美国水资源调查研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.5

POLITICS

AND

SOCIETYThe

U.S.

water

crisisAOverview

report

on

thekeyissuesaffecting

watersupplies

in

theUnited

StatesThe

United

States

has

a

water

problemExecutive

summaryAcross

the

UnitedStates,billionsof

gallonsof

fresh

water

are

withdrawn

every

dayforsuppliesof

drinkingwater

and

useacross

various

industries,suchas

agricultureandpower.

However,

fresh

water

is

afiniteresource,

andthenation’sessentialreserves

areunderconsiderable

strain.•

Theaverage

ageof

water

pipesand

water

treatment

facilitiesinthe

U.S.

isapproaching

half

acentury.

Lead

pipesinthenetwork

are

exposing

Americans,especially

children,to

health

risks.

Meanwhile,

toxicPFAS,syntheticcompoundsknown

as“forever

chemicals,”

are

estimated

to

becontaminatingnearly

half

ofthenation’stapwater

supplies.Chronic

overuse,

growing

demand,moisture-sapping

heat,historic

drought,aginginfrastructure,

and

PFAScontamination

haveall

contributedto

water

stress

acrossthe

country

andmillions

ofAmericans

lacking

accesstosafewater.•

Pollution

indrinkingwater

isthebiggest

environmental

concern

amongAmericans,

while

more

than50

percent

of

Americans

donot

believe

theirtapwater

is

safeto

drink.ThisOverview

report

explores

theaspects

thathaveled

to

theU.S.watercrisis.

Italsolooks

atwhat

thecountry

isdoing

to

address

the

problems.

These

aresome

ofthekey

findings:•

TheBipartisanInfrastructure

Lawhasmademore

than50

billion

U.S.dollarsavailabletoimprove

drinkingwater,

wastewater,

andstormwater

infrastructureacross

thecountryover

thenext

several

years.•

Theoverused

Colorado

River

hasbeen

plaguedbydrought

inrecent

decadesandwas

atjust

over

30

percent

offullcapacityinJanuary2023.

Major

reservoirsthatrely

on

itsflow,

suchasLakeMead,haveseen

water

levels

drop

to

recordlows.

Assuch,U.S.

statesreliant

ontheriver

haveagreed

tocutusagebyroughly13

percent

through2026

to

help

saveitfrom

dryingup.301Water

shortages•

Water

usage•

Extreme

droughtandwater

stress•

Water

levelsWater

sources

in

the

U.S.

are

shrinkingOveruse,

severe

heat,anddroughtaredepleting

water

suppliesThethreatof

severe

water

shortages

isincreasing

across

theUnitedStates.Growing

populations,rising

demand,andoveruse

from

activitieslikeirrigation,Drought

hasaffectedwater

levels

atseveral

vital

water

resources

nationwide,

suchastheMississippi

River

(which

dropped

torecord

lows

inlate2022)

and

thewhich

accountsforahuge

amount

of

water

consumption,haveallplayed

theirpart

Colorado

River.

TheColorado

River

anditstributariesare

the

lifeblood

of

theinthe

depletion

of

precious

water

resources

bothonthesurfaceandinground

Western

U.S.,supplyingwater

toseven

states,aswell

as

partsof

Mexico.

However,reserves.

These

issues,however,

arebeing

exacerbated

by

rising

temperatures

and

water

levels

havedropped

solow

thatthefederal

government

declared

thefirst-historic

drought.ever

water

shortage

on

the

river

in2021,

and

itis

nowthemost

endangered

riversystem

inthe

country.While

alargeshare

oftheU.S.hasbeen

experiencing

droughtsince2020,

theSouthwest

is

inthemidstof

the

most

extreme

conditions

inmore

than1,000

years.

While

drought-ravaged

regions

received

some

relief

in2023

fromheavy

rainfallandTheso-called

megadrought,

defined

asprolonged

periods

of

dryness

thatspanmore

than

two

decades,

beganin2000

and

is

directly

linked

with

human-causedclimate

changefrom

burningfossil

fuels,according

toexperts.

Thishashadamassive

impact

onsnowpack,

anessential

water

supplyforrivers

and

reservoirs,especially

in

theWestern

states.

Snowpack

collects

onmountaintops,trickling

intowater

sources

when

itmelts.

However,

unusuallywarm

temperatures

and

drierconditionsinthewinter

monthshaveseen

less

snowfall

than

normal,

which

hasrapidlydiminished

snowpack

inrecent

years.storms,

aswell

asabove-average

snowpack,

scientistsbelieve

itwill

takeyearsofabove-average

rainfalltosolve

the

crisis.

