14选择性重要语法突破讲义（人教版2019）（原卷版）

14选择性必修第四册重要语法突破讲义目录Partone被动语态精讲+语法训练Parttwo情态动词精讲+语法训练被动语态精讲英语动词有两种语态，主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Everybodyrespectstheoldman.Theoldmanisrespectedbyeverybody.被动语态的用法1.不知谁是动作的执行者，或出于某种原因没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者Petrolisburntincars,trucksandbuses.Greathonourhasbeengiventotheyoungathlete.2.需要更突出或强调动作的承受者Foodisneededbyeverylivingthing.Theschoolgatehasbeenclosed(bytheguard).3.为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使用被动语态，使句子得以更好的安排Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbepletedbytheendofnextmonth.Electricityisusedtorunmachines.被动语态的构成被动语态由“be动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be动词的变化表现出来的。以ask为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：am/is/are+asked一般过去时：was/were+asked一般将来时：will(am/is/aregoingto)be+asked现在进行时：am/is/arebeing+asked过去进行时：was/werebeing+asked现在完成时：have/hasbeen+asked过去完成时：hadbeen+asked过去将来时：would(was/weregoingto)be+asked将来完成时：willhavebeen+asked现在完成进行时和将来进行时没有被动语态常用九种时态的被动语态举例：一般现在时putergamesareusuallyenjoyedbychildren.Insomeplacesaroundbigfactories,plantsareoftenkilledbythebadair.一般过去时Thisbookwaswrittenmanyyearsago.ThePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfoundedonOctober1st1949.一般将来时Youwillbeprovidedwithenoughfoodduringyourstayattheschool.MadameCuriewillalwaysberememberedasthediscovereroftheelementradium.过去将来时Johnwentintotheroomwherethelecturewouldbegiven.Theprincipaltoldusthatanewindoorstadiumwouldbebuiltinourschoolthenextyear.现在进行时Thewaterisbeingturnedintovapour.Mycarisbeingrepairedattheworkshop.过去进行时Theplanwasbeingdiscussedatthemeetingroomyesterdayevening.Atthattime,thevisitorswerebeingshownaroundthecampus.现在完成时Thenewprojecthasbeenpleted.Thesetreeshavenotbeenplantedyet.过去完成时Hetoldmethathishousehadbeenwashedawaybytheflood.Radioshadjustbeeninventedthen,andpeopleweretalkingaboutsendingpicturesbyelectricity.将来完成时Bytheendofnextyear,thiskindofmaterialwillhavebeenexportedfortenyears.Bythetimeyouebacknextyear,thesehouseswillhavebeenpulleddown.被动语态与It句型宾语从句的主被动转换Wecouldseethattheoldmanwasdying.(主动）Itcouldbeenseenthattheoldmanwasdying.(被动）常见类似句型：据说 Itissaid/reportedthat…据预测 Itispredictedthat...据估计 Itisestimatedthat...人们认为 Itisbelieved/thought/consideredthat...有人声称 Itisclaimedthat... 众所周知… Itiswellknownthat 必须指出…… Itmustbepointedoutthat. 已经证明…… Ithasbeenprovedthat语法训练一、语法填空1．Withthisgoalinmind,avirus(release)ontotheislandinthe1970s.2．AfterhearingSteve’splaying,Naomideeply(impress)byhismusic.3．ZhongNanshan,aswellasthreeotheroutstandingmedicalworkers,(award)thehighesthonorofourcountrylastmonth.4．Therewasalotofnoiseoutsidebecauserepairwork(do)tothehouseatthattime.5．Lately,thehorsefacedskirt,asatraditionalChinesefashion,(accept)bytheyoung.6．