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Unit5
ExpandedSentenceBase(1)IntroductionAfterlearninghowtochoosewordsandhowtoproducecorrectsimplesentences,itishightimewebegantoconsiderhowtoexpandoursentences.Thisunitfocusesonhowtowritelongersentencesbyexpandingthenounsinthesentences.
How?
attributesrelativeclauseAttributesIncompletesentences&wordorderRelativeclauseUnit53.AttributesDefinition:Wordsorphrasesusedtonarrowdownordecribenounsarecalledattributes.Functions:e.g.1.thecat2.thecatinthetree3.thefatandlazycatClassroomactivities:P58narrowdown/makeitspecificaddmoredetaileddescriptionsWhatcanbeusedasattributes?1.DeterminersDeterminersrefertowordsthatareusedtodefinethereferentialmeaningofanounoranominalphrase.
限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。包括:Articles:a,an,thePossessiveprons物主代词:my,your,one'sGenitivenouns名词属格:John'sDemonstrativeprons指示代词:this,those,suchIndefiniteprons不定代词:some,any,each,either,all,both...Cardinal&ordinalnumeral基数词和序数词Quantifier量词:alotof,agreatdealofWhatcanbeusedasattributes?2.Adjetives:(before&after)3.Nouns:thefeatureofthenoun(before)4.-ingforms:thefunction,feature,state(before&after)5.-edforms:(before&after)
Note:Sometimes,ifthereisonlyanadverbmodifyingthe-edform,wemayalsoputitbeforethenoun.Forexample:well-tailoredsuits6.Infinitives:refertoafutureaction(after)7.Prepositionalphrases:place&purpose(after)Exercises(p61)RelativeclausePage64:ClassroomactivitiesWhyuserelativeclauses?1.Toexpandsentences:tomakethenouneithermoreexactormorevivid;toputmoreinformation.
Page64:Exercise(3versions)2.Todirectreaders’attentiontoideasinthemainclause.Page64:ClassroomactivitiesGrammar:incompletesentencesAcompletesentenceshouldhaveatleastasubjectandapredicate.Anincompletesentenceisasentencewithsomepart/partsmissing.Sentencefragment(4types)PhrasefragmentFragmentwithoutasubjectFragmentwithoutanauxiliaryverbSubordinateclausefragmentWordorderofdeterminers3groupsofdeterminersaccordingtotheirrelativepositionspredeterminerscentraldeterminersPostdeterminers限冠形龄色国材predeterminers:all,both,half/double,twice…timescentraldeterminers:a,an,the(article);this,that,these,those(demonstrativepronouns)my,your,his,her…;(possessivepronouns)some,any,no(indefiniteprons.不定代词);every,each,either,neitherpostdeterminers:one,two,three;first,second,thirdmany,much,few,afew,little,alittle,fewer,less,more;fewest,least,most;alotof,lotsof,anumberof,anamountof,agreatdealof,suchHowtoplacemanymodifiers1)IadmireJenny’shair.(glossy,black,long)IadmireJenny’slongblackglossyhairsomuch.2)一件新的漂亮的意大利的黑皮茄克abeautifulnewblackItalianleatherjacket。3)Canadian,extraordinary,an,new,playanextraordinarynewCanadianplay4)(gold,British,the,round)cointheroundBritishgoldcoin5)(ugly,writing,the,steel,seven)desksthesevenuglysteelwritingdesks6)(purple,Russian,nice,long,her)coat
hernicelongpurpleRussiancoat限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠;(大小形状和新老,颜色国际出(处)材料)
限定词”包括:冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词.“描绘”性形容词如:beautiful、bad、cold.材料”的词如:wooden,woolen,stone,silk等“作用类别”的词如:medical,college,writingdesk,policecar等。Absolutes(1)Hurtinthegame,Iwillnotbeabletogotoyourpartytonight.(2)Mybestfriendhurtinthegame,Iwillnotbeabletogotoyourpartytonight.b.(1)Mygrandmawassittinginherrocker,singinghappilyinthespringfragrance.(2)Mygrandmawassittinginherrocker,herradiosinginghappilyinthespringfragrance.
Theseparticipleshavealogicalsubjectdifferentfromthatofthesentence.Whatisabsoluteconstructionorabsolute?InEnglish,participlephrasesusedwiththeirownlogicalsubjectsarecalledabsolutes.a.Themanstoodinthestreetcorner,hishandsputinhispockets.b.Themanstoodinthestreetcorner,handsputinhispockets.c.Themanstoodinthestreetcorner,handsinhispockets.
Fromthisexample,wemaygetaconclusion,thatis,anabsoluteconstructionmayappearinthreeforms:1)n.+v-ing+otherpartsoftheparticiplephrase2)n.+v-ed+otherpartsoftheparticiplephrase3)n.+otherpartsoftheparticiplephraseNightenshroudingtheearth,nobodycouldmakeoutwhatthedarkmasswasfromadistance.黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.
3.n+to-infinitive名词(代词)+不定式Manytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.
Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquarterofthebook.
4.n.+adj.名词(代词)+形容词TheTrojansasleep,theGreeksoldierscreptoutofthehollowwoodenhorse.Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.5.n+adv.名词(代词)+副词Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeetingroom.Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.6.n.+n.名词(代词)+名词Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.Hisfirstshotfailure,hefiredagain.7.n.+prepositionalphrase名词(代词)+介词短语Everyafternoonaveryoldwomanhobbledpasttheoldhouse,avastloadoffirewoodonherback.Writing—précis
Whatisaprécis?Aprécisisaconcisesummaryofthemainpointsinapieceofwriting,sowhenwewriteprécis,weshouldwritedownallofthemainideaanddeleteanyunnecessaryinformation,suchasdescriptions,examples,etc.
Somecommontechniquestoreducedetailsinpréciswriting:(1)omitthedetailsYoumayleaveoutmostofthedescriptivedetailsifthatdoesnotimpairthegeneralidea.(2)reducetheexamplesIftheoriginalpassageprovidesfourorfiveexamplesforacertainidea,youmaymentiononeortwo,oryoumaymentiontheexamplesbutleaveoutthedetails.
(3)replacespecificwordswithgenericreferenceIfseveralspecificexamplesbelongtothesamecategory,youcanusuallyreplacethemwithonegenericword.Forexample:Forthedinner,sheboughttwobottlesofmilk,fourpacksoforangejuice,andthreebottlesofwine.
Sheboughtlotsofdrinksforthedinner.(4)simplifydescriptionYoudefinitelydon’tneeddetaileddescriptioninyourprécis.Inmanycase,youmayusegeneralwordstotelltheimpression.Forexample,iftherearemanysentencesdescribinghowbeautifulagardenis,youcanjustsay
Thegardenisverybeautiful.
(5)avoidrepetitionThewriteroftheoriginalpassagemaypurposelyrepeatanidea,butinwritingaprécis,youmaynotdothesame.(6)simplifywordysentencesRemoveunnecessarywordsintheoriginalpassage.Forexample,forasentencelikeHisactioninthefightmaywellbecalledlion-likewithoutexaggeration,youmaysimplywrite
Heisverybrave.
(7)shortentransitionsUseshorttransitionalwords,suchasbesides,
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