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课时作业(八)Unit8PartDLesson320,000LeaguesUndertheSeaⅠ.阅读理解AGases,likeblackcarbon,methane(甲烷)andozone(臭氧)incitysmog,arecalled“shortlivedclimatepollutants(污染物)”,whichexistbothoutdoorsandindoorsanddecreaseagriculturalcrops.WHOsaysemissionsfromtheseclimatepollutantscausemanyseriousillnesses,includinglungcancer.Andthesepollutantsareresponsibleformanyofthemorethan7millionprematuredeathseachyearthatareconnectedtoairpollution.MariaNeirainWHOsaysthepollutantshaveastrongimpactonclimatechange.Butthegoodnewsisthattheyonlystayintheatmosphereforafewdaysto10years.Thatismuchshorterthancarbondioxide,agreenhousegasthatcanremainforhundreds,oreventhousandsofyears.AccordingtoMariaNeira,whenyouaddresstheshortlivedpollutants,youcanreduceemissionsveryrapidly,andthenimproveairquality.Youwillhaveanimmediatereductionintheillhealthanddiseasesbecauseofthereductionofairpollution.WHOhasmanyavailableandaffordablewaystoreducetheseshortlivedclimatepollutants.Atthetopofthelistiscuttingvehicleemissionsbyrequiringhigheremissionandefficiencystandards.Moreemissionsarereleasedwhenenginesarerunning.Indoorairpollutionalsocontributestopoorhealthandprematuredeath.WHOreportsthatnearly3billionlowincomehouseholdsrelyon“dirtyfuels”.Coal,woodandkeroseneusedforcookingandheatingareexamples.Cleanerandmoreefficientstovesandfuelalternativescouldcutdownonhealthrisks.Anotherwaytocutbackonthesepollutantsistohavemoreinvestmentandpoliciesforrapidtransport.Theseincludebuses,trains,bicyclesandpedestrianorwalkingroutes.Theseinvestmentcouldhavemanybenefits,includingsafertravel,reducedhealthrisksfromnoiseandairpollutionandmorephysicalactivity.TheWHOreportalsocallsforencouraginghighincomeandmiddleincomepopulationstoincludemoreplantbasedfoodsintheirdiets.Itsaysthiscouldtheriskofdevelopingreduceheartdiseaseandsomecancers,andcouldalsoslowthemethanegasproductionthatcomeswithsomeanimalsourcedfoods.1.The“shortlivedclimatepollutants”aresocalledbecause________.A.theycausemanytodieyoungB.theyexistshorterthanthegreenhousegasC.theyliveindoorsforashorttimeD.theyhaveashorteffectonpeople'shealth2.Theunderlinedword“address”inParagraph4means“________”.A.liveon B.talkaboutC.dealwith D.turnto3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthewholepassage?A.Richpeoplehardlyevereatplantbasedfoodsindailylife.B.Noemissionsarereleasedfromstoppedengines.C.Governmentsshouldtakemeasurestofightpollution.D.Heartdiseaseandsomecancersarecausedbythepollutants.4.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?A.ThewaystofightairpollutionB.Reducing“shortlivedclimatepollutants”tosavelivesC.SomesourcesofseriousairpollutionD.AreportonpollutionfromWHOBAsglobaltemperaturesrise,treesaroundtheworldareexperiencinglongergrowingseasons,sometimesasmuchasthreeextraweeksayear.Allthattimehelpstreesgrowfaster.Forthepast100years,treeshavebeenexperiencingfastgrowthinmildareasfromMarylandtoFinland,toCentralEurope,wherethegrowthrateofsometreeshasevenspedupbynearly77%since1870.Supposingwoodwerejustasstrongtoday,thosegainswouldmeanmorewoodforbuilding,burning,andstoringcarboncapturedfromtheatmosphere.Butiswoodreallyasdense(茂密的)asitusedtobe?HansPretzsch,aforestscientistinGermany,andhiscolleagueswantedtofindananswer.TheycarriedoutastudyoftheforestsofCentralEurope.TheystartedwithsmallpiecesofexperimentallandinsouthernGermany,someofwhichhavebeencontinuouslymonitoredsince1870.Pretzschandhisteamtookcoresamples(样品)fromthetrees—whichincludedNorwayspruce,sessileoak,Europeanbeech,andScotspine—andanalyzedthetreerings.Theyfoundthatinallfourspecies,wooddensityhaddecreasedby8%to12%.“Weexpectedatrendofthewooddensitylikethis,butnotsuchastrongandsignificantdecrease,”Pretzschsays.Increasingtemperatures,andthefastergrowththeyspur,probablyaccountforsomeofthedrop.Anotherfactor,Pretzschsays,ismorenitrogeninthesoilfromagriculturalfertilizerandvehicleexhaust.Previousstudieshavelinkedincreasedfertilizerusetodecreasedwooddensity.Aboveall,thestudysuggeststhatthehighertemperatures—combinedwithpollutionfromcarexhaustandfarms—aremakingwoodweaker,resultingintreesthatbreakmoreeasilyandwoodthatislessdurable.