher,Mr.JeromeFranklinWashingtonIII,whowastenyearsyoungerthanher.Shetoldherselfthatsheshouldn’twanthim,hewassolittleandcuteandyoung,butwhenshetookintoaccountthathewasaschoolteacher,well,shejustcouldn’tseemtogetanyrestuntil,assheputit,“IwereMr.AndMrs.JeromeFranklinWashingtonthethird,andthat’sthetruth!”11.Theword“sleazy”(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto. (A)lackingmoisture (B)lackingpersistence (C)lackingsubstance (D)lackingconfidence12. Jerome’stasteinclothingisprobably. (A)worsethanthewoman’s (B)veryloudandflashy (C)differentfromthewoman’s (D)onagreementwiththewoman’s13. ApparentlyJeromewilloccasionallywearthereddishsuitif. (A)Sheisverygoodtohim (B)shewillleavehimalone (C)shebuyshimmoreclothes (D)shegetsabettereducation14. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthewoman?Sheismarriedtoaschoolteacher.Hereyesmovearoundalotattimes.SheistenyearsolderthanJerome.Shehasfoundwhatsheislookingfor.15. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcanbeconcludedformthepassageaboutthiscouple?Theywilllivehappilyeverafter.Theirmarriageisnotharmonious.Thecouplewilladoptchildren.Theywillbecomeschoolteachers.Questions16~20 AnanthropologistrecordedtheexpensesforceremoniesheattendedinavillageinThailand.Thefollowingchartprovidesinformationonthebaths(Thaicurrency)spentforawedding.FinancesforaSingleWeddinginThailandItem AmountExpenses Rice 3sacks1,860Pigs 2head3,500VegetablesandCondiments 1,440Invitations 150WeddingGownRental 650Flowers (300)RentalEquipment 1,800Pictures(groompaid) (500)RoomDecoration 3,000Liquor 2,400Musicians(groompaid) (500)GiftstoMother-in-law 200Cigarettes 360OtherGifts 520Shoes 150GoldBracelet 1,270MiscellaneousTotal 17,800BridePrice 30,000FromGroom’sParty 5,000FromOtherGuests 8,000OtherGifts 750CalculatedNet -3,050StatedNet -4,00016.Theword“anthropologist”(line1)meanssomeonewho.(A)studiesthenatureofman (B)arrangesweddingceremonies(C)keepsaccountfornewlyweds (D)recordslocalevents17.Accordingtotheinformationonthechart,thefamilyhostingtheceremony.(A)wasrich (B)endedupwithadeficit(C)madeaprofitongifts (D)reliedtotallyonborrowedmoney18.Fromthischart,onecouldlearnabout.(A)theThaikinshipstructure (B)retailpriceforcigarettes(C)thenatureandproceduresofritual (D)theimportanceofhospitalitytotheThai19.Theinformationonthechartbestsupportstheideathat.increasedexpenditureresultsinincreasedearninginavillageinThailandtheeconomyhasbeenstableforalmostfiftyyearsyearsinavillageinThailandpeoplespendmoremoneyonporkthanonotheritemsataThaiweddinggiftstomother-in-lawarethemostimportantforthegroomataThaiwedding20.InwhatmajorwayisaThaiweddingdifferentfromanaverageChinesewedding? (A)theprovisionoffood (B)thegivingofgifts (C)thepaymentofabrideprice (D)theprovisionofentertainmentQuestions21~25 Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computer-literate”,inotherwords,tolearntounderstandcomputersandwhatmakesthemtick.Notallexpertsagree,however,thatthisisagoodidea. Onepioneer,inparticular,whodisagreesisDavidTebbutt,thefounderofComputertownUK.Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,Daviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstothepeopleandmakethem“people-literate”. DavidfirstgottheideawhenhevisitedoneofAmerica’sbest-knowncomputer“guru”figure,BobAlbrecht,inthesmalluniversitytownofPaloAltoinNorthernCalifornia.AlbrechthasstartedaprojectcalledComputertownUSAinthelocallibrary,andthelocalchildrenusedtocallroundeveryWednesdaytoborrowsometimeonthecomputersthere,insteadofborrowinglibrarybooks.Albrechtwasalwaysonhandtoansweranyquestionsandtohelpthechildrendiscoveraboutcomputersintheirownway. Overhere,inBritain,Computertownshavetakenoffinabigway,andtherearenowabout40scatteredoverthecountry.DavidTebbuttthinkstheyaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclub.Heinsiststhereisavastandimportantdifferencebetweenthetwo,althoughtheycomplementeachother.Theclubscaterfortheenthusiasts,withsomecomputerknowledgealready,whogettogetherandeventuallyformanexpertcomputergroup.Thisfrightensawaynon-experts,whoarehappiergoingtoComputertownswheretherearecomputersavailableforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertsavailabletoencouragethemandansweranyquestions;theyarenottoldwhattodo,theyfindout. DavidTebbuttfindsitinterestingtoseethetwodifferentapproachesworkingsidebyside.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeabletoexplaintheanswerstothequestionsthatpeoplereallywanttoknow.InsomeComputertownstherearequestionsessions,ratherlikeradiophone-ins,wheretheexpertslistentoalotofquestionsandthentrytoworkoutsomestructuretoanswerthem.PeoplearenothavingtolearnComputerjargons,buttheexpertsarehavingtotranslatecomputermysteriesintoeasilyunderstoodterms;thecomputersarebecoming“people-literate”.21. AccordingtoDavidTebbutt,thepurposeofComputertownUKis.totrainpeopletounderstandhowcomputersworktomakemorecomputersavailabletopeopletoenablemorepeopletofixcomputersthemselvestohelppeoplefindoutmoreaboutcomputers22. WelearnfromthepassagethatComputertownUSAislocatedin. (A)theuniversitytown (B)theprojectcenter (C)thelocallibrary (D)theelementaryschool23. Thephrase“takeoff”(paragraph4)means. (A)transfertoanothervessel (B)causetoloseweight (C)begintodevelopmarkedly (D)causetoleavetheground24. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?ComputertownsintheUKhavebecomepopular.Computertownsandclubscaterfordifferentpeople.Computertownsaremoresuccessfulthanclubs.Computertownsandclubscomplementeachother.Questions26~30 Naturalselectionisthewaynaturechooseswhichorganismssurvive.Chancemutationsoccurinresponsetochemicalsofcertainenergyintheelectromagneticspectrum.Ifthemutantisbetteradaptedtotheenvironment,itthrives.Ifnot,itdiesoutorbecomesrare. Humanshaveusedartificialselectiontoreproduceplantsandanimalswithdesirablecharacteristics.Manyofthesedomesticatedplantsandanimalscannolongersurviveinthewild.Theirsurvivaldependsonthemaintenanceofanartificialenvironmentandthedesiresofpeople. Peopleselectcertaindesiredtraitssuchascolor,beauty,orscent(asinroses).Othertraitswhicharebredartificiallyincludeuniqueness(asintheneckplumageoftheprizedJacobinpigeon),size(asinminiaturehorses),meatqualityormilkyield(asincattle),orresistancetodisease(asinfungus-resistanttomatoes).Thetraitsusuallyselectedforconvenience,pleasure,orfinancialgainofindividuals.Inthisway,humansactasagentsofevolutionthrougha