Additionally,with

climatechangeexpectedtobringmore

extreme

conditions,

furtherwidespread

shortages

arelikely

inthefuture.

Thesewater

shortages

will

havewide-ranging

consequences,

impactingnotonly

drinkingwater

suppliesbut

alsomajor

industries,

millionsof

jobs,and

theeconomy

as

awhole.5Sources:

ABC

News;

CNN;

Guardian;

Harvard

University;

NewsweekWater

reserves

are

being

drained

by

human

activitiesTotal

freshwater

withdrawals

intheUnitedStatesin2015,

bysource

andindustry(inmillion

gallonsperday)According

tothe

most

recent

availabledata,

theU.S.withdraws

some

280

billiongallonsof

fresh

water

perday,with

roughly

70

percent

coming

from

surfacewaters

and

therest

from

groundwater.

Aswell

asproviding

drinkingwater

tothe

population,theseresources

are

usedacross

awide

range

ofindustries,with

vastamountsusedinagriculture

and

powergeneration.

Irrigation

isamajor

user

ofbothsurfacewater

andgroundwater,

with

farmers

instatessuchasCalifornia

heavily

reliant

on

pumpingwater

fromground

reserves

toirrigate

theircrops,

often

fasterthan

itcanbereplenished.Surfacewater:198,336Groundwater:

82,555Unsustainableusageisoneof

several

factorscontributingtothe

highlevels

of

water

stress

intheUnited

States.Irrigation

ThermoelectricPublicsupplyIndustrialAquacultureLivestockMiningDomestic6Notes:United

States;

2015Sources:

U.S.

GeologicalSurvey;

ID

1361935Severe

drought

has

affected

large

areas

of

the

U.S.Drought

coverage

intheUnitedStatesfrom

2018

to2023,

byweek

and

category100%SincetheNorth

American

droughtbeganin2020,

unusuallyhotand

dryweather

hasgripped

muchof

thecontiguousUnited

States(i.e.,

theadjoining48

states).

InNovember

2022,roughly

60

percent

oftheanalyzed

areawas

experiencing

moderate

toexceptional

drought.50%Few

partsofthecountryhavebeenspared

bythedrought,with

severalregions

impacted

over

the

pastthreeyears,

from

the

Great

Plainsand

RockyMountainsto

theSoutheast

and

West.Thoughconditionshaveimproved,severe

to

exceptional

droughtwasimpactingaround

10

percent

ofthecontiguousU.S.

asofJuly2023.201820192020D02021202220230%NoneD1D2D3D47Notes:United

States;

January2,

2018,

to

July

11,

2023;

D0

-

Abnormally

Dry,

D1-Moderate

Drought,D2-

Severe

Drought,D3-

ExtremeDrought,D4-

Exceptional

DroughtSources:

NOAA;

U.S.

DepartmentofAgriculture;

U.S.

DroughtMonitor;ID1346571The

drying

U.S.

WestDrought

coverage

intheWestern

UnitedStatesfrom

2018

to2023,

byweek

and

category100%TheWestern

U.S.hasbeen

particularlyaffected

bythethree-year

drought.Formuchof

2020

through2022,

more

thanhalfoftheregion’s

area

was

undersevere

to

exceptional

droughtconditions.

Exceptional

droughtisthehighest

classification

and

canlead

tocrop

failures,

water

shortages

inreservoirs

andstreams,

water50%emergencies,

andwater

restrictionssuchashosepipe

bans.Rain

and

snow

broughtsome

much-needed

relief

to

theregion

in2023,

butscientistswarn

thatonegood

spell

isnotenough

toendthemegadrought,with

furtherdryconditionsexpected

foryears

to

come.201820192020D02021202220230%NoneD1D2D3D48Notes:United

States;

January2,

2018,

to

July

18,

2023;

D0

-

Abnormally

Dry,

D1-Moderate

Drought,D2-

Severe

Drought,D3-

ExtremeDrought,D4-

Exceptional

DroughtSources:

(1)

NOAA;

U.S.

DepartmentofAgriculture;

U.S.

DroughtMonitor;

ID

1401060;

(2)

ABC

NewsCalifornia’s

three-year

drought

saw

water

reserves

plummetCalifornia

reservoir

levels

asashare

oftotal

capacityfrom2019

to20230%100%0%100%0%100%0%100%0%100%Freshwater

reserves

in

California,which

hasbeenthroughfourperiods

of

droughtsince2000,

havedepleted

inrecent

years.