Uptonow,thousandsofredphoneboxes,theoldimageofBritain,(remove)duetomobilephones.7．WhenIopenedmydoorandwasabouttoleave,Inoticedthattwomen(question)bythepolice.8．Currently,PorteristranslatingmorepoemsbyTaoYuanming,andhistranslationworkPoemsoftheMasters(publish)inChinasoon.9．Don’tcallMarry.She(interview)rightnow.10．It(estimate)thattheprojectwilllastmorethantenyears.11．Thewomanwaswalkingaboutoutsidetheoperationroom,becauseherson(operate)on.12．Beforethediscussion,theboysandthegirlshavebeenandtheisusefulfortheirstudy.(divide)13．Thebooksinthelibraryareaccordingtosubjects,soyoucaneasilyfindthebookyoulikebasedonthe.(distribute)14．YouwillwithaChinesedictionaryforyoursuggestionsonhowtostrengthenmyconfidence.(reward)15．WhatbotheredmewasthatIwasoftenbymycolleaguesandthehadabadinfluenceonme.(interrupt)16．Peoplearewonderingwhetherthenewfilmis(release)inApril.17．Dave(suspend)fromschoolforaweekbecauseheviolatedtheschooldisciplinetoomanytimes.18．Withthesemeasures,itisbelievedthatthebeautyoftheLiRiver(preserve)forgenerationstoe.19．Thismeansitcould(employ)onhigh­techalarmsandmotionsensors,or

(alert)staffwhenapatientistryingtogetoutofbed.20．Muchattention(pay)topollutionuptillnow.21．Theirachievementshavealreadybeenindepthanddonotrequirefurtherdiscussionaboutthe.(analyse)22．Myfriend(bite)byabigbirdonce,anditreallyhurt.23．Thegirlwasremindedthatherclothes(notwash).24．Thework(finish)byusbynineo’clockyesterday.25．Greatquantitiesofsand(be)washeddownthehillsidebytherainlastnight.26．Theimportanceofsavinggasnotbestressedtoomuch.Automobilesuseupsome70billiongallonsofgasayear.27．Suddenlyherememberedthathisumbrella(leave)onthebus.28．Recently,morethantwentyfarms(select)toprovidesafefoodforstudents’lunch.29．Whenhehurriedtotheboxoffice,hewasdisappointedtofindalltickets(book).30．Mybaby(take)careofbyGrandmawhileIamawaynextmonth.二、单词拼写31．Thegovernmentisbeingwidely(批评)inthemediaforfailingtolimitairpollution.32．Thepanyis(有义务)byaspecialagreementtoinvolvetheunioninimportantdecisions.33．Thestereowasn’tworkingbecauseithadn’tbeen(接通电源)upcorrectly.34．Hewas(逮捕)whencustomsofficersfounddrugsinhisbag.35．He’sjustbeen(任命)asdirectorofthepublishingdivision.36．Butsomewritersdon’tseemtobehumbleenoughwhentheirworksare(批评，批判).37．Wewillnotbe(惊慌)intomakingadecisionbeforewehaveconsideredalltheevidence.38．Accordingtotheprocedure,theproposalwillbe(提交)totheboardforofficialapproval.39．It’shighly(推荐)toreadoriginalEnglishnovels.40．Cellphones,whicharenowuniversally(认可)asamust,haveagreateffectonus.41．Lightsaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricitythatis(消耗)intheUS.42．Thenewsthatpetrolpricesareabouttorisehasbeen(广播)severaltimesontheradiotoday.43．EveryonewhovisitedtheLouvreMuseumwas(奖赏)withthemysterioussmileofMonaLisa.44．Hewas(批评，指责)forbeingboring,straitlacedandnarrowminded.45．Severalseniorstudentshavebeen(管教)forbreakingtheschoolrules.46．