2023年雅思考试阅读模拟试题8含答案

2023年雅思索试阅读模拟试题(含答案)1There'sadimmer

\o"switch��ʲô��˼"switch

insidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallontimescalesofaround100,000years—exactlythesameperiodasbetweeniceagesonEarth.Sosaysaphysicistwhohascreatedacomputermodelofourstar's

\o"core��ʲô��˼"core.2RobertEhrlichofGeorge

\o"Mason��ʲô��˼"Mason

UniversityinFairfax,Virginia,modelledtheeffectof

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperaturefluctuationsinthesun'sinterior.Accordingtothestandardview,thetemperatureofthesun's

\o"core��ʲô��˼"core

isheld

\o"constant��ʲô��˼"constant

bythe

\o"opposing��ʲô��˼"opposing

pressuresof

\o"gravity��ʲô��˼"gravityandnuclear

\o"fusion��ʲô��˼"fusion.However,Ehrlichbelievedthat

\o"slight��ʲô��˼"slight

variationsshouldbepossible.3HetookashisstartingpointtheworkofAttilaGrandpierreoftheKonkoly

\o"Observatory��ʲô��˼"Observatory

oftheHungarian

\o"Academy��ʲô��˼"Academy

ofSciences.In2023,Grandpierreanda

\o"collaborator��ʲô��˼"collaborator,Gáborágoston,\o"calculated��ʲô��˼"calculated

that

\o"magnetic��ʲô��˼"magnetic

fieldsinthesun's

\o"core��ʲô��˼"core

could

\o"produce��ʲô��˼"produce

smallinstabilitiesinthesolarplasma.Theseinstabilitieswould

\o"induce��ʲô��˼"induce

localisedoscillationsin

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature.4Ehrlich'smodelshowsthatwhilstmostoftheseoscillationscanceleachotherout,some\o"reinforce��ʲô��˼"reinforce

oneanotherandbecomelong-lived

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

variations.Thefavouredfrequenciesallowthesun's

\o"core��ʲô��˼"core

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

to

\o"oscillate��ʲô��˼"oscillate

arounditsaveragetemperatureof13.6millionkelvinincycles

\o"lasting��ʲô��˼"lasting

either100,000or41,000years.Ehrlichsaysthat

\o"random��ʲô��˼"random

interactionswithinthesun's

\o"magnetic��ʲô��˼"magnetic

fieldcould

\o"flip��ʲô��˼"flip

thefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother.5ThesetwotimescalesareinstantlyrecognisabletoanyonefamiliarwithEarth'siceages:forthepastmillionyears,iceageshaveoccurredroughlyevery100,000years.Beforethat,theyoccurredroughlyevery41,000years.6Mostscientistsbelievethattheiceagesaretheresultof

\o"subtle��ʲô��˼"subtle

changesinEarth'sorbit,knownastheMilankovitchcycles.OnesuchcycledescribesthewayEarth'sorbitgraduallychangesshapefroma

\o"circle��ʲô��˼"circle

toa

\o"slight��ʲô��˼"slight

\o"ellipse��ʲô��˼"ellipse

andbackagainroughlyevery100,000years.Thetheorysaysthisalterstheamountofsolar

\o"radiation��ʲô��˼"radiation

thatEarthreceives,triggeringtheiceages.However,a

\o"persistent��ʲô��˼"persistent

problemwiththistheoryhasbeenits

\o"inability��ʲô��˼"inability

toexplainwhytheiceageschanged

\o"frequency��ʲô��˼"frequency

amillionyearsago.7"InMilankovitch,thereiscertainlynogoodideawhythe

\o"frequency��ʲô��˼"frequency

shouldchangefromonetoanother,"saysNeilEdwards,aclimatologistattheOpenUniversityinMiltonKeynes,UK.Noristhe

\o"transition��ʲô��˼"transition

problemtheonlyonetheMilankovitchtheoryfaces.Ehrlichandothercritics\o"claim��ʲô��˼"claim

thatthe

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

variationscausedbyMilankovitchcyclesaresimplynotbigenoughtodriveiceages.8However,EdwardsbelievesthesmallchangesinsolarheatingproducedbyMilankovitchcyclesarethen

\o"amplified��ʲô��˼"amplified

byfeedbackmechanismsonEarth.Forexample,ifseaicebeginstoformbecauseofa

\o"slight��ʲô��˼"slight

cooling,carbondioxidethatwouldotherwisehavefounditswayintotheatmosphereaspartofthecarboncycleislockedintotheice.Thatweakensthe