In2020,

when

theWesterndroughtbegan,water

levels

atsome

of

the

state’slargest

reservoirs

were

notablylower

than

theprevious

year.

Abrutallyhot,dry

period

saw

reservesshrinkfurtherin2021

and

2022.

ShastaLake,California’slargest

reservoir,

was

atjust39

percent

oftotalcapacityon

July1,

2022,

while

TrinityLakewas

atless

than

30

percent

capacity.ShastaOrovilleTrinityNewMelonesSanLuisWhile

anexceptionally

wet

winter

andrecordsnowpack

gavereservoirs

aboost

in2023,

California’swater

crisis

isfarfrom

over,

withgroundwaterreserves

(which

the

staterelies

heavily

upon)stillcritically

low

from

years

ofdrought

and

over-pumpingforagriculture.Don

Pedro201920202021202220239Notes:United

States

(California);

July

1,

2019,

toJuly

1,

2023;

waterlevels

as

ofmidnight

July

1each

yearSources:

(1)

California

DepartmentofWaterResources;

ID1402902;

(2)

LosAngeles

Times;ReutersThe

Colorado

River

drought

crisisTheriver’s

basin

hasbeen

ravaged

bydroughtDistributionoftheColoradoRiver’sannualwaterallocations

intheUnitedStates,bybasinandstate(inmillionacre-feetperyear)ColoradoRiversystem:

StorageasashareoffullcapacityasofJanuary2023,

byreservoirTheColorado

River

is

split

into

upperandlower

basins,each

allocated

7.5million

acre-feet

of

water

annually.

Sevenstatesrely

on

theriver

forwater

supply,of

which

Californiareceives

the

most.

Itisa

hugely

importantresource

of

waterforagriculturalpurposes

and

electricitygeneration

aswell

as

supplying

drinkingwater

tosome

40

million

people.Upperbasin

split3.91.71.10.823%29%92%91%ColoradoUtahWyoming

NewMexicoLakePowellLakeMeadLakeMohaveLakeHavasuHowever,

theColorado

River

is

dryingupdue

toextreme

drought,

demand,

andoveruse.

Asof

January1,

2023,

the

riversystem

was

at

just33

percent

of

its

fullcapacity,down

from

37

percent

theprevious

year.

The

river

feedsLake

Meadand

LakePowell

–

thetwo

largestLowerbasin

split33%

202337%

20224.42.80.3Totalsystem

content*CaliforniaArizonaNevadareservoirs

in

the

U.S.

–

which

were

bothwell

below

their

capacities

in2023.10

Notes:(1)

United

States;2022;

(2)

United

States

(California);

January

2023;

*

includes

upper

and

lower

Colorado

Riverreservoirs,

excludes

Lake

Meadexclusive

flood

controlspaceID

1361173;

(2)

U.S.

BureauofReclamation;

ID1319080Sources:

(1)

CNN;

CRS;02Case

study:

Lake

Mead•

Declining

water

elevations•

Record-low

water

levels•

ImpactsonhydroelectricityThe

vanishing

of

Lake

MeadThelargest

human-made

reservoir

inthe

U.S.

isshrinkingThere

havebeen

manycases

ofwater

bodiesaround

the

world

shrinkingdue

tohuman-caused

activitieslikeoveruse

and

diversions,

aswell

as

climatechangeandsevere

drought.Oneof

the

most

famous

examples

of

thisisthedisappearance

ofthe

Aral

Sea

thatstraddled

KazakhstanandUzbekistan,which

had

all

but

dried

upbythe

2010s.LakeMead

receives

itswater

from

precipitation,groundwater,

and,mostimportantly,themelting

snowpack

from

the

Rocky

Mountainsthatflows

down

theColorado

River.

However,

the

historic

droughtandhigh

temperatures

inthe

West,aswell

asoveruse,

haveseen

water

levels

drop

to

record

lows

inrecent

years,jeopardizing

water

supplies.

Thishasprompted

water

shortage

declarations,

withstatesrequired

toreduce

theirwater

consumption

inorder

toconserve

supplies.Thewater

level

hasdropped

solow

thatawhite

ringhasbeen

exposed

on

themountainsides,

showing

where

previous

water

levels

were

duetopasterosion.

Thelakehasalsorevealed

secrets

hiddenbeneathitssurfacefordecades,

suchassunken

vessels

dating

backto

World

WarIIandeven

humanremains.TheU.S.hasalsoexperienced

similar

disasters.