pletedprojectsmustbe(提交)by10March,otherwiseyouwillbebannedfromparticipatingintheactivity.47．Thepaintingis(期待)tofetchahighpriceatauction(拍卖).48．Thedetailsoftoday’sflightsare(显示，展示)onthemonitor.49．Makingeyecontactinsomecountriesisawaytodisplayinterest.Inothercountries,bycontrast,itisnotalways(认可)of.50．Governmentforceswere(撤回)fromtheislandyesterday.51．HotelandHostelDesArtistesis(位于)justa10­minutewalkfromthecentralcitystationandit’sclosetoallofthecity’smainattractions.52．Theexhibitionwas(主办)bytheSocietyofCulture.53．Don’tparkyourcarhere,oryou’llbe(罚款).54．Thisironis(保修)forayearagainstfaultyworkmanship.55．Theapplicantwas(否定)entryintothecountryforlackofrequireddocuments.56．Mybrothertrickedmeintotakingthenewclockapart,butitwasIwho(责备)bymyfather.57．Afterthreeroundsofvoting,Jack(选举)thepresidentofthestudent’sunion.58．It’suniversally(承认)thatit’sdifficulttoshakeoffbadhabits.59．Strictrulesshouldbe(采取)forgarbagesortinginthenearfuture.60．Robertaskedhisfriendstobringsometoolstosavethemanwhowas(受困)inthecar.三、完成句子61．Inparticular,hispaintingsare(突出于……/优于……)otherspaintingsbytheirrealistichumanfacesanddeepemotionalimpact.62．Aliceistheonlyoneofthestudentsinourschool(被选中)totakepartinthepoetrycontest.63．Duetothebadweather,theplanecouldn’ttakeoffontime,sothepassengers(被告知可能会延误).64．He(被指控谋杀)andsentencedtodeath.65．Afterafewmonths’reconstruction,theoldcitywas(鲜活起来)again.66．BecausemuchofthetechnologybehindtheShenzhourocketscanalso(追溯到)toQian’sresearch,Qianearnedthenameof“thefatherofChina’saerospace”.67．Itoldthoseinternationalstudentsthattea(广泛分布)alloverthecountry.68．Thesemen(被搜查以寻找)drugsinvain,andthentheywerereleased.69．(必须采取措施)toencouragefarmerstoincreasetheirproductionoftheherb.70．asif/though引导方式状语从句Nightcame(仿佛一盏灯正在熄灭),andinanothermomentcametheday.情态动词精讲一、情态动词的基本用法1．can/could(1)表示能力，意为“能、会”。Thesmallestgoodhabitscanmakeabigdifference.最小的好习惯会产生很大的作用。ItwasseveralminutesbeforeIcouldtakeinwhathewassaying.过了好几分钟，我才理解他说的是什么。(2)表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定或疑问句中。can比could语气强。Thiscan't/couldn'tbedonebyhim.这事不可能是他做的。(3)表示请求或许可。在疑问句中，could可以代替can，语气更加委婉。CouldIuseyourphone,please?我可以用一下你的吗？(4)表示理论上的可能性。Alwaysbelievethatgoodthingsarepossible,andrememberthatmistakescanbelessonsthatleadtodiscoveries.要始终相信美好事物是可能的，记住失误也会变成经验教训，从而获得更多发现。(5)用于否定句和疑问句，表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。Hecan't/couldn'tdothis.他不可能这样做。(表示不相信)Canthisbedonebyhim?这可能是他做的吗？(表示疑惑、惊讶)(6)用于固定结构中①can't...too/enough表示“无论……也不为过；越……越好”。Youcan'tbetoocarefulwhenayoungchildisnearwater.小孩子在水边时，你还是越小心越好。②can'thelpdoingsth.表示“禁不住做某事”。Hearingthisstory,Icouldn'thelplaughing.听到这个故事，我禁不住大笑起来。注：can和beableto都可以表示能力，二者有时可互换。但beableto可以表示“终于做成某事”，有更多时态和人称的变化；且可与某些情态动词或系动词连用，如might、oughtto、seem等；还可用非谓语动词形式。Ifyouarecarefulenough,youwillbeabletoworkoutthisproblem.