“Iamgettingworried,”saysRichardHoughton,anecologistattheWoodsHoleResearchCenterinMassachusetts,whowasnotpartofthenewstudy.Asthedensityofthesamplesdropped,sodidtheircarboncontent.Thatmeansforestsmaysuffermoredamagefromstormsandmaybelessefficientatabsorbingcarbondioxidethanscientiststhink,Houghtonsays.5.Paragraph1iswrittento________.A.proveanideaB.introducethetopicC.giveanexampleD.describeafact6.Whatdoesthestudyshow?A.Farmingslowstrees'growth.B.Moreareasarecoveredwithforests.C.Globalwarmingchangesthequalityofwood.D.Pollutionleadstohighertemperatures.7.WhatdoesRichardHoughtonmean?A.Greatlossmightbecaused.B.Stormdamagecanbeprevented.C.Thesizeofforestsmightbeincreased.D.Lessgreenhousegasescanbesentout.8.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.WeonlyhaveoneearthB.Trees—ourbestfriendsC.TheinfluenceofclimatechangeD.Treesaregrowingfaster,butweakerⅡ.七选五SolutionstoClimateChangeTherearepersonallifestylechangesthatyoucanmakeandthat,tosomeextent,canhelpreduceyourcarbonimpact.Notallarerightforeverybody.Butapplyingjustafewofthemcouldmakeadifference.Moveclosertowork.Transportationisoneoftheleadingsourcesofgreenhousegasemissions.__1__Onewaytodramaticallycuttransportationfuelneedsistomoveclosertowork,usemasstransportation,orswitchtowalking,cyclingorsomeothermodesoftransportthatdoesnotrequireanythingotherthanhumanenergy.Consumeless.__2__Whetherbyquittinganautomobileoremployingareusablegrocerysack,cuttingbackonconsumptionresultsinfewerfossilfuelsbeingburnedtoextract,produceandshipproductsaroundtheglobe.__3__Apotentiallysimplerandevenbiggereffectcanbeproducedbydoingmorewithless.Citizensofmanydevelopedcountriesareenergywasters,whetherbyspeedinginagaswastingvehicleorleavingthelightsonwhennotinaroom.Similarly,employingmoreefficientrefrigerators,airconditionersandotherappliancescancutelectricitybills.__4__Youcanturnthelightsoryourcomputersoffwhenyouleavetheoffice.Stopcuttingdowntrees.Whenpurchasingwoodproducts,suchasfurnitureorflooring,buyusedgoodsor,failingthat,woodprovedofficiallytohavebeensustainableharvested.TheAmazonrainforestandotherforestsaremorethanthelungoftheearth.__5__A.Beenergyefficient.B.Usefewelectricalappliances.C.Butitdoesn'thavetobethatway.D.Sucheffortscanalsobeusefullyemployedatwork.E.Theymayalsobehumans'shorttermhopeforlimitingclimatechange.F.Theeasiestwaytocutbackongreenhousegasemissionsissimplytobuylessstuff.G.Citizensspendmoremoneyonelectricitytopowerdeviceswhenthey'reoffthanwhenthey'reon.课时作业(八)Ⅰ.阅读理解A【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了什么是“短期气候污染物”,它们会给人类带来的危害以及可以削减这些污染物排放的方法。1.答案与解析:B微小环节理解题。由文章第三段中的Butthegoodnewsisthattheyonlystayintheatmosphereforafewdaysto10years.Thatismuchshorterthancarbondioxide,agreenhousegasthatcanremainforhundreds,oreventhousandsofyears.可知,“短期气候污染物”是由于它们在空气中存在的时间比温室气体短而得此名。故选B。2.答案与解析:C词义揣测题。由画线单词后的youcanreduceemissionsveryrapidly,andthenimproveairquality.Youwillhaveanimmediatereductionintheillhealthanddiseasesbecauseofthereductionofairpollution可知,这是解决掉“短期气候污染物”的结果。由此可推知,画线单词的意思是“处理掉,解决掉”。liveon以……为食;talkabout谈论;dealwith处理,应付;turnto转向。故选C。3.答案与解析:C推理推断题。由第五段中的cuttingvehicleemissionsbyrequiringhigher...standards以及倒数其次段中的Anotherwaytocutbackonthesepollutantsistohavemoreinvestmentandpoliciesforrapidtransport.可推知,政府应当实行一些措施来治理污染问题。故选C。4.答案与解析:B主旨大意题。这是一篇说明文,文章前三段介绍了什么是“短期气候污染物”以及它们会给人类带来的危害,剩下的五段内容提出了解决方案。只有选项B中的“short-livedclimatepollutants”可与本文主题“‘短期气候污染物’”呼应,其中的Reducing也与最终几个段落中的解决方案呼应。故选B。B【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。对森林的探讨表明,气候变暖会变更木材的质量——树生长得越来越快,但树也越来越脆弱。5.答案与解析:B写作目的题。依据第一段中的“Supposingwoodwerejustasstrongtoday,thosegainswouldmeanmorewoodforbuilding,burning,andstoringcarboncapturedfromtheatmosphere.Butiswoodreallyasdense(茂密的)asitusedtobe”可知,第一段提出问题,启发读者进行思索,从而引入本文的话题。故选B。6.答案与解析:C微小环节理解题。依据第三段中的“thestudysuggeststhatthehighertemperatures—combinedwithpollutionfromcarexhaustandfarms—aremakingwoodweaker,resultingintreesthatbreakmoreeasilyandwoodthatislessdurable”可知,对森林的探讨表明,全球变暖会变更木材的质量。故选C。7.答案与解析:A推理推断题。依据最终一段中的“Thatmeansforestsmaysuffermoredam
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