California’sTulareLake

was

oneofthe

largest

freshwater

lakesinthe

country,but

ithasbeen

mostly

dry

over

thepast100

years

duetoitstributaryrivers

being

diverted

forthe

growing

water

demand

ofagriculture

and

citiesinthearea.

There

are

now

growing

concerns

over

the

futureof

anotherimportant

U.S.water

resource:

LakeMead.These

shortages

are

nowpushingLakeMead

perilously

close

todeadpool

status,which

iswhen

water

elevations

drop

to895

feet

and

downstream

releases

fromtheHoover

Damare

nolonger

possible.

If

dead

pool

statuswere

reached–whichofficialswarn

could

happenby2025

ifthe

lakecontinues

to

dry

up

atitscurrentrate–millions

of

Americans

would

beaffected,not

just

intheSouthwest.Located

ontheborder

ofNevada

and

Arizona,LakeMead

isareservoir

formed

bythe

construction

of

the

Hoover

Daminthe1930s.

Atfullpool,

ithasthelargestcapacityof

anyreservoir

intheUnitedStates.

Thelakeisfed

bythe

Colorado

Riverandthreetributaries,

and

itprovides

water

to

nearly

25

million

people

andagricultural

sitesinArizona,California,Nevada,and

partsofMexico.

TheHooverDam,which

isfueled

byLakeMead,alsoprovides

hydroelectricity

tomore

than

onemillion

people.12Sources:

NBCNews;

Newsweek;

Los

Angeles

TimesLake

Mead

water

levels

have

been

on

a

downward

trendWater

elevation

of

LakeMead

intheUnitedStatesfrom

2000

to2023,

bymonth(infeet

above

sea

level)Water

elevations

in

Lake

Mead

havedropped

dramatically

since

the

droughtinthe

Southwest

began.

InJanuary2000,

the

lakewas

more

than

1,200

feetabove

sea

level.

Butthewater

level

hasbeen

less

than

1,100

feet

for

most

ofthe

pastdecade,

recently

fallingbelow1,050

feet.Maximumcapacity1,2291,214.26Jan2000Althoughawet

winter

and

recordsnowpack

inthe

Southwest

helped

putthe

lake

inamuch

betterposition

inearly

2023,

officialshavewarned

thatthisimprovement

isonly

temporary

andunlikely

tochangethelong-termoutlook

of

the

lake.1,056.39Jun202320002010202013

Notes:United

States;

January2000

to

June

2023;

figures

are

forend

ofmonth

elevation

abovesea

levelSources:

(1)

U.S.

BureauofReclamation;

ID1225682;

(2)

The

HillRecord-low

water

levels

recorded

throughout

2022Highest

andlowest

water

levels

of

LakeMead

attheHoover

Damfrom

1970

to

2023

(infeet

above

sea

level)Inthe

pasthalf-century,the10

lowestmonthly

water

elevations

atLakeMeadhaveallbeen

recorded

sincethesummer

of2022.

Measured

attheHoover

Dam,the

lowest

end-of-monthelevation

was

1,040.92

feet

above

sealevel

inJuly2022.

Thiswas

also

thelowest

level

recorded

sincethelakewascreated

with

the

dam’s

completionalmost

acentury

ago.1,250Fullcapacity1,219.71,2001,1501,1001,0501,000950LakeMead

isconsidered

atfullcapacitywhen

itrises

to

1,219.7

feet,thoughitcanholdamaximum

of

1,229

feet

ofwater.

Thelasttime

itapproached

suchalevel

was

inthe

summer

of1983,reaching

ahigh-water

mark

of

1,225feet.

This

was

duetointensesnowfall

inthe

Rocky

Mountainsthatyear.900JulAug

Jun

Sep

Oct

Oct

Nov

Sep

Dec

Jan

Feb

Jan

Oct

Mar

Sep

Dec

Aug

Jun

Nov1983

1983

1983

1983

1998

1983

1998

1998

1997

1998

2023

2023

2022

2023

2022

2022

2022

2022

2022

2022JulHighestlevelssince1970Lowestlevelssince1970Full14

Notes:United

States;

January1970

to

June

2023;

figures

are

forend

ofmonth

elevation

abovesea

levelSources:

U.S.