如果你足够仔细，那么你就能做出这道题。Heseemedtobeabletoputplicatedthoughtsintosimplewords.他似乎能把复杂的思想用简单的话语说出来。Shegraspedmyhand,notbeingabletosayanything.她抓着我的手，什么话也说不出来。2．may/might(1)表示请求或许可。在疑问句中，might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。MayIaskifyouarefondoftravelingbyship?我可以问一下你是否喜欢乘船旅行？MightIborrowyourputer?我可以借一下你的电脑吗？(2)表示可能性，可以对现在、过去或将来进行推测。通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。Parentsmayscoldtheirchildrenwhentheirroomsareuntidybuttheyshouldalsounderstandthattheirroomistheirownprivatespace.当孩子们的房间不整洁时，父母也许会责骂孩子，但他们也应该理解孩子们的房间是他们的私人空间。Ifyouforgottoturnitoffwhenyouwentaway,youmightburndownthehouse.如果你离开时忘记关掉它，你可能会把整个房子都烧毁。(3)表示祝愿，常用结构为“May＋主语＋动词原形！”。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功！(4)用于固定结构“may/mightaswell＋动词原形”中，意为“最好、倒不如”。Sinceitisraininghard,youmayaswellstayhere.既然雨下得这么大，你倒不如待在这儿。3．must/haveto(1)must的用法①表示义务，意为“必须”(主观意志)。回答must构成的一般疑问句时，若是否定回答，一般不用mustn't，而用needn't或是don'thaveto，因为mustn't意为“绝不能、一定不要”，而不是“不必”的意思。Menandwomenmustbetreatedequallyineducationandemployment.在教育和就业方面，男性和女性必须被平等对待。②must常用于肯定句中，表示猜测、推测，意为“想必、一定”。其具体用法如下：mustdo对现在或未来的事进行猜测mustbedoing对正在进行的事进行猜测musthavedone对已经发生的事进行猜测Ithinktheoldwomanmustbeaniceperson.我想这位老太太一定是个好人。Hurryup!Theymustbewaitingforusnow.快点！他们现在一定正在等我们。③用于否定句中，表示禁止。Smokingmustnotbeallowedintheoffice.严禁在办公室吸烟。④表示“偏要、非要……不可”。Mustyoumakesoloudnoise?你非得弄出这么大声吗？(2)haveto的用法haveto表示由于某种客观原因而不得不做某事。除此以外，haveto自身有人称和时态的变化。I'dalsoliketoknowhowmuchIhavetopayforthecourse.我还想了解一下我得为这门课程付多少钱。ItwasthenthatIstartedtoappreciatethetoughchoicesshehadtomakeonbalancingfamilyandwork.就在那时，我开始欣赏她不得不在平衡家庭和工作方面所做出的艰难选择。4．shall(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。Shallthedriverwaitoutside?司机在外面等着可以吗？(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等。Ipromisedheshallgetapresentforhisbirthday.我许诺给他一件生日礼物。(3)用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。Theclubmembersshallwearuniforms.俱乐部成员都应该穿统一的制服。5．should/oughtto(1)表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。表示责任或义务时，oughtto等同于should，只是前者的语气稍重。Whyshouldn'twebuytheladyaflower?Itwillmakeherfeelbetter.为什么我们不给那位女士买一朵花呢？这会让她感觉好一些。Yououghtnottobesoselfish.你不应该这么自私。(2)should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然、居然”。Thatheshouldspeaktoyoulikethatisquiteastonishing.他竟然那样对你说话，真是令人惊讶。(3)should和oughtto表示推测，指预期的可能性，意为“应该、估计”。Heoughtto/shouldbehereontime—hestartedearlyenough.他应该按时到这里的——他很早就出发了。6．will/would(1)表示自愿或主动提出做什么，如意志、愿望或决定等。will指现在，would指过去。—Cansomeonefetchsomewater?——有人能去取点水来吗？—Iwill.——我去。(2)表示请求或要求，would比will更客气、委婉。而在句末用won'tyou表达邀请的语气。Wouldyoumindopeningthewindowforme?你介意帮我打开窗户吗？(3)will表示规律性，意为“注定会”。Wearingproperclothesisimportanttoo,forlocalswilljudgeyoubywhatyouwear.穿合适的衣服也很重要，因为当地人会根据你的穿着来评判你。7．need/dareneed和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中；用作实义动词时，可用于各种时态。