\o"greenhouse��ʲô��˼"greenhouseeffectandEarthgrowsevencolder.9AccordingtoEdwards,thereisnolackofsuchmechanisms."Ifyouaddtheireffectstogether,thereismorethanenoughfeedbacktomakeMilankovitchwork,"hesays."Theproblemnowisidentifyingwhichmechanismsareatwork."ThisiswhyscientistslikeEdwardsarenotyetreadytogiveuponthe

\o"current��ʲô��˼"current

theory."Milankovitchcyclesgiveusiceagesroughlywhenwe

\o"observe��ʲô��˼"observe

themtohappen.Wecan

\o"calculate��ʲô��˼"calculate

whereweareinthecycleandcompareitwith

\o"observation��ʲô��˼"observation,"hesays."Ican'tseeanywayoftesting[Ehrlich's]ideatoseewhereweareinthe

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

\o"oscillation��ʲô��˼"oscillation."10Ehrlichconcedesthis."Ifthereisawaytotestthistheoryonthesun,Ican'tthinkofonethatispractical,"hesays.That'sbecause

\o"variation��ʲô��˼"variation

over41,000to100,000yearsistoogradualtobeobserved.However,theremaybeawaytotestitinotherstars:reddwarfs.Theircoresaremuchsmallerthanthatofthesun,andsoEhrlichbelievesthatthe

\o"oscillation��ʲô��˼"oscillation

periodscouldbeshortenoughtobeobserved.Hehasyetto

\o"calculate��ʲô��˼"calculate

the

\o"precise��ʲô��˼"precise

periodorthe

\o"extent��ʲô��˼"extent

of\o"variation��ʲô��˼"variation

inbrightnesstobeexpected.11NigelWeiss,asolarphysicistattheUniversityofCambridge,isfarfrom

\o"convinced��ʲô��˼"convinced.HedescribesEhrlich'sclaimsas"utterly

\o"implausible��ʲô��˼"implausible".EhrlichcountersthatWeiss'sopinionisbasedonthestandardsolarmodel,whichfailstotakeintoaccountthe

\o"magnetic��ʲô��˼"magnetic

instabilitiesthatcausethe

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

fluctuations.(716words)Questions1-4CompleteeachofthefollowingstatementswithOneorTwonamesofthescientistsfromtheboxbelow.Writethe

\o"appropriate��ʲô��˼"appropriate

lettersA-Einboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.A.AttilaGrandpierreB.GáborágostonC.NeilEdwardsD.NigelWeissE.RobertEhrlich1....claimsthere抯adimmer

\o"switch��ʲô��˼"switch

insidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallinperiodsaslongasthosebetweeniceagesonEarth.2....\o"calculated��ʲô��˼"calculated

thatthe

\o"internal��ʲô��˼"internal

solar

\o"magnetic��ʲô��˼"magnetic

fieldscould

\o"produce��ʲô��˼"produce

instabilitiesinthesolarplasma.3....holdsthatMilankovitchcyclescan

\o"induce��ʲô��˼"induce

changesinsolarheatingonEarthandthechangesare

\o"amplified��ʲô��˼"amplified

onEarth.4....doesn'tbelieveinEhrlich'sviewpointsatall.Questions5-9Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?Inboxes5-9onyouranswersheetwriteTRUEifthe

\o"statement��ʲô��˼"statement

istrueaccordingtothepassageFALSEifthe

\o"statement��ʲô��˼"statement

isfalseaccordingtothepassageNOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage5.Theiceageschanged

\o"frequency��ʲô��˼"frequency

from100,000to41,000yearsamillionyearsago.6.ThesoleproblemthattheMilankovitchtheorycannot

\o"solve��ʲô��˼"solve

istoexplainwhytheiceage\o"frequency��ʲô��˼"frequency

should

\o"shift��ʲô��˼"shift

fromonetoanother.7.Carbondioxidecanbelockedartificiallyintoseaiceto

\o"eliminate��ʲô��˼"eliminate

the

\o"greenhouse��ʲô��˼"greenhouse

effect.8.SomescientistsarenotreadytogiveuptheMilankovitchtheorythoughthey

\o"haven��ʲô��˼"haven'tfiguredoutwhichmechanisms

\o"amplify��ʲô��˼"amplify

thechangesinsolarheating.9.BothEdwardsandEhrlichbelievethatthereisnopracticalwaytotestwhenthesolar\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