BureauofReclamation;

ID1245931Low

water

levels

are

impacting

power

suppliesMonthly

power

capacityof

the

Hoover

Daminthe

U.S.

from2020

to2023

(inmegawatts)TheHoover

Damprovides

electricity

tomore

than

one

million

people

in2,100Maximumcapacity2,080Arizona,California,and

Nevada.However,

the

drying

up

of

LakeMead

isthreatening

hydroelectricity

production.1,9001,7001,5001,3001,100900Thedamhasanameplate

powergenerating

capacityofaround

2,080megawatts.

InJune2020,

itscapacitywas

1,511

megawatts,

already

wellbelow

itsmaximum.

ButasLakeMead’swater

elevation

continued

to

fall,thedam’spower

generation

dropped

to1,077

megawatts

inJune2022,

roughlyhalfitsmaximumcapacity.700When

LakeMead’s

water

level

dipsto950

feet

(justshyof

itsdeadpoolstatus),the

Hoover

Damcanno

longerproduce

power.JanFebMarApr2020MayJunJulAugSep2023OctNovDec2021202215

Notes:United

States;

January2020

to

June

2023Sources:

U.S.

BureauofReclamation;

U.S.

Department

ofthe

Interior;

ID136060303Drinking

water

quality•

Publicconcerns

andhesitance•

Infrastructure•

Pollutantsand

contaminantsMillions

of

Americans

are

exposed

to

contaminated

drinking

waterPoor

infrastructureandregulation

failures

arepollutingwater

systemsUnsafedrinkingwater

isoften

associated

with

developing

countries,

but

even

theworld’s

largest

economy

canbeimpacted

bycontaminated

water.

In1972,

theOneofthemost

well-known

cases

ofdrinkingwater

contamination

inthe

U.S.

istheFlintwater

crisis

thatbeganin2014.

Flint,

Michigan,switched

itswater

supplyto

theCleanWater

Actwas

enacted

to

regulate

discharges

of

pollutants

inU.S.

waters

and

FlintRiver

as

ashort-term

solution

duringabudgetcrisis

but

failed

to

applyensure

people

haveaccess

tosafedrinkingwater.

However,

thishasnotstoppedmillions

ofAmericans

across

thecountry

fromunknowingly

drinkingwater

thatcontainsacocktail

ofharmful

toxins,including

lead,arsenic,

and

mercury.Underfunding,neglected

infrastructures,andfailuresinregulations

haveallcontributed

tothis

crisis.

Infact,

theAmerican

Society

ofCivilEngineers

gavedrinkingwater

infrastructure

aC-inits2021

report

card.corrosion-preventative

measures

atthetreatment

facility.Consequently,riverwater

scraped

lead

offthe

city’sold

pipes,resulting

inthispoisonous

heavy

metalleaching

into

publicwater

supplies.

Tensof

thousandsofresidents

were

exposed

tothe

dangers

oflead

contamination

andleftwithout

safetapwater.Flintisnotanisolated

incident,though.Jackson,Mississippi,

which

hasfacedongoing

water

issues,suffered

acatastrophic

failureatthe

city’slargest

watertreatment

plant

in2022,

leaving

almost

200,000

people

without

safedrinkingwaterandshining

furtherlightonthecountry’sdire,

decaying

water

infrastructure.Drinking

water

canbecome

contaminated

atthewater’s

source

or

indistributionnetworks.

Pollutantscanget

into

water

inmany

ways,

including

aginginfrastructure,

agriculturalrunoff

leakingintowaterways

likelakesandrivers,

anddirect

discharges

from

chemical

manufacturingand

other

industrialactivities.Drought

isalsoanoften-overlooked

causeof

diminishingwater

quality.Withlesswater

todilutesaltentering

river

systems,

salinelevels

increase,

furtherexacerbating

water

scarcity.2021

ReportCard

for

America’sInfrastructureC-D

D+DrinkingwaterStormwaterWastewater17Sources:

ASCE;

NRDC;

Southern

Poverty

Law

Center“Everybody

remembers

what

happened

inFlint.There’s

hundreds

of

Flints

all

across

America.”U.S.President

Joe

Biden(Speaking

ontheAmerican

Jobs

PlaninApril2021)18Drinking

water

contamination

is

a

major

concernAmericans’

biggest

environmental

concerns

in2023Shareofadultswhoworrya

great

dealaboutselected

environmentalproblemsin

theUnited

StatesasofMarch2023PollutionofdrinkingwaterIn

a

2023

survey,

55

percent

of

Americanssaid

they

worried

a

great

deal

about

thepollution

of

drinking

water,

making

it

thetop

environmental

concern.