(1)用作情态动词。—Areyouingwithme?——你要和我一起去吗？—Ican't,Alice.Idaren't.——我不去了，艾丽丝。我不敢。It'squitewarmhere;weneedn'tturntheheatingonyet.这里很暖和。我们还不必开暖气。(2)用作实义动词。Youdon'tneedtodoityourself.你不必亲自做这件事。MostpeoplehateHarrybuttheydon'tdaretosayso.大多数人对哈利敢怒不敢言。二、情态动词＋havedone1．表示对过去情况的猜测或估计(1)can/couldhavedone用于否定句或疑问句，表示对过去情况的可能性的否定或质疑。其否定形式意为“不可能/不会(已经)……的”；其疑问形式意为“可能/也许(已经)……了吗？”。用could表示语气的缓和和更不肯定。Icouldn'thavebeenmorethansixyearsoldwhentheaccidenthappened.事故发生时我不可能超过六岁。(2)may/mighthavedone用于肯定句或否定句，表示对过去情况发生的可能性的不确定猜测。其肯定形式意为“可能/也许(已经)……了”，其否定形式意为“可能/或许还没有……”。用might代替may，则语气更加委婉和含蓄，表示的可能性更小。Ithinkshemayhavegonetothelibrary.我想她可能去图书馆了。2．表示对过去发生之事的后悔、遗憾、责备等情绪，至于具体表示的意义则由所用的情态动词及其结构而定。(1)oughttohavedone表示对过去没有做某事的遗憾、后悔甚至责备等情绪，意为“本该……的(但却没有……)”；oughtn'ttohavedone表示对过去做了某事的遗憾、后悔甚至责备等情绪，意为“本来不该……的(但却已经……了)”。MrWhiteoughttohavearrivedat8：30forthemeeting,buthedidn'tshowup.怀特先生本应该在8：30到达开会，但他没有出现。(2)couldhavedone表示对过去本来能够完成但却没有完成的较委婉的批评或对过去情况含有不满情绪的提议，意为“本来能够……的”。Hepaidforaseat,whenhecouldhaveenteredfree.他付了座位费，他本来是能够免费入场的。(3)mighthavedone表示对过去没有做成某事的遗憾或责备，意为“本可以……的”。ImighthavepassedtheexamifIhadstudiedharder.如果我学习更用功一点，我本可以通过考试的。语法训练一、语法填空1．—Whatareyoudoing,dear?—I’mwatchingthefootballgame.—What?Youhavedoneyourhomeworkfirst.2．Whenarriving,Icouldseenobodythere.Ithoughtthatmyfriendhavegotangryandleft.3．Ifyouthinkthepriceofbeefistoohigh,youaswellbuysomepork.Itdependsonyou!4．Evenifyouareanexperiencedteacher,yousometimesmakesomemistakes.5．Youcan’timaginethatawellbehavedgentlemanbesorudetoalady.6．—Areyouingtothemusicalofthe42ndAvenuefromBroadway—I’mnotsure.Igotoseeamovieinstead.7．YounothavetreatedTominthatway.Itwasunfair.8．Hehadknownthematterbeforeyoutoldhim,soyounothavetoldittohim.9．Sincethegroundiswhite.ithavesnowedlastnight.10．Ididn’thearthephone.Ihavebeenasleep.11．Ican’tfindMr.Smithanywhereintheofficebuilding.Wherehehavegone?12．Johnny,younotplaywiththeknife.youhurtyourself.13．Wemustn’t(loose)theseatbeltwhenwedrive.14．Takingexercisecannotonly(strength)yourbodybutalsoreleaseyoufromstress.15．Wecan’t(tolerant)peoplethrowinggarbagehereandthere,sowewilllaunchacampaigntoappealtopeopletoprotecttheenvironment.16．Myfriendisareliableperson,andyoucan(reliable)onitthathewillfinishtheworkontime.17．Ididn’tseeherinthemeetingroomthismorning.Shenothavespokenatthemeeting.18．Oneneverbetoocarefulwhendriving.19．Younotreturnthebooknow.Youcankeepittillnextweekifyoulike.20．WebecarefulwhenwearemakingfriendsontheInternet.二、完成句子21．,Idon’tthinkit’sagoodideatospendtoomuchmoneyonit.尽管旅游能够使我增长见识，但是我认为在这方面花费太多的金钱不是一个好主意。22．伟大的人物都能从最少的错误中吸取最多的教益。Greatmenarethose.23．Ifyouarewritinga120wordEnglishposition,you’dbetter(设置期限)for15minutes.24．不可否认的事实是，你可能会遇到诸如想家，适应新的环境和学习一门新的语言等困难。suchas,adaptingtothenewsurroundingsandlearninganewlanguage.25．既然你毕业于重点大学，你就有资格申请这个职位了。Nowthatyou