\o"oscillation��ʲô��˼"oscillation

beginsandwhenends.Questions10-14Completethenotesbelow.Chooseone

\o"suitable��ʲô��˼"suitable

wordfromtheReadingPassageaboveforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes10-14onyouranswersheet.Thestandardviewassumesthatthe

\o"opposing��ʲô��˼"opposing

pressuresof

\o"gravity��ʲô��˼"gravity

andnuclearfusionsholdthe

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

...10...inthesun'sinterior,butthe

\o"slight��ʲô��˼"slight

changesintheearth's...11...\o"alter��ʲô��˼"alter

thetemperatureontheearthandcauseiceagesevery100,000years.ABritishscientist,however,challengesthisviewbyclaimingthatthe

\o"internal��ʲô��˼"internal

solar

\o"magnetic��ʲô��˼"magnetic

...12...can

\o"induce��ʲô��˼"inducethe

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

oscillationsinthesun’sinterior.Thesun's

\o"core��ʲô��˼"core

temperatureoscillatesarounditsaveragetemperaturein...13...

\o"lasting��ʲô��˼"lasting

either100,000or41,000years.Andthe...14...interactionswithinthesun'smagneticfieldcould

\o"flip��ʲô��˼"flip

thefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother,whichexplainswhytheiceageschanged

\o"frequency��ʲô��˼"frequency

amillionyearsago.Answerkeysandexplanations:1.ESeethesentencesinparagraph1(There'sadimmer

\o"switch��ʲô��˼"switch

insidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallontimescalesofaround100,000years—exactlythesameperiodasbetweeniceagesonEarth.Sosaysaphysicistwhohascreatedacomputermodelofourstar's

\o"core��ʲô��˼"core.)andpara.2(RobertEhrlichofGeorge

\o"Mason��ʲô��˼"Mason

UniversityinFairfax,Virginia,modelledtheeffectof

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperaturefluctuationsinthesun'sinterior.)2.ABSeepara.3:?istyle=’\o"normal��ʲô��˼"normal’>Grandpierreanda

\o"collaborator��ʲô��˼"collaborator,Gáborágoston,

\o"calculated��ʲô��˼"calculatedthat

\o"magnetic��ʲô��˼"magnetic

fieldsinthesun's

\o"core��ʲô��˼"core

could

\o"produce��ʲô��˼"produce

smallinstabilitiesinthesolarplasma.3.CSeepara.8:EdwardsbelievesthesmallchangesinsolarheatingproducedbyMilankovitchcyclesarethen

\o"amplified��ʲô��˼"amplified

byfeedbackmechanismsonEarth.4.DSeepara.11:NigelWeiss,asolarphysicistattheUniversityofCambridge,isfarfrom\o"convinced��ʲô��˼"convinced.HedescribesEhrlich’sclaimsas"utterly

\o"implausible��ʲô��˼"implausible".5.FalseSeepara.5:forthepastmillionyears,iceageshaveoccurredroughlyevery100,000years.Beforethat,theyoccurredroughlyevery41,000years.6.FalseSeepara.7:"InMilankovitch,thereiscertainlynogoodideawhythe

\o"frequency��ʲô��˼"frequency

shouldchangefromonetoanother,"...Noristhe

\o"transition��ʲô��˼"transition

problemtheonlyonetheMilankovitchtheoryfaces.7.NotGivenSeepara.8:ifseaicebeginstoformbecauseofa

\o"slight��ʲô��˼"slight

cooling,carbondioxide?islockedintotheice.Thatweakensthe

\o"greenhouse��ʲô��˼"greenhouse

effect.(Thepassagedoesn抰mentionanythingaboutlockingCo2intoiceartificially.)8.TrueSeepara.9:thereisnolackofsuchmechanisms."Ifyouaddtheireffectstogether,thereismorethanenoughfeedbacktomakeMilankovitchwork,"?"Theproblemnowisidentifyingwhichmechanismsareatwork."ThisiswhyscientistslikeEdwardsarenotyetreadytogiveuponthe\o"current��ʲô��˼"current

theory.9.TrueSeethesentencesinpara.9(AccordingtoEdwards,卙esays."Ican'tseeanywayoftesting[Ehrlich's]ideatoseewhereweareinthe

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

\o"oscillation��ʲô��˼"oscillation.")andpara.10(Ehrlichconcedesthis."Ifthereisawaytotestthistheoryonthesun,Ican’tthinkofonethatispractical).10.constantSeepara.2:Accordingtothestandardview,the

\o"temperature��ʲô��˼"temperature

ofthe