Half

of

therespondents

also

expressedthe

samelevel

of

worry

about

the

pollution

ofrivers,

lakes,

and

reservoirs.55%Pollutionofrivers,lakes,andreservoirsExtinctionofplantsandanimalspeciesLossoftropicalrainforests50%40%Thesurvey

alsofoundthatAmericanson

bothsidesof

the

political

divideagreed

thatpolluted

drinkingwater

wasthe

number

oneenvironmental39%concern.

Growing

distrustaboutdrinkingwater

qualityisnot

arecentdevelopment,

withU.S.

adults

voicingtheirconcerns

fordecades.Globalwarmingor

climatechangeAirpollution39%38%Bypoliticalparty:DemocratsRepublicans19

Notes:(1)

(2)

United

States;March1to

18,

2023;

1,009

respondents;

18

years

and

olderSources:

(1)

Gallup;

ID

691912;

(2)

Gallup;

ID

1361672Public

hesitance

about

drinking

tap

waterMany

Americans

saytheirtapwater

isunsafeOpinionsontapwaterqualityandsafetyin

theUnitedStatesin2021,

byraceandethnicityAccording

toa

report

published

in2021,97

percent

of

the

U.S.

population

hadsafely

manageddrinking

water

services.But

that

still

leaves

millions

of

Americansexposed

to

pollutants,

and

high-profilefailures,

like

those

in

Flint

and

Jackson,have

knockedpublic

confidence.43%35%32%Ina2022

survey,

over

half

of

Americansbelieved

theirtap

water

was

unsafefordrinking.Attitudestoward

drinkingwater

vary

widely

byrace

andethnicity,however.

White

Americans,

forexample,typicallytrustwater

quality

more

thanBlack

andHispanicAmericans.

WhiteAmericans

are

alsolesslikely

to

thinkclean

water

is

amajor

problem.28%24%19%27.3%Inyouropinion,isthe

waterfromyourtapsafefor

drinking?Yes51.1%21.5%NoDon’tknowVeryconfidentinwaterqualityThinkcleanwaterisamajorproblemintheU.S.BlackAmericansHispanicAmericansWhiteAmericans20

Notes:(1)

United

States;April

2022;

2,783

respondents;

(2)

United

States;February5to

8,

2021;

1,319

respondents;

18

yearsand

olderSources:

(1)

EWG;ID1350277;

(2)

Business

Wire;SourceGlobal;ID1345753;

(3)

Kemira;

UNICEF;

WHO;ID278658America’s

aging

and

underfunded

water

infrastructureAginginfrastructureisamajor

concern

withinthewater

industryAverageage

ofinfrastructureintheU.S.in2022,

by

type(inyears)Mostimportantchallengesofthewater,

wastewater,andstormwaterindustryinthe

UnitedStatesin2023Asof

2022,

theaverage

ageof

U.S.water

treatmentplants,which

areresponsible

forremovingcontaminantsinwater,

was

45

years.

Water

pipes,too,averaged

45

years,

thoughsome

arepushing

acentury

of

service

incitiessuchasNew

York.Dams56Levees5061%Aging

waterandwastewatinfrastructureUnderfunded

andaging

infrastructure

posesnumerous

risks,

suchasbreaksandleaksthatcutoffwater

supplies,lead

andcopper

leaching

fromcorrosion,

and

water

boilingnotices

duetocontaminated

supplies.

While

citiesmustconfronttheiraginginfrastructure,thefinancialcosts

ofreplacing

dangerous

pipesareconsiderable.WaterpipesWatertreatment

plantsBridges454551%Aging

workforceoriring

qualifiedstaff23%Fundingoavailabilityofcapital4322%IncreasingorexpandingregulationIssues

like

theseare

now

alltoocommon

across

thecountry

and

are

abigconcern

fortheU.S.waterindustry.Infact,aging

water

and

wastewaterinfrastructurewas

the

most

important

challengefacingU.S.water

industrystakeholders

in2023.Roads29Rail2821

Notes:(1)

United

States;2022;

(2)

United

States;February9to

March3,2023;

200+

stakeholders;

18

yearsand

older;qualified

utility,

municipal,

commercial,and

community

stakeholdersSources:

(1)

P;

ID

610279;

(2)

Black

&Veatch;ID

1051421Millions

of

lead

pipes

are

still

in

use

across

the

U.S.OneinfiveNew

Yorkers

could

beconsuming

lead-contaminated

drinkingwaterStateswiththemost

leadservicelinesin

the